19世纪后半期北美西部华人与印第安人关系及相互认知
摘要
19世纪后半期,北美西部殖民开发为多族群往来创造了独特的历史条件。以互利互惠为基础,华人移民与印第安人在贸易、雇佣生产及跨族通婚等层面形成了较为密切的关系,也由此促进了彼此间的文化交融。不过,作为被动裹挟进北美工业化大潮的底层劳动者,两族群在生存空间、工作机会及自然资源分享等方面也存在严重的利益冲突,相互之间在心怀好感的同时,对彼此也存在较多的仇视、误会和偏见。从根本上说,两者的双面关系及多元认知是殖民主义和种族主义作用于底层弱势族群的必然结果。
引文
(1)Bureau of the Census, Population Schedules of The Tenth Census of the United States, 1880, Vol.1, Washington DC, 1883, p.334.
(2)The Canadian Encyclopedia, Chinese Americans, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chinese-canadians/,May 1,2017.
(3)国外个别学者对华人与印第安人关系做了初步探究,其中代表性的有:加拿大学者黎全恩、丁果、贾葆蘅的《加拿大华侨移民史》(北京:人民出版社,2013年)中有数页文字简要介绍了印第安人抢劫华人以及双方同居等现象。美国芝加哥德瑞大学(DeV ry University)教授丹尼尔·雷斯特曼(Daniel Liestman)在《平行的族群关系——19世纪美国西部的华人与印第安人》一文中认为两者的关系是零散而平行的,几乎无融合。参见“Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, in The Western Historical Quarterly, November 1999. 2012年,新泽西州立大学乔丹·华(Jordan Hua)的毕业荣誉论文(Honors Thesis)《他们睥睨而视:十九世纪美国西部华人与印第安人》(They Looked Askance:American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth-Century American West)中也对美国西部华人与印第安人的来往做了一定阐述。
(1)Lawrence Michael Fong,“Sojourners and Settlers:The Chinese Experience in Arizona”, Journal of Arizona History 21(Autumn 1980),p.233;George Brown Goode, The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Vol.2, Washington:Government Printing Press, 1887, p.628.
(2)黎全恩、丁果、贾葆蘅:《加拿大华侨移民史》,第120页。
(3)“First Nations and the People of the Pacific”, http://asia-canada.ca/converging-imaginations/fur-trade-china/first-nations-andpeople-pacific, Mar.20, 2017.
(4)Lilly Chow, Sojourners in the North, Prince George, BC:Caitlin Press, 1996, p.29
(5)Peggy Schofiled, The Story of Dunbar, Vancouver:Dunbar Residents’Association, 2007, p.13.
(6)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S. E. Dawson Publication, 1902, pp.163、143.
(7)Lilly Chow, Chasing Their Dreams:Chinese Settlement in the Northwest Region of British Columbia, Prince George, BC:Caitlin Press,2000, pp.22~23.
(8)Sue Fawn Chung, In Pursuit of Gold, Chinese American Miners and Merchants in the American West, Champagne:University of Illinois Press, 2011, p.50.
(9)Christopher Howard Edson, The Chinese in Eastern Oregon, 1860-1890, San Francisco:R&E Research Associates, 1974, p.25.
(10)Edgar Wickberg, From China to Canada:A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada, Toronto:McClelland and Stewart Ltd.,1982, p.16.
(11)Chinese Canadians Studies Library,“Canadian Chinese Stories”, http://ccs.library.ubc.ca/ch/chronology/chV iewI tem/1/2/21/,Mar.21, 2017.
(1)Daniel Liestman“,Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol.30, No.3(Autumn, 1999), p.344.
(2)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S. E. Dawson Publication, 1902, pp.301、144.
(3)United States Dept. of State,“Letter, Daniel Cleveland to J. Ross Browne, July 27, 1868, concerning the Chinese in California”, United States Department of State, Papers Relating to The Foreign Relations of the United States of America, China, 1869, Washington D. C.:U. S. Government Printing Office, 1868-1869, p.532.
(4)“The Impact of Expansion on Chinese Immigrants and Hispanic Citizens”,https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory2os2xmaster/ch apter/the-impact-of-expansion-on-chinese-immigrants-and-hispanic-citizens/
(5)Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, Sir;John Hamilton Gray, Report of Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration:Report and Evidence, Ottawa:Royal Commission, 1885, pp.363~365.
(6)Luice Cheng Hirata,“Free, Indentured Enslaved, Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth Century America”, Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 5, No. 1, Women in Latin America, Autumn, 1979, p.12.
(7)Chinese Canadians Studies Library,“Canadian Chinese Stories”,http://ccs.library.ubc.ca/ch/chronology/chV iewI tem/1/2/21/,Mar.21, 2017.
(8)Justine Hunter,“A Forgotten History:Tracing the Ties between B. C.’s First Nations and Chinese Workers”, The Globe and Mail,May 9, 2015.
(9)Jean Barman,“Beyond Chinatown, Chinese Men and Indigenous Women in Early British Columbia”, BC Studies, No.177, Spring2013, University of British Columbia p.47.
(10)Lilly Chow, Chasing Their Dreams:Chinese Settlement in the Northwest Region of British Columbia, pp.4~5.
(1)“He Loved and Was Accepted, Chinaman Wins as Indian Maid as Wife”, The Seattle Star(Seattle, WA), Apri.18, 1899, https://chroni clingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093407/1899-04-18/ed-1/seq-2/, Dec.12, 2017.
(2)Native American Indian Tribels of US,“Alcohol Prohibition timeline”,https://www.aaanativearts.com/tribal-timelines/alcohol-prohibition-timeline, Nov.1, 2017.
(3)(6)Claire Hutchings,“Canada’s First Nations:A Legacy of Institutional Racism”, http://www.tolerance.cz/courses/papers/hutchin.htm,Dec.12, 2017.
(4)Thomas Ashe, Travels in America, London:Richard Phillips, 1808, p.243;Lawrence Henry Gipson, ed., The Moravian Indian Mission on the White River, Indianapolis:Indiana Historical Bureau, 1938, pp.92~96,164~65.
(5)Daniel Liestman,“Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol.30, No.3(Autumn, 1999), p.345.
(7)相关个例参见Lilly Chow, Sojourners in the North, p.83.
(8)潮龙起:《美国华人史(1848-1949)》,济南:山东画报出版社,2010年,第133页。
(9)C. F. Holder,“The Opium Industry in America”, Scientific American 1898, p.147.http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/opium_ind1898.htm, Nov.2, 2017.
(10)相关个例参见Brooke S. A, The Archaeology of CA-MNO-2122:A Study of Pre-contact and Post-contact Lifeways Among the Mono Basin Paiute, Oakland:University of California Publication, Vol.31, 1955, p.59.
(1)Sue Fawn Chung, In Pursuit of Gold:Chinese American Miners and Merchants in the American West, Urbana, IL:University of Illinois Press, 2011, p.47.
(2)Vardis Fisher, Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West, Caldwell, Idaho:Caxton Press, 1968, p.260.
(3)Jordan Hua“,They Looked Askance:American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, Honors Thesis, The State University of New Jersey, 2012, p.339
(4)相关个例参见Gillian Marie,“Attitudes toward Chinese Immigrants to British Columbia, 1858-1885”, Simon Fraser University,Thesis(M. A.), 1976, p.68“;Letter from Port Douglas, the Indian and Chinese Fight”, British Colonist, Sep.12, 1860, p.3, http://archiv e.org/stream/dailycolonist18600912uvic/18600912#page/n0/mode/1up, Dec.12, 2017.
(5)Lester A. Hubbard,“John Chinaman in the West”, Western Humanities Review, 4, Autumn 1950, p.317.
(6)Lilly Chow, Sojourners in the North, pp.44~45、105.
(7)Sally Zanjani,“Paiute Revenge:Grisly Crime Brought Threat of Massacre”, American West, 21, July/August 1984, pp.52~56;The Atchison Daily Globe(Atchison, KS)Jun.15, 1891.
(8)Daniel Liestman,“Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”,The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No.3(Autumn, 1999), pp.333~334.
(9)“Gleamings from the Rockies”, Dillon Tribune, Sept.5, 1885.
(10)Ronald M. James, Richard D. Adkins, and Rachel J. Hartigan,“Competition and Coexistence in the Laundry:A View of the Comstock”, Western Historical Quarterly, 25(1994), pp.176~177.
(11)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S.E. Dawson Publication, 1902, pp.391~392.
(12)Darren Friesen,“Canada’s Other Newcomers Aboriginal Interactions with People from the Pacific”, Thesis for Master’s Degree, University of Saskatchewan, Feb.15, 2006, p.63.
(1)John Bernard Mc Gloin, Eloquent Indian:The life of James Bouchard, California Jesuit, Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1949, p.178.
(2)“Vancouver’s Island”, Canadian News, Jan.2, 1860, p.7
(3)“General News”, Northwest Enterprise, Sept.19, 1885,
(4)“Indians VS Chinaman”, Los Angeles Daily Herald., October 20, 1888.
(5)(6)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S. E.Dawson Publication, 1902. pp.391~392、345~346.
(7)George Brown Goode, The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Vol.2, p.628
(8)(13)Daniel Liestman,“Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”,The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No.3(Autumn, 1999), pp.343~344、336.
(9)Darren Friesen,“Canada’s Other Newcomers Aboriginal Interactions with People from the Pacific”, Thesis for Master’s Degree, University of Saskatchewan, Feb.15, 2006, p.181.
(10)Robert Wynne,“Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 1859-1910”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1964, p.79.
(11)(14)Lily Chow, Siewsan,“The Forgotten Ties:Relationships between First Nations People and Early Chinese Immigrants in British Colombia”, https://open.library.ubc.ca/c IRcle/collections/59585/items/1.0103089, Dec.10, 2017.
(12)“Foreign Miners’Taxes”, http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/506-foreign-miner-taxes.html, Nov.1, 2017.
(1)“Transcript of an interview with Annie York&Arthur Urquhart conducted by Imbert Orchard”,http://ourspace.uregina.ca:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10294/1008/IH-BC.71.pdf?sequence=1, May 1, 2017.
(2)Justine Hunter,“A Forgotten History:Tracing the Ties Between B. C.’s First Nations and Chinese workers”, The Globe and Mail,May 9, 2015.
(3)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S. E. Dawson Publication, 1902, p.157.
(4)Daily Evening Bulletin(San Francisco, CA)Mar.31, 1865,转引自Jordan Hua,“They Looked Askance:American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, Honors Thesis, pp.70~71.
(5)Thomas Edwin Farish, History of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona:Manufacturing Stationers, 1918, pp.12~13.
(6)“The Chinese and the Indians”, Denver Evening Post(Denver, Colorado), Oct.6, 1897.
(1)Daily Evening Bulletin(San Francisco, CA), 31 March, 1865,转引自Jordan Hua“,They Looked Askance:American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, Honors Thesis, p.72.
(2)Daniel Liestman“,Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, p.333.
(3)Darren Friesen“,Canada’s Other Newcomers Aboriginal Interactions with People from the Pacific”, Thesis for Master’s Degree, University of Saskatchewan,15 February 2006, pp.64~65.
(4)John Bernard Mc Gloin, Eloquent Indian:The life of James Bouchard, California Jesuit, Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1949, p.178
(5)有关个案参见“Montana News”, The Livingston Enterprise(Livingston, Mont.), Feb.21, 1885;Robert Edward Wynne,“Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 1850 to 1910”, Ph. D. Thesis-University of Washington,1978, pp.78~79.
(2)The Canadian Encyclopedia, Chinese Americans, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chinese-canadians/,May 1,2017.
(3)国外个别学者对华人与印第安人关系做了初步探究,其中代表性的有:加拿大学者黎全恩、丁果、贾葆蘅的《加拿大华侨移民史》(北京:人民出版社,2013年)中有数页文字简要介绍了印第安人抢劫华人以及双方同居等现象。美国芝加哥德瑞大学(DeV ry University)教授丹尼尔·雷斯特曼(Daniel Liestman)在《平行的族群关系——19世纪美国西部的华人与印第安人》一文中认为两者的关系是零散而平行的,几乎无融合。参见“Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, in The Western Historical Quarterly, November 1999. 2012年,新泽西州立大学乔丹·华(Jordan Hua)的毕业荣誉论文(Honors Thesis)《他们睥睨而视:十九世纪美国西部华人与印第安人》(They Looked Askance:American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth-Century American West)中也对美国西部华人与印第安人的来往做了一定阐述。
(1)Lawrence Michael Fong,“Sojourners and Settlers:The Chinese Experience in Arizona”, Journal of Arizona History 21(Autumn 1980),p.233;George Brown Goode, The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Vol.2, Washington:Government Printing Press, 1887, p.628.
(2)黎全恩、丁果、贾葆蘅:《加拿大华侨移民史》,第120页。
(3)“First Nations and the People of the Pacific”, http://asia-canada.ca/converging-imaginations/fur-trade-china/first-nations-andpeople-pacific, Mar.20, 2017.
(4)Lilly Chow, Sojourners in the North, Prince George, BC:Caitlin Press, 1996, p.29
(5)Peggy Schofiled, The Story of Dunbar, Vancouver:Dunbar Residents’Association, 2007, p.13.
(6)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S. E. Dawson Publication, 1902, pp.163、143.
(7)Lilly Chow, Chasing Their Dreams:Chinese Settlement in the Northwest Region of British Columbia, Prince George, BC:Caitlin Press,2000, pp.22~23.
(8)Sue Fawn Chung, In Pursuit of Gold, Chinese American Miners and Merchants in the American West, Champagne:University of Illinois Press, 2011, p.50.
(9)Christopher Howard Edson, The Chinese in Eastern Oregon, 1860-1890, San Francisco:R&E Research Associates, 1974, p.25.
(10)Edgar Wickberg, From China to Canada:A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada, Toronto:McClelland and Stewart Ltd.,1982, p.16.
(11)Chinese Canadians Studies Library,“Canadian Chinese Stories”, http://ccs.library.ubc.ca/ch/chronology/chV iewI tem/1/2/21/,Mar.21, 2017.
(1)Daniel Liestman“,Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol.30, No.3(Autumn, 1999), p.344.
(2)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S. E. Dawson Publication, 1902, pp.301、144.
(3)United States Dept. of State,“Letter, Daniel Cleveland to J. Ross Browne, July 27, 1868, concerning the Chinese in California”, United States Department of State, Papers Relating to The Foreign Relations of the United States of America, China, 1869, Washington D. C.:U. S. Government Printing Office, 1868-1869, p.532.
(4)“The Impact of Expansion on Chinese Immigrants and Hispanic Citizens”,https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory2os2xmaster/ch apter/the-impact-of-expansion-on-chinese-immigrants-and-hispanic-citizens/
(5)Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, Sir;John Hamilton Gray, Report of Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration:Report and Evidence, Ottawa:Royal Commission, 1885, pp.363~365.
(6)Luice Cheng Hirata,“Free, Indentured Enslaved, Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth Century America”, Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 5, No. 1, Women in Latin America, Autumn, 1979, p.12.
(7)Chinese Canadians Studies Library,“Canadian Chinese Stories”,http://ccs.library.ubc.ca/ch/chronology/chV iewI tem/1/2/21/,Mar.21, 2017.
(8)Justine Hunter,“A Forgotten History:Tracing the Ties between B. C.’s First Nations and Chinese Workers”, The Globe and Mail,May 9, 2015.
(9)Jean Barman,“Beyond Chinatown, Chinese Men and Indigenous Women in Early British Columbia”, BC Studies, No.177, Spring2013, University of British Columbia p.47.
(10)Lilly Chow, Chasing Their Dreams:Chinese Settlement in the Northwest Region of British Columbia, pp.4~5.
(1)“He Loved and Was Accepted, Chinaman Wins as Indian Maid as Wife”, The Seattle Star(Seattle, WA), Apri.18, 1899, https://chroni clingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093407/1899-04-18/ed-1/seq-2/, Dec.12, 2017.
(2)Native American Indian Tribels of US,“Alcohol Prohibition timeline”,https://www.aaanativearts.com/tribal-timelines/alcohol-prohibition-timeline, Nov.1, 2017.
(3)(6)Claire Hutchings,“Canada’s First Nations:A Legacy of Institutional Racism”, http://www.tolerance.cz/courses/papers/hutchin.htm,Dec.12, 2017.
(4)Thomas Ashe, Travels in America, London:Richard Phillips, 1808, p.243;Lawrence Henry Gipson, ed., The Moravian Indian Mission on the White River, Indianapolis:Indiana Historical Bureau, 1938, pp.92~96,164~65.
(5)Daniel Liestman,“Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol.30, No.3(Autumn, 1999), p.345.
(7)相关个例参见Lilly Chow, Sojourners in the North, p.83.
(8)潮龙起:《美国华人史(1848-1949)》,济南:山东画报出版社,2010年,第133页。
(9)C. F. Holder,“The Opium Industry in America”, Scientific American 1898, p.147.http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/opium_ind1898.htm, Nov.2, 2017.
(10)相关个例参见Brooke S. A, The Archaeology of CA-MNO-2122:A Study of Pre-contact and Post-contact Lifeways Among the Mono Basin Paiute, Oakland:University of California Publication, Vol.31, 1955, p.59.
(1)Sue Fawn Chung, In Pursuit of Gold:Chinese American Miners and Merchants in the American West, Urbana, IL:University of Illinois Press, 2011, p.47.
(2)Vardis Fisher, Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West, Caldwell, Idaho:Caxton Press, 1968, p.260.
(3)Jordan Hua“,They Looked Askance:American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, Honors Thesis, The State University of New Jersey, 2012, p.339
(4)相关个例参见Gillian Marie,“Attitudes toward Chinese Immigrants to British Columbia, 1858-1885”, Simon Fraser University,Thesis(M. A.), 1976, p.68“;Letter from Port Douglas, the Indian and Chinese Fight”, British Colonist, Sep.12, 1860, p.3, http://archiv e.org/stream/dailycolonist18600912uvic/18600912#page/n0/mode/1up, Dec.12, 2017.
(5)Lester A. Hubbard,“John Chinaman in the West”, Western Humanities Review, 4, Autumn 1950, p.317.
(6)Lilly Chow, Sojourners in the North, pp.44~45、105.
(7)Sally Zanjani,“Paiute Revenge:Grisly Crime Brought Threat of Massacre”, American West, 21, July/August 1984, pp.52~56;The Atchison Daily Globe(Atchison, KS)Jun.15, 1891.
(8)Daniel Liestman,“Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”,The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No.3(Autumn, 1999), pp.333~334.
(9)“Gleamings from the Rockies”, Dillon Tribune, Sept.5, 1885.
(10)Ronald M. James, Richard D. Adkins, and Rachel J. Hartigan,“Competition and Coexistence in the Laundry:A View of the Comstock”, Western Historical Quarterly, 25(1994), pp.176~177.
(11)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S.E. Dawson Publication, 1902, pp.391~392.
(12)Darren Friesen,“Canada’s Other Newcomers Aboriginal Interactions with People from the Pacific”, Thesis for Master’s Degree, University of Saskatchewan, Feb.15, 2006, p.63.
(1)John Bernard Mc Gloin, Eloquent Indian:The life of James Bouchard, California Jesuit, Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1949, p.178.
(2)“Vancouver’s Island”, Canadian News, Jan.2, 1860, p.7
(3)“General News”, Northwest Enterprise, Sept.19, 1885,
(4)“Indians VS Chinaman”, Los Angeles Daily Herald., October 20, 1888.
(5)(6)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S. E.Dawson Publication, 1902. pp.391~392、345~346.
(7)George Brown Goode, The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Vol.2, p.628
(8)(13)Daniel Liestman,“Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”,The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No.3(Autumn, 1999), pp.343~344、336.
(9)Darren Friesen,“Canada’s Other Newcomers Aboriginal Interactions with People from the Pacific”, Thesis for Master’s Degree, University of Saskatchewan, Feb.15, 2006, p.181.
(10)Robert Wynne,“Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 1859-1910”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1964, p.79.
(11)(14)Lily Chow, Siewsan,“The Forgotten Ties:Relationships between First Nations People and Early Chinese Immigrants in British Colombia”, https://open.library.ubc.ca/c IRcle/collections/59585/items/1.0103089, Dec.10, 2017.
(12)“Foreign Miners’Taxes”, http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/506-foreign-miner-taxes.html, Nov.1, 2017.
(1)“Transcript of an interview with Annie York&Arthur Urquhart conducted by Imbert Orchard”,http://ourspace.uregina.ca:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10294/1008/IH-BC.71.pdf?sequence=1, May 1, 2017.
(2)Justine Hunter,“A Forgotten History:Tracing the Ties Between B. C.’s First Nations and Chinese workers”, The Globe and Mail,May 9, 2015.
(3)Canada Royal Commission Immigration, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Ottawa:S. E. Dawson Publication, 1902, p.157.
(4)Daily Evening Bulletin(San Francisco, CA)Mar.31, 1865,转引自Jordan Hua,“They Looked Askance:American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, Honors Thesis, pp.70~71.
(5)Thomas Edwin Farish, History of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona:Manufacturing Stationers, 1918, pp.12~13.
(6)“The Chinese and the Indians”, Denver Evening Post(Denver, Colorado), Oct.6, 1897.
(1)Daily Evening Bulletin(San Francisco, CA), 31 March, 1865,转引自Jordan Hua“,They Looked Askance:American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, Honors Thesis, p.72.
(2)Daniel Liestman“,Horizontal Inter-Ethnic Relations:Chinese and American Indians in the Nineteenth-Century American West”, p.333.
(3)Darren Friesen“,Canada’s Other Newcomers Aboriginal Interactions with People from the Pacific”, Thesis for Master’s Degree, University of Saskatchewan,15 February 2006, pp.64~65.
(4)John Bernard Mc Gloin, Eloquent Indian:The life of James Bouchard, California Jesuit, Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1949, p.178
(5)有关个案参见“Montana News”, The Livingston Enterprise(Livingston, Mont.), Feb.21, 1885;Robert Edward Wynne,“Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 1850 to 1910”, Ph. D. Thesis-University of Washington,1978, pp.78~79.