产权视角下中国快速城镇化地区的增长与收缩——以珠江三角洲东莞市为例
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摘要
伴随全球化的蔓延,快速城镇化地区的增长与收缩已成为地区发展转型研究中的国际性话题。改革开放以来,珠江三角洲在外来资本和廉价劳动力的双重推动下实现了农村城镇化发展,随之出现了大量的"城乡一体化(Desakota)"混杂空间。然而,2008年的金融危机对城市发展造成了巨大冲击,地区产权结构的不同导致了更新政策的差异,城市中出现增长与收缩并存的新空间现象。基于此,文章从区域农村城镇化的特殊条件出发,结合城乡二元土地产权结构的制度背景,探索珠江三角洲"Desakota"形成的内在因素,并提出理解城镇增长与收缩的分析框架。后危机时代,城市国有土地和集体土地与国家产业政策的匹配程度存在巨大差异,为不同地区带来了截然不同的发展机会。实证分析部分以东莞市为例,通过夜间灯光数据探索城市增长与收缩的空间分布特征,同时结合典型地区的案例分析,从产权视角切入分析地区出现差异化发展的机制。土地是决定地区发展方向的本质性因素,城市中产权明确且结构单一的国有土地有利于更新置换并实现再增长,而产权零散、用地混杂的集体土地往往因改造成本高而难以推动更新发展,地区出现"穿孔式"收缩。
With the spread of globalization, the phenomenon of growth and shrinkage in rapidly urbanizing areas has become an international topic in the study of regional development and transformation. Following the reform and opening up of China, rapid urbanization spread through the Pearl River Delta, promoted by external capital and cheap labor. At the same time, a large number of "Desakota" regions appeared, featuring different types of property rights. However, the financial crisis had a huge impact on urban development in 2008. The differences in the property rights of the regions meant that renewal policies followed different paths, so that a new spatial phenomenon occurred in which growth and shrinkage coexisted. In light of this, our research will start from the special conditions of regional urbanization, combined with the system of binary land property rights between city and rural areas, to explore the intrinsic features of Desakota regions in the Pearl River Delta and propose an analytical framework for understanding growth and shrinkage. The post–financial crisis era saw great differences between state-owned land and collective-owned land in their matched-degree with national industrial policies, leading to completely different development opportunities for different regions. In fact, the phenomenon of centralized and decentralized urban-rural integration(Desakota), which happened in the vast rural areas of the Pearl River Delta, was the result of the endogenous system of binary land property rights between city and rural areas. After the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, the Chinese government's macro-control policies underwent major adjustments, and the country's fiscal and industrial policies have begun to shift. State-owned land with a single property rights structure has become a key area for local renewal and transformation due to its low-cost advantage. It provides space for the entry of new industries through functional replacement and promotes regional economic transformation and development. At the same time, due to the dispersive land property and small scale, the long-term accumulation of small property collective land leads to higher transaction costs and difficulty in large-scale production activities. Consequently, transformation and renewal are difficult to achieve. The difference in regional property rights structure and difficulty of renewal has led to a new spatial pattern in which both growth and shrinkage coexist. This empirical analysis takes Dongguan as an example and tries to overcome the limitations of traditional social and economic indicators. Innovatively, it uses NPP-VIIRS nighttime lighting data to explore visually the spatial distribution characteristics of growth and shrinkage in Dongguan. Combining this case study with those of typical regions, we analyze the mechanism of different types of development inside the regions from the perspective of property rights. We find that land is the essential factor determining the direction of regional development. The growing areas of Dongguan are mainly concentrated in ports, cross-border areas, and key areas supported by national policies, which have clear property rights and a single structure. In addition, the shrinking areas often occur in mixed areas of industrial parks and urban villages, which have relatively dispersive property rights. This study provides a good sample for the development of rapidly urbanizing areas in the post-financial crisis era. Local governments should focus on the regional property rights structure in the process of decision making and should adapt to local conditions and adopt different policies to promote regional development.
With the spread of globalization, the phenomenon of growth and shrinkage in rapidly urbanizing areas has become an international topic in the study of regional development and transformation. Following the reform and opening up of China, rapid urbanization spread through the Pearl River Delta, promoted by external capital and cheap labor. At the same time, a large number of "Desakota" regions appeared, featuring different types of property rights. However, the financial crisis had a huge impact on urban development in 2008. The differences in the property rights of the regions meant that renewal policies followed different paths, so that a new spatial phenomenon occurred in which growth and shrinkage coexisted. In light of this, our research will start from the special conditions of regional urbanization, combined with the system of binary land property rights between city and rural areas, to explore the intrinsic features of Desakota regions in the Pearl River Delta and propose an analytical framework for understanding growth and shrinkage. The post–financial crisis era saw great differences between state-owned land and collective-owned land in their matched-degree with national industrial policies, leading to completely different development opportunities for different regions. In fact, the phenomenon of centralized and decentralized urban-rural integration(Desakota), which happened in the vast rural areas of the Pearl River Delta, was the result of the endogenous system of binary land property rights between city and rural areas. After the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, the Chinese government's macro-control policies underwent major adjustments, and the country's fiscal and industrial policies have begun to shift. State-owned land with a single property rights structure has become a key area for local renewal and transformation due to its low-cost advantage. It provides space for the entry of new industries through functional replacement and promotes regional economic transformation and development. At the same time, due to the dispersive land property and small scale, the long-term accumulation of small property collective land leads to higher transaction costs and difficulty in large-scale production activities. Consequently, transformation and renewal are difficult to achieve. The difference in regional property rights structure and difficulty of renewal has led to a new spatial pattern in which both growth and shrinkage coexist. This empirical analysis takes Dongguan as an example and tries to overcome the limitations of traditional social and economic indicators. Innovatively, it uses NPP-VIIRS nighttime lighting data to explore visually the spatial distribution characteristics of growth and shrinkage in Dongguan. Combining this case study with those of typical regions, we analyze the mechanism of different types of development inside the regions from the perspective of property rights. We find that land is the essential factor determining the direction of regional development. The growing areas of Dongguan are mainly concentrated in ports, cross-border areas, and key areas supported by national policies, which have clear property rights and a single structure. In addition, the shrinking areas often occur in mixed areas of industrial parks and urban villages, which have relatively dispersive property rights. This study provides a good sample for the development of rapidly urbanizing areas in the post-financial crisis era. Local governments should focus on the regional property rights structure in the process of decision making and should adapt to local conditions and adopt different policies to promote regional development.
引文
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Cao C,Xiong J,Blonski S,Liu Q,Uprety S,Shao X,Bai Y and Weng F.2013.Suomi NPP VIIRS sensor data record verification,validation,and long-term performance monitoring.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,118(20):11664-11678.
陈汉欣.1989.关于我国高技术开发区建设与布局的几个问题.地理学报,44(4):400-406.[Chen Hanxin.1989.Some Problems of Construction and Distribution of High-tech Development Areas in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,44(4):400-406.]
Deng F F and Huang Y.2004.Uneven land reform and urban sprawl in China:the case of Beijing.Progress in Planning,61(3):211-236.
杜志威,李郇.2017.珠三角快速城镇化地区发展的增长与收缩新现象.地理学报,72(10):1800-1811.[Du Zhiwei and Li Xun.2017.Growth or shrinking:New phenomena of regional development in the rapidly-urbanising Pearl River Delta.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(10):1800-1811.]
Elvidge C D,Cinzano P,Pettit D R,Arvesen J,Sutton P,Small C,Nemani R,Longcore T,Rich C,Safran J,Weeks J and Ebener S.2007.The Nightsat mission concept.International Journal of Remote Sensing,28(12):2645-2670.
冯满.2010.土地制度:珠江三角洲农村城市化的现象解析.广州:中山大学,1-85.[Feng Man.2010.Land System:Analysis of the Phenomenon of Rural Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta.Guangzhou:Sun Yat-Sen University,1-85.]
H?u?ermann H and Siebel W.1988.Die Schrumpfende Stadt und die Stadtsoziologie.In:Juergen Friedrichs.Soziologische Stadtforschung.Wiesbaden:VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften,78-94.
李立勋.1997.珠江三角洲乡镇企业发展的地域特征.热带地理,17(1):47-52.[Li Lixun.1997.The Development Features of the Township Enterprises in the Pearl River Detla.Tropical Geography,17(1):47-52.]
李郇.2000.珠江三角洲镇域城市化特点--以广东省顺德市伦教镇为例.小城镇建设,(10):43-45.[Li Xun.2000.The Characteristics of Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta-Taking Lunjiao Town in Shunde,Guangdong as an Example.Development of Small Cities&Towns,(10):43-45.]
李郇,杜志威,李先锋.2015.珠江三角洲城镇收缩的空间分布与机制.现代城市研究,(9):36-43.[Li Xun,Du Zhiwei and Li Xianfeng.2015.The Spatial Distribution and Mechanism of City Shrinkage in the Pearl River Detla.Modern Urban Research,(9):36-43.]
李郇,徐现祥,罗诗媚.2006.“土地租金剩余”对城市化行为的激励分析//中国城市规划学会.规划50年--要责任中国城市规划年会论文集(上册).广州:中国建筑工业出版社.[Li Xun,Xu Xianxiang and Luo Shimei.2006.Incentive analysis of“land rent surplus”on urbanization behavior//China Urban Planning Association.Planning 50years-2006 China Urban Planning Annual Conference Proceedings(Volume 1).Guangzhou:China Building Industry Press.]
李郇,徐现祥.2008.转型时期城中村演变的微观机制研究.城市与区域规划研究,1(1):55-69.[Li Xun and Xu Xianxiang.2008.Land Property Right and Behavioral Incentives:The Microscopic Mechanism of the Evolvement of Urban Villages.City and Region Planning,1(1):55-69.]
Long Y and Wu K.2016.Shrinking cities in a rapidly urbanizing China.Environment and Planning A,48(2):220-222.
McGee T G.1989.New regions of emerging rural-urban mix in Asia:Implications for national and regional policy.Bangkok:Paper presented at the Seminar on Emerging Urban-Rural Linkage:Challenges for Industrialization,Employment and Regional Development,8:16-19.
莫晓东.2018.东莞镇街经济实力风云榜.南方都市报:镇动力,2018-04-20(DA06).[Mo Xiaodong.2018.Dongguan Town Street economic strength list.Southern Metropolis Daily:Zhenli.2018-04-20(DA06).]
Oswalt P.2006.Shrinking cities.Berlin:Hatje Cantz.
秦小珍,杜志威.2017.金融危机背景下农村城镇化地区收缩及规划应对--以东莞市长安镇上沙村为例.规划师,33(1):33-38.[Qin Xiaozhen and Du Zhiwei.2017.Shrinkage And Planning Respond of Urbanized Countryside in Financial Crisis:Shangsha Village,Chang’an Town,Dongguan City.Planners,33(1):33-38.]
Schetke S and Haase D.2008.Multi-criteria assessment of socioenvironmental aspects in shrinking cities:Experiences from eastern Germany.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,28(7):483-503.
沈泽玮.2013.世界工厂神话破灭:东莞转型牵动中国.联合早报,2013-12-22.[Shen Zezhen.2013.The world factory myth is shattered:The transformation of Dongguan affects China.Lianhe Zaobao,2013-12-22.]
Shi K,Yu B,Huang Y,Hu Y,Yin B,Chen Z,Chen L and Wu J.2014.Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales:A comparison with DMSP-OLS data.Remote Sensing,6(2):1705-1724.
田莉,姚之浩,郭旭,殷玮.2015.基于产权重构的土地再开发--新型城镇化背景下的地方实践与启示.城市规划,39(1):22-29.[Tian Li,Yao Zhihao,Guo Xu and Yin Wei.2015.Land Redevelopment based in Property Right Configuration:Local practice and Implications in the context of New Urbanization.City Planning Review,39(1):22-29.]
Turok I and Mykhnenko V.2007.The trajectories of European cities,1960-2005.Cities,24(3):165-182.
Wiechman T.2007.Between Spectacular Projects and Pragmatic Deconstruction.Dortmund,Germany:Conversion Strategies of Contracting Urban Regions.
许学强,胡华颖.1998.对外开放加速珠江三角洲市镇发展.地理学报,(3):201-212.[Xu Xueqiang and Hu Huaying.1998.The Growth of City-towns in the Pearl River Delta by adopting the Open-door Policy.Acta Geographica Sinica,(3):201-212.]
许学强,李郇.2009.改革开放30年珠江三角洲城镇化的回顾与展望.经济地理,29(1):13-18.[Xu Xueqiang and Li Xun.2009.With the Scientific Concept of Development of Guide China’s Urban Construction.Economic Geography,29(1):13-18.]
许学强,周春山.1994.论珠江三角洲大都会区的形成.城市问题,(3):3-6,24.[Xu Xueqiang and Zhou Chunshan.1994.On the formation of the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Area.Urban Problems,(3):3-6,24.]
闫小培,刘筱.1997.珠江三角洲乡村城市化特征分析.地理学与国土研究,(2):30-36.[Yan Xiaopei and Liu Wei.1997.Analysis of Urbanization Characteristics of the Pearl River Delta.Geography and Territorial Research,(2):30-36.]
叶文辉,楼东伟.2010.中国财政政策的有效性分析--基于金融危机的背景.山西财经大学学报,32(5):21-26,33.[Ye Wenhui and Lou Dongwei.2010.Analysis of Validity of China’s Fiscal Policy-In the Context of Financial Crisis.Journal of Shanxi Finance and Economics University,32(5):21-26,33.]
Blanco H,Alberti M,Olshansky R,Chang S,Wheeler S M,Randolph J,London J B,Hollander J B,Pallagst K M,Schwarz T,Popper F J,Parnell S,Pieterse E and Watson V.2009.Shaken,shrinking,hot,impoverished and informal:Emerging research agendas in planning.Progress in Planning,72(4):195-250.
Cao C,Xiong J,Blonski S,Liu Q,Uprety S,Shao X,Bai Y and Weng F.2013.Suomi NPP VIIRS sensor data record verification,validation,and long-term performance monitoring.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,118(20):11664-11678.
陈汉欣.1989.关于我国高技术开发区建设与布局的几个问题.地理学报,44(4):400-406.[Chen Hanxin.1989.Some Problems of Construction and Distribution of High-tech Development Areas in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,44(4):400-406.]
Deng F F and Huang Y.2004.Uneven land reform and urban sprawl in China:the case of Beijing.Progress in Planning,61(3):211-236.
杜志威,李郇.2017.珠三角快速城镇化地区发展的增长与收缩新现象.地理学报,72(10):1800-1811.[Du Zhiwei and Li Xun.2017.Growth or shrinking:New phenomena of regional development in the rapidly-urbanising Pearl River Delta.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(10):1800-1811.]
Elvidge C D,Cinzano P,Pettit D R,Arvesen J,Sutton P,Small C,Nemani R,Longcore T,Rich C,Safran J,Weeks J and Ebener S.2007.The Nightsat mission concept.International Journal of Remote Sensing,28(12):2645-2670.
冯满.2010.土地制度:珠江三角洲农村城市化的现象解析.广州:中山大学,1-85.[Feng Man.2010.Land System:Analysis of the Phenomenon of Rural Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta.Guangzhou:Sun Yat-Sen University,1-85.]
H?u?ermann H and Siebel W.1988.Die Schrumpfende Stadt und die Stadtsoziologie.In:Juergen Friedrichs.Soziologische Stadtforschung.Wiesbaden:VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften,78-94.
李立勋.1997.珠江三角洲乡镇企业发展的地域特征.热带地理,17(1):47-52.[Li Lixun.1997.The Development Features of the Township Enterprises in the Pearl River Detla.Tropical Geography,17(1):47-52.]
李郇.2000.珠江三角洲镇域城市化特点--以广东省顺德市伦教镇为例.小城镇建设,(10):43-45.[Li Xun.2000.The Characteristics of Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta-Taking Lunjiao Town in Shunde,Guangdong as an Example.Development of Small Cities&Towns,(10):43-45.]
李郇,杜志威,李先锋.2015.珠江三角洲城镇收缩的空间分布与机制.现代城市研究,(9):36-43.[Li Xun,Du Zhiwei and Li Xianfeng.2015.The Spatial Distribution and Mechanism of City Shrinkage in the Pearl River Detla.Modern Urban Research,(9):36-43.]
李郇,徐现祥,罗诗媚.2006.“土地租金剩余”对城市化行为的激励分析//中国城市规划学会.规划50年--要责任中国城市规划年会论文集(上册).广州:中国建筑工业出版社.[Li Xun,Xu Xianxiang and Luo Shimei.2006.Incentive analysis of“land rent surplus”on urbanization behavior//China Urban Planning Association.Planning 50years-2006 China Urban Planning Annual Conference Proceedings(Volume 1).Guangzhou:China Building Industry Press.]
李郇,徐现祥.2008.转型时期城中村演变的微观机制研究.城市与区域规划研究,1(1):55-69.[Li Xun and Xu Xianxiang.2008.Land Property Right and Behavioral Incentives:The Microscopic Mechanism of the Evolvement of Urban Villages.City and Region Planning,1(1):55-69.]
Long Y and Wu K.2016.Shrinking cities in a rapidly urbanizing China.Environment and Planning A,48(2):220-222.
McGee T G.1989.New regions of emerging rural-urban mix in Asia:Implications for national and regional policy.Bangkok:Paper presented at the Seminar on Emerging Urban-Rural Linkage:Challenges for Industrialization,Employment and Regional Development,8:16-19.
莫晓东.2018.东莞镇街经济实力风云榜.南方都市报:镇动力,2018-04-20(DA06).[Mo Xiaodong.2018.Dongguan Town Street economic strength list.Southern Metropolis Daily:Zhenli.2018-04-20(DA06).]
Oswalt P.2006.Shrinking cities.Berlin:Hatje Cantz.
秦小珍,杜志威.2017.金融危机背景下农村城镇化地区收缩及规划应对--以东莞市长安镇上沙村为例.规划师,33(1):33-38.[Qin Xiaozhen and Du Zhiwei.2017.Shrinkage And Planning Respond of Urbanized Countryside in Financial Crisis:Shangsha Village,Chang’an Town,Dongguan City.Planners,33(1):33-38.]
Schetke S and Haase D.2008.Multi-criteria assessment of socioenvironmental aspects in shrinking cities:Experiences from eastern Germany.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,28(7):483-503.
沈泽玮.2013.世界工厂神话破灭:东莞转型牵动中国.联合早报,2013-12-22.[Shen Zezhen.2013.The world factory myth is shattered:The transformation of Dongguan affects China.Lianhe Zaobao,2013-12-22.]
Shi K,Yu B,Huang Y,Hu Y,Yin B,Chen Z,Chen L and Wu J.2014.Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales:A comparison with DMSP-OLS data.Remote Sensing,6(2):1705-1724.
田莉,姚之浩,郭旭,殷玮.2015.基于产权重构的土地再开发--新型城镇化背景下的地方实践与启示.城市规划,39(1):22-29.[Tian Li,Yao Zhihao,Guo Xu and Yin Wei.2015.Land Redevelopment based in Property Right Configuration:Local practice and Implications in the context of New Urbanization.City Planning Review,39(1):22-29.]
Turok I and Mykhnenko V.2007.The trajectories of European cities,1960-2005.Cities,24(3):165-182.
Wiechman T.2007.Between Spectacular Projects and Pragmatic Deconstruction.Dortmund,Germany:Conversion Strategies of Contracting Urban Regions.
许学强,胡华颖.1998.对外开放加速珠江三角洲市镇发展.地理学报,(3):201-212.[Xu Xueqiang and Hu Huaying.1998.The Growth of City-towns in the Pearl River Delta by adopting the Open-door Policy.Acta Geographica Sinica,(3):201-212.]
许学强,李郇.2009.改革开放30年珠江三角洲城镇化的回顾与展望.经济地理,29(1):13-18.[Xu Xueqiang and Li Xun.2009.With the Scientific Concept of Development of Guide China’s Urban Construction.Economic Geography,29(1):13-18.]
许学强,周春山.1994.论珠江三角洲大都会区的形成.城市问题,(3):3-6,24.[Xu Xueqiang and Zhou Chunshan.1994.On the formation of the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Area.Urban Problems,(3):3-6,24.]
闫小培,刘筱.1997.珠江三角洲乡村城市化特征分析.地理学与国土研究,(2):30-36.[Yan Xiaopei and Liu Wei.1997.Analysis of Urbanization Characteristics of the Pearl River Delta.Geography and Territorial Research,(2):30-36.]
叶文辉,楼东伟.2010.中国财政政策的有效性分析--基于金融危机的背景.山西财经大学学报,32(5):21-26,33.[Ye Wenhui and Lou Dongwei.2010.Analysis of Validity of China’s Fiscal Policy-In the Context of Financial Crisis.Journal of Shanxi Finance and Economics University,32(5):21-26,33.]