生态语言学研究综观
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摘要
本文通过梳理生态语言学的缘起、发展历程和研究现状,明晰其现存问题,从而为其发展指明方向。研究发现,早期语言学家对语言多样性及语言与环境之间关系的思考为生态语言学的兴起奠定了基础。自20世纪70年代以来,生态语言学研究的"豪根模式"和"韩礼德模式"逐渐形成。目前,生态语言学研究呈现出地域不断扩大、范式趋于融合、理论基础与研究方法趋于多元化的发展趋势。然而,生态语言学作为一门新兴学科,仍存在研究对象不尽明确、研究方法尚不系统、研究范围边界不清等问题,有待学界的共同关注。
This paper aims to reveal the key current research issues of ecolinguistics, and hence to define its direction by outlining its origination, developmental stages and current research situation. It is found that early studies of language diversity and the relationship between language and environment laid a foundation for the rise of ecolinguistics. Since 1970 s, the Haugen Model and the Halliday Model have gradually come into being. For the time being, the study of ecolinguistics is indicative of a trend of expansion of regions, integration of research paradigms, diversification of theories, research methods and unification of ecosophies. However, as a new discipline, ecolinguistics still has some problems with research subjects,methods and scope, which are probably the main urgent issues for ecolinguists to address.
This paper aims to reveal the key current research issues of ecolinguistics, and hence to define its direction by outlining its origination, developmental stages and current research situation. It is found that early studies of language diversity and the relationship between language and environment laid a foundation for the rise of ecolinguistics. Since 1970 s, the Haugen Model and the Halliday Model have gradually come into being. For the time being, the study of ecolinguistics is indicative of a trend of expansion of regions, integration of research paradigms, diversification of theories, research methods and unification of ecosophies. However, as a new discipline, ecolinguistics still has some problems with research subjects,methods and scope, which are probably the main urgent issues for ecolinguists to address.
引文
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(1)指在一定社会条件下,一个民族或一个民族中的一部分人放弃了本族的母语而转用另一种语言的现象,其是不同语言之间功能竞争的结果。
(2)指整个世界或盖亚宇宙(如生命、温度、氧气、岩石、大气和水等)组成一个完整的巨大机体,它们可以实现内部的自我平衡(Lovelock 1988)。
Alexander,R.J.2018.Investigating texts about environmental degradation using critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistic techniques[C]//A.Fill&H.Penz(eds.).The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics.London:Routledge,196-210.
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Bastardas-Boada,A.2018.The ecology of language contact:Minority and majority languages[C]//A.Fill&H.Penz(eds.).The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics.London:Routledge,26-39.
Chen,S.2016.Language and ecology:A content analysis of ecolinguistics as an emerging research field[J].Ampersand(3):108-116.
Cowley,S.2017.Ecolingusitics,the bio-ecology and the fragility of knowing[J].Presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Ecolinguistics&the 19th Symposium on Functional Linguistics and Discourse Analysis.Held at Beijing Foreign Studies University(BFSU)on August 26-27,Beijing.
Dension,N.2001.A linguistic ecology for Europe?[C]//A.Fill&H.Penz(eds.).The Ecolinguistics Reader:Language,Ecology and Environment.London:Continuum,75-82.
Eliasson,S.2015.The birth of language ecology:Interdisciplinary influences in Einar Haugen’s“The ecology of language”[J].Language Sciences(50):78-92.
Fill,A.1987.W?rter zu Pflugscharen:Versuch einer ?kologie der Sprache[M].Wien/K?ln:B?hlau.
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Fill,A.2001.Ecolinguistics:States of the art 1998[C]//A.Fill&P.Mühlh?usler(eds.).The Ecolinguistics Reader:Language,Ecology and Environment.London:Continuum,43-53.
Fill,A.&P.Mühlh?usler.2001.The Ecolinguistics Reader:Language,Ecology and Environment[C].London:Continuum.
Fill,A.&H.Penz.2018a.The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics[C].London:Routledge.
Fill,A.&H.Penz.2018b.Ecolinguistics in the 21st century:New orientations and future directions[C]//A.Fill&H.Penz(eds.).The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics.London:Routledge,437-443.
Finke,P.1983.Politizit?t Zum Verh?ltnis von theoretischer H?rte und praktischer Relevanz in der Sprachwissenschaft[C]//P.Finke(ed.).Sprache im politischen Kontext.Tübingen:Niemeyer,15-75.
Finke,P.1996.Sprache als missing link zwischen natürlichen und kulturellen ?kosystemen[C]//A.Fill(ed.).Sprach?kologie und ?kolinguistik.Tübingen:Stauffenburg,27-48.
Gerbig,A.1993.The representation of agency and control in texts on the environment[J].AILA(93):61-73.
Goatly,A.1996.Green grammar and grammatical metaphor,or language and the myth of power,metaphors we die by[J].Journal of Pragmatics 25(4):537-560.
Goatly,A.2000.Critical Reading and Writing:An Introductory Coursebook[M].London:Routledge.
Goatly,A.2007.Washing the Brain:Metaphor and Hidden Ideology[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins.
Goatly,A.2018.Lexico-grammar and ecoliguistics[C]//A.Fill&H.Penz(eds.).The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics.London:Routledge,227-248.
Haarmann,H.1980.Multilingualismus 2[M].Tübingen:Gunter Narr.
Haarmann,H.1986.Language in Ethnicity:A View of Basic Ecological Relations[M].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
Haeckel,E.1866.Generelle Morphologie der Organismen[M].Berlin:Hansebooks.
Halliday,M.A.K.1990.New ways of meaning:The challenge to applied linguistics[J].Journal of Applied Linguistics(6):7-36.
Halliday,M.A.K.2001.New ways of meaning:The challenge to applied linguistics[C]//A.Fill&P.Mühlh?usler(eds.).The Ecolinguistics Reader:Language,Ecology,and Environment.London:Continuum,175-202.
Haugen,E.1972.The Ecology of Language[C].Palo Alto:Stanford University Press.
Kahn,M.2001.The passive voice of science:Language abuse in the wildlife profession[C]//A.Fill&P.Mühlh?usler(eds.).The Ecolinguistics Reader:Language,Ecology and Environment.London:Continuum,241-244.
Krier,F.1996.Esquisseécolinguistique du galicien[C]//J.Aubé-Bourligueux,J.-P.Barre&P.Martinez-Vasseur(eds.).Le Fait Culturel Régional.Nantes:CRINI,53-61.
Lovelock,J.1988.The Ages of Gaia[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Mackey,W.F.1980.The ecology of language shift[C]//P.H.Nelde(ed.).Sprachkontakt und Sprachkonflikt.Wiesbaden:Franz Steiner,35-41.
Martin,J.2004.Positive discourse analysis:Solidarity and change[J].Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses(40):179-200.
Mowat,R.B.1935.Diplomacy and Peace[M].London:Williams&Norgate.
Mühlh?usler,P.1992.Preserving languages or language ecologies?A top-down approach to language survival[J].Oceanic Linguistics 31(2):163-180.
Mühlh?usler,P.1995.Linguistic Ecology:Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Region[M].London:Routledge.
Sapir,E.1912.Language and environment[J].American Anthropologist(14):226-242.
Skuttnabb-Kangas,T.&R.Phillipson.2018.Linguistic imperialism and the consequences for language ecology[C]//A.Fill&H.Penz(eds.).The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics.London:Routledge,121-134.
Steffensen,S.V.2007.Language,ecology and society:An introduction to dialectical linguistics[C]//J.C.Bang&J.D??r(eds.).Language,Ecology and Society.A Dialectical Approach.London:Continuum,3-31.
Steffensen,S.V.&A.Fill.2014.Ecolinguistics:The state of the art and future horizons[J].Language Sciences(41):6-25.
Stibbe,A.2014.An ecolinguistic approach to critical discourse studies[J].Critical Discourse Studies 11(1):117-128.
Stibbe,A.2015.Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology,and the Stories We Live by[M].London:Routledge.
Stibbe,A.2018a.Critical discourse analysis and ecology[C]//J.Flowerdew&J.E.Richardson(eds.).The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies.London:Routledge:497-509.
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(1)指在一定社会条件下,一个民族或一个民族中的一部分人放弃了本族的母语而转用另一种语言的现象,其是不同语言之间功能竞争的结果。
(2)指整个世界或盖亚宇宙(如生命、温度、氧气、岩石、大气和水等)组成一个完整的巨大机体,它们可以实现内部的自我平衡(Lovelock 1988)。