环境规制政策与公共健康——基于环境污染的中介效应检验
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摘要
为了探究环境规制政策对于环境污染及公共健康的影响,本文基于我国1978至2013年颁布的976条环境规制政策,利用从政策属性力度、政策内容力度两个维度对我国环境规制政策进行量化的数据,构建了针对环境规制政策效果的计量模型,通过将中介效应检验方法引入环境健康经济学分析,检验了环境污染对环境规制政策与公共健康的中介效应.研究结果表明:环境规制政策对公共健康具有促进作用;我国总体的环境规制政策对于防治环境污染产生了一定程度的积极效果;环境规制政策通过对环境污染显著的部分中介效应进而对公共健康产生了促进作用.本研究基于总体环境规制政策文献量化角度考察的"政策-环境-健康"三维动态关系结果,阐明了环境规制政策、环境污染以及公共健康三者的影响传输路径,对于有效评估环境规制政策效果,保障环境质量以及公共健康的可持续提升具有理论借鉴价值.
For exploring the impact of environmental regulation policies on environmental pollution and public health, the measurement model for the effect of environmental regulation policies is constructed by utilizing the quantitative analysis of China's environmental regulation policies from the two dimensions of policy attribute intensity and policy content intensity, based on the 976 environmental regulation policies in China from 1978 to 2013. This paper introduces the method of intermediary effect test to analyze the environmental health economics, to examine the mediating effect of environmental pollution on environmental regulation policies and public health. The results show that environmental regulation policies can promote public health; China's general environmental regulation policies had a positive effect to a certain extent on the prevention and control of environmental pollution; Preventing pollution policies contribute to public health through significantly partial mediating effect of environmental pollution. This study examines the three-dimensional dynamic relationship of "policy-environment-health" based on the quantitative perspective of the general environmental regulation policies literature, trying to clarify the impact of environmental regulation policies, environmental pollution and public health factors transmission path, which show the theoretical value for the evaluation of environmental regulation policy effect, the protection of environmental quality and the sustainable improvement of public health.
For exploring the impact of environmental regulation policies on environmental pollution and public health, the measurement model for the effect of environmental regulation policies is constructed by utilizing the quantitative analysis of China's environmental regulation policies from the two dimensions of policy attribute intensity and policy content intensity, based on the 976 environmental regulation policies in China from 1978 to 2013. This paper introduces the method of intermediary effect test to analyze the environmental health economics, to examine the mediating effect of environmental pollution on environmental regulation policies and public health. The results show that environmental regulation policies can promote public health; China's general environmental regulation policies had a positive effect to a certain extent on the prevention and control of environmental pollution; Preventing pollution policies contribute to public health through significantly partial mediating effect of environmental pollution. This study examines the three-dimensional dynamic relationship of "policy-environment-health" based on the quantitative perspective of the general environmental regulation policies literature, trying to clarify the impact of environmental regulation policies, environmental pollution and public health factors transmission path, which show the theoretical value for the evaluation of environmental regulation policy effect, the protection of environmental quality and the sustainable improvement of public health.
引文
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1.数据来自《国家环境保护“十二五”环境与健康工作规划》.
2.据世界卫生组织有关报告,所监测的102种疾病中有85种受到环境因素的影响.
3.环保部于2013年9月29日发布了《中国公民环境与健康素养(试行)》,这是环保部门首次发布环境与健康关系的指引.
[2]Iii C A P,Burnett R T,Thun M J,et al.Lung cancer,cardiopulmonary mortality,and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,2002,287(9):1132-1141.
[3]祁毓,卢洪友.污染,健康与不平等——跨越“环境健康贫困”陷阱[J],管理世界,2015(9):32-51.Qi Y,Lu H Y.Pollution,health and inequality:Spanning the"environmental health poverty"trap[J].Management World,2015(9):32-51.
[4]Coneus K,Spiess C K.Pollution exposure and child health:Evidence for infants and toddlers in Germany[J].Journal of Health Economics,2012,31(1):180-196.
[5]祁毓,卢洪友,杜亦譞.环境健康经济学研究进展[J].经济学动态,2014(3):124-137.Qi Y,Lu H Y,Du Y X.Research progress of environmental health economics[J].Economic Perspectives,2014(3):124-137.
[6]曲卫华,颜志军.环境污染、经济增长与医疗卫生服务对公共健康的影响分析——基于中国省际面板数据的研究[J].中国管理科学,2015,23(7):166-176.Qu W H,Yan Z J.The influence of environmental pollution,economic growth and health care services to public health based on China's provincial panel data[J].Chinese Journal of Management Science,2015,23(7):166-176.
[7]Chen Y,Ebenstein A,Greenstone M,et al.Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China's Huai River policy[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(32):12936-12941.
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[9]卢洪友,祁毓.环境质量、公共服务与国民健康——基于跨国(地区)数据的分析[J].财经研究,2013,39(6):106-118.Lu H Y,Qi Y.Environmental quality,public services and national health:An analysis based on cross country data[J].Journal of Finance and Economics,2013,39(6):106-118.
[10]Bostan I,Onofrei M,Dascalu E D,et al.Impact of sustainable environmental expenditures policy on air pollution reduction,during European integration framework[J].Amfiteatru Economic Journal,2016,18(42):286-302.
[11]Zhang G F,Wang T Y,Mizunoya T,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of environmental policy for water pollutants reduction in Beijing,China[J].Advanced Materials Research,2013,726-731:1833-1838.
[12]Hirofumi F,Tohru N.Unemployment,trans-boundary pollution,and environmental policy in a dualistic economy[J].Review of Urban Regional Development Studies,2007,19(2):154-172.
[13]张家瑞,王金南,曾维华,等.滇池流域水污染防治收费政策实施绩效评估[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):634-640.Zhang J R,Wang J N,Zeng W H,et al.Performance evaluation on the water pollution control charging policy of Dianchi lake basin[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(2):634-640.
[14]刘乃瑞,燕丽,杨金田,等.日本颗粒物污染防治政策分析及其对我国的启示[J].环境与可持续发展,2014,39(2):54-56.Liu N R,Yan L,Yang J T,et al.Analysis in Japanese particulate matter pollution prevention policy and its enlightenments for China[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2014,39(2):54-56.
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[18]Lee K,Leung Y T,Pinedo M L.Coordination mechanisms with hybrid local policies[J].Discrete Optimization,2011,8(4):513-524.
[19]张国兴,高秀林,汪应洛,等.政策协同:节能减排政策研究的新视角[J].系统工程理论与实践,2014,34(3):545-559.Zhang G X,Gao X L,Wang Y L,et al.Policy synergy:A new perspective of the research on energy conservation and emission reduction policies in China[J].Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice,2014,34(3):545-559.
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[21]张成思.货币政策传导机制:理论发展与现实选择[J].金融评论,2011,3(1):20-43.Zhang C S.Monetary policy transmission mechanism:Theory and practice[J].Chinese Review of Financial Studies,2011,3(1):20-43.
[22]肖龙华,雷海潮.中国省级卫生总费用快速推算方法与应用研究[J].中国卫生经济,2012,31(5):14-19.Xiao L H,Lei H C.Approach on rapid calculation of provincial total health expenditure and its application[J].Chinese Health Economics,2012,31(5):14-19.
[23]王俊.中国政府卫生支出规模研究——三个误区及经验证据[J].管理世界,2007(2):27-36.Wang J.Research on Chinese government health expenditure scale:Three misconceptions and empirical evidence[J].Management World,2007(2):27-36.
[24]刘静.我国环境规制效率测评研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2010.Liu J.The evaluation of environment regulation efficiency in China[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Technology,2010.
[25]彭纪生,仲为国,孙文祥,政策测量、政策协同演变与经济绩效:基于创新政策的实证研究[J].管理世界,2008(9):25-36.Peng J S,Zhong W G,Sun W X.Measurement of policy,coordination of policy and economic performance:An empirical study on innovation policy[J].Management World,2008(9):25-36.
[26]张国兴,张振华,管欣,等.我国节能减排政策的措施与目标协同有效吗?——基于1052条节能减排政策的研究[J].管理科学学报,2017,20(3):161-181.Zhang G X,Zhang Z H,Guan X,et al.Is the synergy between measures and objectives of energy conservation and emission reduction policies in China effective?Research on 1052 energy conservation and emission reduction policies[J].Journal of Management Sciences in China,2017,20(3):161-181.
[27]张国兴,张振华.我国节能减排政策目标的有效性分析——基于1052条节能减排政策的研究[J].华东经济管理,2015,29(11):88-95.Zhang G X,Zhang Z H.An analysis on the effectiveness of policy objectives of energy conservation and emission reduction in China:Based on the study of 1052 energy conservation and emission reduction policies[J].East China Economic Management,2014,29(11):88-95.
[28]曲卫华.我国能源消费对环境与公共健康的影响研究[D].北京:北京理工大学,2016.Qu W H.Research of impact of energy consumption on environment and public health[D].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology,2016.
[29]杨晓胜,刘海兰,安然.卫生费用支出,人力资本与经济增长:基于联立方程的研究[J].中国卫生经济,2014(4):11-12.Yang X S,Liu H L,An R.Health expenditure,human capital and economic growth:Based on analysis of simultaneous equations[J].Chinese Health Economics,2014(4):11-12.
[30]Lin B,Zhang G.Estimates of electricity saving potential in Chinese nonferrous metals industry[J].Energy Policy,2013,60(5):558-568.
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1.数据来自《国家环境保护“十二五”环境与健康工作规划》.
2.据世界卫生组织有关报告,所监测的102种疾病中有85种受到环境因素的影响.
3.环保部于2013年9月29日发布了《中国公民环境与健康素养(试行)》,这是环保部门首次发布环境与健康关系的指引.