不同移栽期下毯苗油菜的饲草产量与营养特性
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摘要
2016至2017年开展了饲用毯苗移栽油菜(Brassica napus)田间试验,设5个移栽期(10月10日至30日,每5 d移栽),分析了生育性状、饲草产量和主要营养含量,旨在明确稻茬毯苗油菜的饲用特性及其适宜的移栽期和收获期。结果表明,油菜苗期至终花期饲草产量迅速增加,青角期产量趋于平稳而粗蛋白含量下降。移栽期推迟明显抑制了苗期叶龄、根颈粗和花期株高。与最晚移栽(10月25和30日)相比,10月10日、15日和20日移栽可提高终花期和青角期饲草产量和花期粗蛋白含量,但10月10日下青角期中性洗涤纤维含量显著高于其余移栽处理(P <0.05)。青角期饲草产量与二次分枝数、根颈粗、一次分枝数和冬前有效叶片数均呈显著线性正相关关系。兼顾油菜饲草产量、营养价值及后期贮藏等,长江三角洲带饲用毯苗油菜适宜栽期为10月15至20日,适宜收获期为终花期至青角期前。
A field experiment on carpet-seedling planting techniques of forage rapeseed was conducted from 2016 to 2017 on five different transplanting dates(from 10 to 30 October at 5-day intervals), in the Yangtze river delta. Growth parameters,biomass yield, and nutritional content were analysed to clarify the optimal planting and harvest dates of forage rapeseed in rice fields. The results showed that the biomass of forage rapeseed increased rapidly from the seedling to final flowering stages, which was stable until the podding stage. The crude protein content was decreased at the podding stage. A delay in transplanting inhibited leaf growth and rhizome width at the seedling stage and plant height at the flowering stage. Compared to late transplantation(25 and 30 October), the biomass yield and crude protein content were improved when transplantation was conducted from 10 to 20 October. Whereas, in the plants transplanted on 10 October, the neutral detergent fibre content was significantly increased compared to the other treatments(P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significantly positive correlation was observed between forage yield and secondary branch number, rhizome width, first branch number, and effective leaf number pre-winter. Considering yield, nutrition, and storage, it is optimal to transplant seedlings from 15 to 20 October and harvest at the final flowering until the podding stage for forage rapeseed using the carpet-seedling planting technique in the Yangtze river delta.
A field experiment on carpet-seedling planting techniques of forage rapeseed was conducted from 2016 to 2017 on five different transplanting dates(from 10 to 30 October at 5-day intervals), in the Yangtze river delta. Growth parameters,biomass yield, and nutritional content were analysed to clarify the optimal planting and harvest dates of forage rapeseed in rice fields. The results showed that the biomass of forage rapeseed increased rapidly from the seedling to final flowering stages, which was stable until the podding stage. The crude protein content was decreased at the podding stage. A delay in transplanting inhibited leaf growth and rhizome width at the seedling stage and plant height at the flowering stage. Compared to late transplantation(25 and 30 October), the biomass yield and crude protein content were improved when transplantation was conducted from 10 to 20 October. Whereas, in the plants transplanted on 10 October, the neutral detergent fibre content was significantly increased compared to the other treatments(P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significantly positive correlation was observed between forage yield and secondary branch number, rhizome width, first branch number, and effective leaf number pre-winter. Considering yield, nutrition, and storage, it is optimal to transplant seedlings from 15 to 20 October and harvest at the final flowering until the podding stage for forage rapeseed using the carpet-seedling planting technique in the Yangtze river delta.
引文
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[9]左青松,刘浩,蒯婕,冯倩男,冯云艳,张含笑,刘靖怡,杨光,周广生,冷锁虎.氮肥和密度对毯状苗移栽油菜碳氮积累、运转和利用效率的影响.中国农业科学,2016,49(18):3522-3531.ZUO Q S,LIU H,KUAI J,FENG Q N,FENG Y Y,ZHANG H X,LIU J Y,YANG G,ZHOU G S,LENG S H.Effects of nitrogen and planting density on accumulation,translocation and utilization efficiency of carbon and nitrogen in transplanting rapeseed with blanket seedling.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(18):3522-3531.
[10]杨光,冷锁虎,左青松,李苗苗,冯云艳,张含笑,刘浩,冯倩南,张娟,惠飞虎.薹肥施用时期和施氮量对毯苗移栽油菜株高和产量的影响.中国农学通报,2017,33(4):30-37.YANG G,LENG S H,ZUO Q S,LI M M,FENG Y Y,ZHANG H X,LIU H,FENG Q N,ZHANG J,HUI F H.Effects of fertilizer bolting period and N fertilizer application amount on height and yield of blanket seedling transplanting rapeseed.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(4):30-37.
[11]吴玉珍,张建明,谢巧泉,吴正贵.苏州市油菜毯状苗机械化生产技术初探.安徽农业科学,2015,43(30):74-77.WU Y Z,ZHANG J M,XIE Q Q,WU Z G.Preliminary study on mechanized production technology of rape blanket seedling in Suzhou.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences Bulletin,2015,43(30):74-77.
[12]冷锁虎,左青松,杨光.一种油菜毯状苗培育方法:中国,ZL201210418971.9,2013-02-06.LENG S H,ZUO Q S,YANG G.A method for cultivating carpet-seedling of rapeseed.China,ZL201210418971.9,February 6th,2013.
[13]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术(3版).北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007.ZHANG L Y.Feed Analysis and Feed Quality Inspection Technology(3rd ed).Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007.
[14]VAN SOEST P J,SNIFFEN C J,MERTENS D R.A net protein system for cattle:The rumen sub-model for nitrogen./In:Owens FN.(eds).Protein Requirements for Cattle.Proceedings of an International Symposium.Stillwater:Oklahoma State University,1981:265.
[15]贾存辉,钱文熙,吐尔逊阿依·赛买提,敖维平,古力皮叶木·阿布都克然木.粗饲料营养价值指数及评定方法.草业科学,2017,34(2):415-427.JIA C H,QIAN W X,Tursunay·Saimaiti,AO W P,Gulpiya·Abudukeranmu.Roughage nutritional value evaluation indices and research methods.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(2):415-427.
[16]李艳玲,刘爱民.长江流域冬季农业主要作物的耕地竞争机制及案例研究.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):146-151.LI Y L,LIU A M.Competition mechanism of cultivated land resources in winter agriculture in the Yangtze basin:Theory and case study.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(2):146-151.
[17]甘兴华,李雯,刘水华,戴征煌,胡文亭,李丹.7种饲料油菜的品比试验与分析.江西畜牧兽医杂志,2012(6):33-36.GAN X H,LI W,LIU S H,DAI Z H,HU W T,LI D.Comparison test and analysis of 7 species of edible rape.Jiangxi Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2012(6):33-36.
[18]牟海日,王春朋,胡立艳.辽宁地区种植国外饲料油菜的试验报告.中国奶牛,2012(3):9-11.MOU H R,WANG C P,HU L Y.Report of growing foreign feed rape in Liaoning area.China Diary Cattle,2012(3):9-11.
[19]马乐天,马小明,马吉峰,樊振军,张国鸿,苏金文.麦后复种饲用油菜试验.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2012(4):104-105.MA L T,MA X M,MA J F,FAN Z J,ZHANG G H,SU J W.Study on forage rapeseed after reaping wheat.Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2012(4):104-105.
[20]刘志强.温度对油菜生长发育的影响及模型分析.武汉:华中农业大学硕士学位论文,2008.LIU Z Q.Study on sowing date effect on development of rapeseed.Master Thesis.Wuhan:Huazhong Aguricultural Universiy,2008.
[21]李孟良,郑琳,杨安中,牟筱玲,余海兵,邵庆勤.播期、密度对“双低油菜”菜苔营养成分及菜籽产量的影响.草业学报,2008,17(3):137-141.LI M L,ZHENG L,YANG A Z,MOU X L,YU H B,SHAO Q Q.Effects of sowing date and planting density on the nutrient composition of Brassica flower stalk and rapeseed yield of double-low Brassica.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(3):137-141.
[22]刘明,肖佳雷,李炜,毕影东,邸树峰,刘淼,来永才.不同播期对北方寒地麦后复种饲料油菜产量和品质的影响.安徽农业科学,2014,42(36):12933-12934.LIU M,XIAO J L,LI W,BI Y D,DI S F,LIU M,LAI Y C.Effects of different sowing date on the yield and quality indices of multi-cropping forage rape after reaping wheat in Northern Alpine Regions.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(36):12933-12934.
[2]赵云,谢开云,万江春,张英俊.粮草兼顾型畜牧业饲草料发展现状及展望.草业科学,2017,34(3):653-660.ZHAO Y,XIE K Y,WAN J C,ZHANG Y J.Development and prospects of‘grain-forage’supply in modern animal husbandry.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(3):653-660.
[3]胡敏,魏全全,任涛,周广生,余陵峰,鲁剑巍.刈割后氮肥施用对饲料油菜地上部产量及品质的影响.草业科学,2017,34(10):2124-2129.HU M,WEI Q Q,REN T,ZHOU G S,YU L F,LU J W.Effect of nitrogen application on biomass yield and quality of forage rape after clipping.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(10):2124-2129.
[4]王洪超,刘大森,刘春龙,陆欣春,魏巍,王秀秀.饲料油菜及其饲用价值研究进展.土壤与作物,2016,5(1):60-64.WANG H C,LIU D S,LIU C L,LU X C,WEI W,WANG X X.Research progress of forage rape and its feed value in China.Soils and Crops,2016,5(1):60-64.
[5]傅廷栋,涂金星,张毅,陈常兵,杨祁峰,滕怀渊,牛菊兰,尹经章.在我国西北部地区麦后复种饲料油菜的研究与利用.中国西部科技,2004(6):4-7.FU T D,TU J X,ZHANG Y,CHEN C B,YANG Q F,TENG H Y,NIU J L,YIN J Z.Study and utilization of the forage rapeseed after harvesting wheat in the northwest of China.Science and Technology of West China,2004(6):4-7.
[6]郭丛阳,王天河,杨文元,华和春.河西地区麦后复种饲用(绿肥)油菜栽培技术及效益分析.草业科学,2008,25(3):90-92.GUO C Y,WANG T H,YANG W Y,HUA H C.Growing technology and profit analyzation of grazing(or green manure)Brassica napus grown after harvesting wheat in Hexi Corridor.Pratacultural Science,2008,25(3):90-92.
[7]刘渊博,田莉华,张清平,沈禹颖.油菜-冬小麦轮作系统中冬小麦的粮饲兼用性能.草业科学,2014,31(7):1336-1342.LIU Y B,TIAN L H,ZHANG Q P,SHEN Y Y.Grain and forage performance of winter wheat in a rape and wheat rotation system.Pratacultural Science,2014,31(7):1336-1342.
[8]杨瑞吉.麦茬复种饲料油菜的播种量对其生长性状的影响.中国油料作物学报,2007,29(4):479-482.YANG R J.Effect of planting density on growth properties of rapeseed in wheat/silage rape multiple cropping.Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2007,29(4):479-482.
[9]左青松,刘浩,蒯婕,冯倩男,冯云艳,张含笑,刘靖怡,杨光,周广生,冷锁虎.氮肥和密度对毯状苗移栽油菜碳氮积累、运转和利用效率的影响.中国农业科学,2016,49(18):3522-3531.ZUO Q S,LIU H,KUAI J,FENG Q N,FENG Y Y,ZHANG H X,LIU J Y,YANG G,ZHOU G S,LENG S H.Effects of nitrogen and planting density on accumulation,translocation and utilization efficiency of carbon and nitrogen in transplanting rapeseed with blanket seedling.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(18):3522-3531.
[10]杨光,冷锁虎,左青松,李苗苗,冯云艳,张含笑,刘浩,冯倩南,张娟,惠飞虎.薹肥施用时期和施氮量对毯苗移栽油菜株高和产量的影响.中国农学通报,2017,33(4):30-37.YANG G,LENG S H,ZUO Q S,LI M M,FENG Y Y,ZHANG H X,LIU H,FENG Q N,ZHANG J,HUI F H.Effects of fertilizer bolting period and N fertilizer application amount on height and yield of blanket seedling transplanting rapeseed.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(4):30-37.
[11]吴玉珍,张建明,谢巧泉,吴正贵.苏州市油菜毯状苗机械化生产技术初探.安徽农业科学,2015,43(30):74-77.WU Y Z,ZHANG J M,XIE Q Q,WU Z G.Preliminary study on mechanized production technology of rape blanket seedling in Suzhou.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences Bulletin,2015,43(30):74-77.
[12]冷锁虎,左青松,杨光.一种油菜毯状苗培育方法:中国,ZL201210418971.9,2013-02-06.LENG S H,ZUO Q S,YANG G.A method for cultivating carpet-seedling of rapeseed.China,ZL201210418971.9,February 6th,2013.
[13]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术(3版).北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007.ZHANG L Y.Feed Analysis and Feed Quality Inspection Technology(3rd ed).Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007.
[14]VAN SOEST P J,SNIFFEN C J,MERTENS D R.A net protein system for cattle:The rumen sub-model for nitrogen./In:Owens FN.(eds).Protein Requirements for Cattle.Proceedings of an International Symposium.Stillwater:Oklahoma State University,1981:265.
[15]贾存辉,钱文熙,吐尔逊阿依·赛买提,敖维平,古力皮叶木·阿布都克然木.粗饲料营养价值指数及评定方法.草业科学,2017,34(2):415-427.JIA C H,QIAN W X,Tursunay·Saimaiti,AO W P,Gulpiya·Abudukeranmu.Roughage nutritional value evaluation indices and research methods.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(2):415-427.
[16]李艳玲,刘爱民.长江流域冬季农业主要作物的耕地竞争机制及案例研究.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):146-151.LI Y L,LIU A M.Competition mechanism of cultivated land resources in winter agriculture in the Yangtze basin:Theory and case study.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(2):146-151.
[17]甘兴华,李雯,刘水华,戴征煌,胡文亭,李丹.7种饲料油菜的品比试验与分析.江西畜牧兽医杂志,2012(6):33-36.GAN X H,LI W,LIU S H,DAI Z H,HU W T,LI D.Comparison test and analysis of 7 species of edible rape.Jiangxi Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2012(6):33-36.
[18]牟海日,王春朋,胡立艳.辽宁地区种植国外饲料油菜的试验报告.中国奶牛,2012(3):9-11.MOU H R,WANG C P,HU L Y.Report of growing foreign feed rape in Liaoning area.China Diary Cattle,2012(3):9-11.
[19]马乐天,马小明,马吉峰,樊振军,张国鸿,苏金文.麦后复种饲用油菜试验.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2012(4):104-105.MA L T,MA X M,MA J F,FAN Z J,ZHANG G H,SU J W.Study on forage rapeseed after reaping wheat.Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2012(4):104-105.
[20]刘志强.温度对油菜生长发育的影响及模型分析.武汉:华中农业大学硕士学位论文,2008.LIU Z Q.Study on sowing date effect on development of rapeseed.Master Thesis.Wuhan:Huazhong Aguricultural Universiy,2008.
[21]李孟良,郑琳,杨安中,牟筱玲,余海兵,邵庆勤.播期、密度对“双低油菜”菜苔营养成分及菜籽产量的影响.草业学报,2008,17(3):137-141.LI M L,ZHENG L,YANG A Z,MOU X L,YU H B,SHAO Q Q.Effects of sowing date and planting density on the nutrient composition of Brassica flower stalk and rapeseed yield of double-low Brassica.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(3):137-141.
[22]刘明,肖佳雷,李炜,毕影东,邸树峰,刘淼,来永才.不同播期对北方寒地麦后复种饲料油菜产量和品质的影响.安徽农业科学,2014,42(36):12933-12934.LIU M,XIAO J L,LI W,BI Y D,DI S F,LIU M,LAI Y C.Effects of different sowing date on the yield and quality indices of multi-cropping forage rape after reaping wheat in Northern Alpine Regions.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(36):12933-12934.