基于种子植物区系比较分析的贵州梵净山生态孤岛效应
|
摘要
梵净山独特的自然环境因子使其产生有别于周边喀斯特环境的特殊生态现象,谓之生态孤岛效应。由此形成的特殊的生态过程与丰富的生物多样性,是梵净山能够成为世界自然遗产申报项目的重要因素之一。本研究通过与同一生物地理省内已列入世界遗产名录的典型山地(神农架,黄山,武夷山,峨眉山)进行自然环境因子和种子植物区系的综合对比分析,探讨了其特殊的自然地理环境条件产生的独特生态孤岛效应,发掘其申报世界自然遗产的重要价值。结果表明,梵净山具有独特的地质演化历史、地形地貌、地理区位、气候条件等自然环境因子,共同形成了一个特殊的陆地岛屿生态环境;与典型山地对比,梵净山留存多样且独特的裸子植物和特有植物,裸子植物数量均高于4处对比地;梵净山的种子植物区系与其生态孤岛特征相适应,呈现温带性质稍强、热带性质独特,交汇性、过渡性显著,起源古老、分化特化明显的特征。本研究讨论了梵净山的生态孤岛效应对岛屿生物地理学、生态型研究和适应性进化等理论的现实意义,及其对物种多样性和特有物种保护的科学意义,凸显梵净山申报世界自然遗产的现实意义。
Because of the unique phy sical environmental factors, Fanjingshan has formed a special ecological phenomenon that differed from the surrounding karst environment, which is called the effect of ecological isolated island. The effect has led to the unique ecological process and abundant biodiversity, which should be one of the reasons that Fanjingshan is listed as the inscription project of World Natural Heritage. Based on the comparative study on physical environmental factors and spermatophyte floras between Fanjingshan and the four typical mountains, Shennongjia, Mount Huangshan, Mount Wuyi and Mount Emei, which have been included on the world heritage list in the same biogeographical province, this study analyzed the phenomenon of ecological isolated island, which was created by special physical geographical environment, and discussed its high value for the inscription of World Natural Heritage. The results showed that Fanjingshan owned unique geological evolution history, landforms factor, geographical location, climate condition, and all these factors created a specific ecological environment of terrestrial island. Fanjingshan retained abundant and unique endemic plants and gymnosperm, and the species of gymnosperm was richer than the other four mountains. The flora of Fanjingshan,which was matched with the feature of the ecological isolated island, could be characterized as stronger temperate element and unique tropical element in genus, significant intersection and transitivity, ancient origin and typical differentiation and endemism. This study discussed the practical significance of ecological isolated island effect to the theories including island biogeography, ecotype and adaptive evolution, as well as the scientific significance to the protection of species diversity and endemic species which could highlight the practical significance of Fanjingshan.
Because of the unique phy sical environmental factors, Fanjingshan has formed a special ecological phenomenon that differed from the surrounding karst environment, which is called the effect of ecological isolated island. The effect has led to the unique ecological process and abundant biodiversity, which should be one of the reasons that Fanjingshan is listed as the inscription project of World Natural Heritage. Based on the comparative study on physical environmental factors and spermatophyte floras between Fanjingshan and the four typical mountains, Shennongjia, Mount Huangshan, Mount Wuyi and Mount Emei, which have been included on the world heritage list in the same biogeographical province, this study analyzed the phenomenon of ecological isolated island, which was created by special physical geographical environment, and discussed its high value for the inscription of World Natural Heritage. The results showed that Fanjingshan owned unique geological evolution history, landforms factor, geographical location, climate condition, and all these factors created a specific ecological environment of terrestrial island. Fanjingshan retained abundant and unique endemic plants and gymnosperm, and the species of gymnosperm was richer than the other four mountains. The flora of Fanjingshan,which was matched with the feature of the ecological isolated island, could be characterized as stronger temperate element and unique tropical element in genus, significant intersection and transitivity, ancient origin and typical differentiation and endemism. This study discussed the practical significance of ecological isolated island effect to the theories including island biogeography, ecotype and adaptive evolution, as well as the scientific significance to the protection of species diversity and endemic species which could highlight the practical significance of Fanjingshan.
引文
Chen S.P.,2004,Seed plant flora in Wuyishan scenery spot,Fujian Linye Keji(Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and T-echnology),31(2):16-19(陈世品,2004,武夷山风景区种子植物区系研究,福建林业科技,31(2):16-19)
Chen S.S.,2012,Study on sustainable development of the mixed heritage of mount emei scenic area,including Leshan gian Buddha scenic area including Leshan Giant Budddha,Thesis for M.S.,China University of Geosciences,Supervisor Sun K.Q.,pp.1-38(陈沙沙,2012,峨眉山-乐山大佛混合遗产的可持续发展研究,硕士学位论文,中国地质大学,导师:孙克勤,pp.1-38)
Ding L.Z.,2005,Islanding landscape in thousand-Island lake region and its effect on plant diversity,Thesis for M.S.,College of life sciences,Zhejiang University,Supervisors:Lu J.B.and Wu J.G.,pp.1-50(丁立仲,2005,千岛湖岛屿化景观及其对植物多样性的影响,硕士学位论文,浙江大学生命科学学院,导师:卢剑波,邬建国,pp.1-50)
Gao Z.X.,Chen S.,Li D.M.,and Xu R.M.,2007,Origin and essence of island biogeography and metapopulation theory Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica),27(1):304-313(高增祥,陈尚,李典谟,徐汝梅,2007,岛屿生物地理学与集合种群理论的本质与渊源,生态学报,27(1):304-313)
Harrison S.,and Taylor A.D.,1997,Empirical evidence for metapopulation dynamics,In:Hanki I.,and Gilpin M.E.(eds.)Metapopulation biology:ecology,genetics and evolution,A-cademic Press,San Diego,America,pp.27-42
Huang W.L.,2001,The discovery of Abies fanjingshanensis forests and their scientifical significance,Guizhou Kexue(Guizhou Science),19(1):1-9(黄威廉,2001,梵净山冷杉林的发现及其科学意义,贵州科学,19(1):1-9)
Jiang Z.G.,Wang D.X.,Yang J.Y.,and Yang K.H.,2010,Investigation and study on the plant resource in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve,Hubei Linye Keji(Hubei Forestry Science and Technology),(5):35-38(姜治国,王大兴,杨敬元,杨开华,2010,神农架国家级自然保护区植物资源调查研究,湖北林业科技,(5):35-38)
Keller M.,Kollman J.,and Edaerds P.J.,1999,Palatability of weeds from different European origins to the Slugs Deroceras reticulatum Müller and Arion lusitanicus Mabille,Acta Oecologica,20(2):109-118
Li G.,Shen Z.H.,Ying J.S.,and Fang J.Y.,2009,The spatial pattern of species richness and diversity centers of gymnosperm in China,Shengwu Duoyangxing(Biodiversity Science),17(3):272-279(李果,沈泽昊,应俊生,方精云,2009,中国裸子植物物种丰富度空间格局与多样性中心,生物多样性,17(3):272-279)
Li Z.Y.,and Shi L.,eds.,2007,Plants of Mount Emei,Beijing Science and Technology Press,Beijing,China,pp.1-110(李振宇,石雷,编著,2007,峨眉山植物,北京科学技术出版社,中国,北京,pp.1-110)
Lomolino M.V.,2000,A call for a new paradigm of island biogeography,Global Ecology&Biogeography,9(1):1-6
Luo Z.H.,Li D.D.,Pan Y.,Huang D.F.,and Liang T.,2009,The mountain-building process of the Huangshan mountain,East China,and its tectonic implications,Dixue Qianyuan(Earth Science Frontiers),16(3):250-260(罗照华,李德东,潘颖,黄丹峰,梁涛,2009,中国东部黄山的成山过程及其构造意义,地学前缘,16(3):250-260)
MacArthur R.H.,and Wilson E.O.,1963,An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography,Evolution,17(4):373-387
MacArthur R.H.,and Wilson E.O.,eds.,1967,The theory of island biogeography,Princeton University Press,NJ,USA,pp.1-203
Petit S.,Griffiths L.,Smart S.S.,Smith G.M.,Stuart R.C.,and Wright S.M.,2004,Effects of area and isolation of woodland patches on herbaceous plant species richness across Great Britain,Landscape Ecol.,19(5):463-471
Szymkiewicz D.,1934,Seconde contribution statistiqueàla géographie floristique,Acta Soc.Bot.Pol.,11(3):249-265
Udvardy M.D.F.,1975,A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world,In:IUCN Occasional Paper No.18,IUCN(ed.),IUCN,Morges,Switzerland,pp.1-50
Wang Y.C.,Li B.,Li Y.,Zhou Y.F.,and Li W.M.,2016,Characteristics of the plants flora in Heihe valley of Qinling mountains,Jiyinzuxue Yu Yingyong Shengwuxue(Genomics and Applied Biology),35(6):1512-1520(王宇超,黎斌,李阳,周亚福,李为民,2016,秦岭黑河流域植物区系组成成分,特征分析,基因组学与应用生物学,35(6):1512-1520)
Wu J.,Peng S.L.,Lin Z.G.,Chen L.Y.,Chen B.M.,Peng H.,and Hou R.F.,2008,The ecological effect on the hilltop of Danxia landform,Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica)28(7):3390-3400(吴瑾,彭少麟,林真光,陈蕾伊,陈宝明彭华,侯荣丰,2008,丹霞地貌山顶生态效应,生态学报28(7):3390-3400)
Wu R.X.,Xiong K.N.,and Rong L.,2017,Characteristics of spermatophyte flora of Fanjing mountain and its phytogeographical significance,Guangxi Zhiwu(Guihaia),37(10):1348-1354(巫仁霞,熊康宁,容丽,2017,梵净山种子植物区系特征及植物地理学意义,广西植物,37(10):1348-1354)
Wu Z.Y.,Sun H.,Zhou Z.K.,Li D.Z.,and Peng H.,eds.,2010Floristics of seed plants from China,Science Press,Beijing China,pp.52-319(吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,李德铢,彭华,编著,2010,中国种子植物区系地理,科学出版社,中国,北京,pp.52-319)
Wu Z.Y.,Zhou Z.K.,Li D.Z.,Peng H.,and Sun H.,2003,The areal-types of the world families of seed plants,Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu(Acta Botanica Yunnanica),25(3):245-257(吴征镒,周浙昆,李德铢,彭华,孙航,2003,世界种子植物科的分布区类型系统,云南植物研究,25(3):245-257)
Zhang G.F.,2003,Analysis of the floristic elements of seed plants in Huangshan mountain,Wuhan Zhiwuxue Yanjiu(Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research),21(5):390-394(张光富,2003,黄山种子植物区成分分析,武汉植物学研究,21(5)390-394)
Zhang Y.L.,1998,Coefficient of similarity-an important parameter in floristic geography,Dili Yanjiu(Geographical Research),17(4):429-434(张镱锂,1998,植物区系地理研究中的重要参数-相似性系数,地理研究,17(4):429-434)
Zhang Y.W.,2008,Studies on the species diversity and flora and ecological features and habitat forms of Orchidaceae in Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserve,Guizhou,China,Thesis for M.S.,Guizhou University,Supervisors:Yu L.F.,and Chen X.,pp.1-23(张玉武,2008,梵净山国家级自然保护区兰科植物区系及多样性研究,硕士学位论文,贵州大学,导师:喻理飞,陈训,pp.1-23)
Zhao S.Q.,Fang J.Y.,and Lei G.C.,2001,Theoretical basis for species conservation:from the theory of island biogeography to metapopulation dynamic theory,Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica),21(7):1171-1179(赵淑清,方精云,雷光春,2001,物种保护的理论基础-从岛屿生物地理学理论到集合种群理论,生态学报,21(7):1171-1179)
Zheng C.Y.,2003,The precious,rare,dangerous and endemic plants in Fujian Wuyishan nature reserve and their distribution,Fujian Linye Keji(Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology),30(3):54-58(郑成洋,2003,福建武夷山自然保护区珍稀、濒危和特有植物及其分布,福建林业科技,30(3):54-58)
Zhong H.,and Tian L.,2017,Research of the ecological effects measures and regulation in tourism island,Shengtai Jingji(Ecological Economy),33(6):96-99(钟晖,田里,2017,旅游孤岛生态效应测度与调控研究,生态经济,33(6):96-99)
Zhu J.Y.,Xiong K.N.,Rong L.,Chen H.,You M.L.,and Wang Q.,2017,Flora and geographical distribution of gymnosperms at Fanjingshan,nominated world heritage site,Guozhou Kexue(Guizhou Science),35(4):9-17(朱佳运,熊康宁,容丽,陈浒,游美玲,王琦,2017,梵净山世界自然遗产提名地裸子植物区系与地理分布分析,贵州科学,35(4):9-17)
Chen S.S.,2012,Study on sustainable development of the mixed heritage of mount emei scenic area,including Leshan gian Buddha scenic area including Leshan Giant Budddha,Thesis for M.S.,China University of Geosciences,Supervisor Sun K.Q.,pp.1-38(陈沙沙,2012,峨眉山-乐山大佛混合遗产的可持续发展研究,硕士学位论文,中国地质大学,导师:孙克勤,pp.1-38)
Ding L.Z.,2005,Islanding landscape in thousand-Island lake region and its effect on plant diversity,Thesis for M.S.,College of life sciences,Zhejiang University,Supervisors:Lu J.B.and Wu J.G.,pp.1-50(丁立仲,2005,千岛湖岛屿化景观及其对植物多样性的影响,硕士学位论文,浙江大学生命科学学院,导师:卢剑波,邬建国,pp.1-50)
Gao Z.X.,Chen S.,Li D.M.,and Xu R.M.,2007,Origin and essence of island biogeography and metapopulation theory Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica),27(1):304-313(高增祥,陈尚,李典谟,徐汝梅,2007,岛屿生物地理学与集合种群理论的本质与渊源,生态学报,27(1):304-313)
Harrison S.,and Taylor A.D.,1997,Empirical evidence for metapopulation dynamics,In:Hanki I.,and Gilpin M.E.(eds.)Metapopulation biology:ecology,genetics and evolution,A-cademic Press,San Diego,America,pp.27-42
Huang W.L.,2001,The discovery of Abies fanjingshanensis forests and their scientifical significance,Guizhou Kexue(Guizhou Science),19(1):1-9(黄威廉,2001,梵净山冷杉林的发现及其科学意义,贵州科学,19(1):1-9)
Jiang Z.G.,Wang D.X.,Yang J.Y.,and Yang K.H.,2010,Investigation and study on the plant resource in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve,Hubei Linye Keji(Hubei Forestry Science and Technology),(5):35-38(姜治国,王大兴,杨敬元,杨开华,2010,神农架国家级自然保护区植物资源调查研究,湖北林业科技,(5):35-38)
Keller M.,Kollman J.,and Edaerds P.J.,1999,Palatability of weeds from different European origins to the Slugs Deroceras reticulatum Müller and Arion lusitanicus Mabille,Acta Oecologica,20(2):109-118
Li G.,Shen Z.H.,Ying J.S.,and Fang J.Y.,2009,The spatial pattern of species richness and diversity centers of gymnosperm in China,Shengwu Duoyangxing(Biodiversity Science),17(3):272-279(李果,沈泽昊,应俊生,方精云,2009,中国裸子植物物种丰富度空间格局与多样性中心,生物多样性,17(3):272-279)
Li Z.Y.,and Shi L.,eds.,2007,Plants of Mount Emei,Beijing Science and Technology Press,Beijing,China,pp.1-110(李振宇,石雷,编著,2007,峨眉山植物,北京科学技术出版社,中国,北京,pp.1-110)
Lomolino M.V.,2000,A call for a new paradigm of island biogeography,Global Ecology&Biogeography,9(1):1-6
Luo Z.H.,Li D.D.,Pan Y.,Huang D.F.,and Liang T.,2009,The mountain-building process of the Huangshan mountain,East China,and its tectonic implications,Dixue Qianyuan(Earth Science Frontiers),16(3):250-260(罗照华,李德东,潘颖,黄丹峰,梁涛,2009,中国东部黄山的成山过程及其构造意义,地学前缘,16(3):250-260)
MacArthur R.H.,and Wilson E.O.,1963,An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography,Evolution,17(4):373-387
MacArthur R.H.,and Wilson E.O.,eds.,1967,The theory of island biogeography,Princeton University Press,NJ,USA,pp.1-203
Petit S.,Griffiths L.,Smart S.S.,Smith G.M.,Stuart R.C.,and Wright S.M.,2004,Effects of area and isolation of woodland patches on herbaceous plant species richness across Great Britain,Landscape Ecol.,19(5):463-471
Szymkiewicz D.,1934,Seconde contribution statistiqueàla géographie floristique,Acta Soc.Bot.Pol.,11(3):249-265
Udvardy M.D.F.,1975,A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world,In:IUCN Occasional Paper No.18,IUCN(ed.),IUCN,Morges,Switzerland,pp.1-50
Wang Y.C.,Li B.,Li Y.,Zhou Y.F.,and Li W.M.,2016,Characteristics of the plants flora in Heihe valley of Qinling mountains,Jiyinzuxue Yu Yingyong Shengwuxue(Genomics and Applied Biology),35(6):1512-1520(王宇超,黎斌,李阳,周亚福,李为民,2016,秦岭黑河流域植物区系组成成分,特征分析,基因组学与应用生物学,35(6):1512-1520)
Wu J.,Peng S.L.,Lin Z.G.,Chen L.Y.,Chen B.M.,Peng H.,and Hou R.F.,2008,The ecological effect on the hilltop of Danxia landform,Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica)28(7):3390-3400(吴瑾,彭少麟,林真光,陈蕾伊,陈宝明彭华,侯荣丰,2008,丹霞地貌山顶生态效应,生态学报28(7):3390-3400)
Wu R.X.,Xiong K.N.,and Rong L.,2017,Characteristics of spermatophyte flora of Fanjing mountain and its phytogeographical significance,Guangxi Zhiwu(Guihaia),37(10):1348-1354(巫仁霞,熊康宁,容丽,2017,梵净山种子植物区系特征及植物地理学意义,广西植物,37(10):1348-1354)
Wu Z.Y.,Sun H.,Zhou Z.K.,Li D.Z.,and Peng H.,eds.,2010Floristics of seed plants from China,Science Press,Beijing China,pp.52-319(吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,李德铢,彭华,编著,2010,中国种子植物区系地理,科学出版社,中国,北京,pp.52-319)
Wu Z.Y.,Zhou Z.K.,Li D.Z.,Peng H.,and Sun H.,2003,The areal-types of the world families of seed plants,Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu(Acta Botanica Yunnanica),25(3):245-257(吴征镒,周浙昆,李德铢,彭华,孙航,2003,世界种子植物科的分布区类型系统,云南植物研究,25(3):245-257)
Zhang G.F.,2003,Analysis of the floristic elements of seed plants in Huangshan mountain,Wuhan Zhiwuxue Yanjiu(Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research),21(5):390-394(张光富,2003,黄山种子植物区成分分析,武汉植物学研究,21(5)390-394)
Zhang Y.L.,1998,Coefficient of similarity-an important parameter in floristic geography,Dili Yanjiu(Geographical Research),17(4):429-434(张镱锂,1998,植物区系地理研究中的重要参数-相似性系数,地理研究,17(4):429-434)
Zhang Y.W.,2008,Studies on the species diversity and flora and ecological features and habitat forms of Orchidaceae in Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserve,Guizhou,China,Thesis for M.S.,Guizhou University,Supervisors:Yu L.F.,and Chen X.,pp.1-23(张玉武,2008,梵净山国家级自然保护区兰科植物区系及多样性研究,硕士学位论文,贵州大学,导师:喻理飞,陈训,pp.1-23)
Zhao S.Q.,Fang J.Y.,and Lei G.C.,2001,Theoretical basis for species conservation:from the theory of island biogeography to metapopulation dynamic theory,Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica),21(7):1171-1179(赵淑清,方精云,雷光春,2001,物种保护的理论基础-从岛屿生物地理学理论到集合种群理论,生态学报,21(7):1171-1179)
Zheng C.Y.,2003,The precious,rare,dangerous and endemic plants in Fujian Wuyishan nature reserve and their distribution,Fujian Linye Keji(Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology),30(3):54-58(郑成洋,2003,福建武夷山自然保护区珍稀、濒危和特有植物及其分布,福建林业科技,30(3):54-58)
Zhong H.,and Tian L.,2017,Research of the ecological effects measures and regulation in tourism island,Shengtai Jingji(Ecological Economy),33(6):96-99(钟晖,田里,2017,旅游孤岛生态效应测度与调控研究,生态经济,33(6):96-99)
Zhu J.Y.,Xiong K.N.,Rong L.,Chen H.,You M.L.,and Wang Q.,2017,Flora and geographical distribution of gymnosperms at Fanjingshan,nominated world heritage site,Guozhou Kexue(Guizhou Science),35(4):9-17(朱佳运,熊康宁,容丽,陈浒,游美玲,王琦,2017,梵净山世界自然遗产提名地裸子植物区系与地理分布分析,贵州科学,35(4):9-17)