聚变堆低活化铁素体/马氏体(RAFM)钢焊接研究进展
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摘要
低活化铁素体/马氏体钢(Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic steel,RAFM)被普遍认为是未来聚变示范堆和聚变动力堆第一壁包层的首选结构材料,由于第一壁服役环境苛刻,特别是焊缝区,不可避免会产生辐照缺陷、表面脆化、化学刻蚀、再沉积等各种损伤和缺陷,严重影响其使用寿命和聚变堆运行安全,合理的RAFM钢焊接工艺技术是提高聚变堆安全性和使用寿命的关键。概述RAFM钢的材料特点和应用现状,然后将适用于RAFM钢的焊接技术和工艺进行系统分析,并对每种焊接技术的原理、国内外相关研究及RAFM钢焊接发展现状进行详尽的评述。最后展望了RAFM钢激光焊接的应用前景,指出当前的几种RAFM钢几乎都推荐的是激光焊接工艺,可以得到综合力学性能良好的焊接接头,并积累了相关数据,可为我国试验包层模块(Test blanket module, TBM)制造提供关键技术支撑,以全面提升我国核聚变堆发展水平。
The low activation ferritic/martensitic steels(RAFM) are generally considered to be the candidate structural materials forthe first wall and blanket of fusion reactors, which service in very harsh environment. This materials especially in it's welding jointswill inevitably produce various defects such as irradiation defects, surface embrittlement, chemical etching and redeposition, whichseriously affect the service life and safety of the fusion reactor. Welding technology is one of the key technologies for RAFM steelto apply to engineering. The performance and present research progress of RAFM steel are simply introduced, welding methods ofRAFM steel and its research progress are reviewed, and potential application of the welding technology of RAFM steel is alsopointed out, which provides the basic data for the welding structure of RAFM steel practically apply to the fusion demonstrationreactor.
The low activation ferritic/martensitic steels(RAFM) are generally considered to be the candidate structural materials forthe first wall and blanket of fusion reactors, which service in very harsh environment. This materials especially in it's welding jointswill inevitably produce various defects such as irradiation defects, surface embrittlement, chemical etching and redeposition, whichseriously affect the service life and safety of the fusion reactor. Welding technology is one of the key technologies for RAFM steelto apply to engineering. The performance and present research progress of RAFM steel are simply introduced, welding methods ofRAFM steel and its research progress are reviewed, and potential application of the welding technology of RAFM steel is alsopointed out, which provides the basic data for the welding structure of RAFM steel practically apply to the fusion demonstrationreactor.
引文
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[15]ZHOU X S,DONG Y T,LIU C X,et al.Transient liquid phase bonding of CLAM/CLAM steels with Ni-based amorphous foil as the interlayer[J].Materials&Design,2015,88:1321-1325.
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[20]BASUKI W W,AKTAA J.Process optimization for diffusion bonding of tungsten with EUROFER97 using a vanadium interlayer[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2015,459:217-224.
[21]COMMIN L,RIETH M,WIDAK V,et al.Characterization of ODS(oxide dispersion strengthened)Eurofer/Eurofer dissimilar electron beam welds[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2013,442:S552-S556.
[22]CHEN L,WANG Z M,TAO H Y,et al.Research on electron beam welding for CLF-1 reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel[J].Welding Technique,2014,43:26-29.
[23]WU S K,ZOU J L,XIAO R S,et al.Ultra-narrow-groove laser welding for heavy sections in ITER[J].Welding Journal,2016,95(8):300S-308S.
[24]CHEN S H,HUANG J H,LU Q,et al.Microstructures and mechanical properties of laser welding joint of a CLAM steel with revised chemical compositions[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2016,25:1848-1855.
[25]NOH S,ANDO M,TANIGAWA H,et al.Friction stir welding of F82H steel for fusion applications[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2016,478:1-6.
[26]乔建生,赵飞,黄依娜,等.CLAM钢的钨极氩弧焊及焊接后的结构与性能[J].核科学与工程,2008,28(4):354-361.QIAO Jiansheng,ZHAO Fei,HUANG Yina,et al.The microstructure and mechanical properties of China low activation martensitic steel joined by tungsten inert gas welding[J].Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering,2008,28(4):354-361.
[27]NISHIMURA A,INOUE N,MUROGA T.Fracture toughness of low activation ferritic steel(JLF-1)weld joint at room temperature[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,1998,258:1242-1247.
[28]INOUE N,MUROGA T,NISHIMURA A,et al.Correlation between microstructure and hardness of a low activation ferritic steel(JLF-1)weld joint[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,1998,258:1248-1252.
[29]ZHU Q,LEI Y C,CHEN X Z,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties in TIG welding of CLAM steel[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2011,86:407-411.
[30]LUCON E,LEENAERS A,VANDERMEULEN W,et al.Post-irradiation mechanical properties of three EUROFER97 joints[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2008,83:620-624.
[31]FU H Y,NAGASAKA T,MUROGA T,et al.Microstructural characterization of a diffusion-bonded joint for 9Cr-ODS and JLF-1 reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2014,89:1658-1663.
[32]FU H Y,NAGASAKA T,MUROGA T,et al.Plastic deformation behavior and bonding strength of an EBWjoint between 9Cr-ODS and JLF-1 estimated by symmetric four-point bend tests combined with FEM analysis[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2016,102:88-93.
[33]李春京,黄群英,吴宜灿,等.中国低活化马氏体钢CLAM热等静压扩散焊接初步研究[J].核科学与工程,2007(1):55-58.LI Chunjing,HUANG Qunying,WU Yican,et al.Preliminary study on hot isostatic pressing diffusion welding for China low activation martensitic(CLAM)steel[J].Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering,2007(1):55-58.
[34]张志云.CLF-1低活化马氏体钢的真空扩散焊研究[D].济南:山东大学,2012.ZHANG Zhiyun.Research on vacuum diffusion bonding of CLF-1 low activation martensite steel[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2012.
[35]FU H Y,NAGASAKA T,KOMETANI N,et al.Effect of post-weld heat treatment and neutron irradiation on a dissimilar-metal joint between F82H steel and 316Lstainless steel[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2015,98-99:1968-1972.
[36]SAWAI T,SHIBA K,HISHINUMA A.Microstructure of welded and thermal-aged low activation steel F82H IEAheat[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2000,283:657-661.
[37]ALAMO A,CASTAING A,FONTES A,et al.Effects of thermal aging on the mechanical behavior of F82Hweldments[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2000,283:1192-1195.
[38]陈路,王泽明,陶海燕,等.CLF-1低活化铁素体/马氏体钢真空电子束焊接研究[J].焊接技术,2014,43(5):26-29.CHEN Lu,WANG Zheming,TAO Haiyan,et al.Reserach on electron beam welding for CLF-1 reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel[J].Welding Technology,2014,43(5):26-29.
[39]HUANG Q Y,FDS.Development status of CLAM steel for fusion application[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2014,455:649-654
[40]王灿,廖洪彬,王传强,等.低活化铁素体/马氏体钢厚板真空电子束焊接接头组织和性能研究[J].机械制造文摘-焊接分册,2018(3):9-14.WANG Can,LIAO Hongbin,WANG Chuanqiang,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of vacuum electron beam welded joints of reduced activation Ferritic/Martensitic CLF-1 Steel Heavy Plate[J].Welding Digest of Machinery Manufacturing,2018(3):9-14.
[41]AUBERT P,TAVASSOLI F,RIETH M,et al.Review of candidate welding processes of RAFM steels for ITERtest blanket modules and DEMO[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2011,417:43-50.
[42]ZHANG J C,WU S K,LIAO H B,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber laser welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic CLF-1 steel heavy plate[C]//The Proceedings of the International Conference of IIW 2017.The 70th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference.Shanghai,Jun.28,2017.
[43]CARDELLA A,RIGAL E,BEDEL L,et al.The manufacturing technologies of the European breeding blankets[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2004,329:133-140.
[44]张建超,乔俊楠,吴世凯,等.低活化铁素体/马氏体钢厚板光纤激光焊接接头组织及力学性能研究[J].焊接学报,2018,39(4):124-128.ZHANG Jianchao,QIAO Junnan,WU Shikai,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber laser welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic CLF-1 steel heavy plate[J].Transactions of The China Welding Institution,2018,39(4):124-128.
[45]WU S K,ZHANG J C,YANG J X,et al.Investigation on microstructure and properties of narrow-gap laser welding on reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel CLF-1 with a thickness of 35mm[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2018,503:66-74.
[2]黄群英,郁金南,万发荣,等.聚变堆低活化马氏体钢的发展[J].核科学与工程,2004,1:56-64.HUANG Qunying,YU Jinnan,WAN Farong,et al.The development of low activation martensitic steels for fusion reactor[J].Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering,2004,1:56-64.
[3]吴小虎,赵飞,谢文佳,等.低活化马氏体钢激光焊接接头的组织与性能[J].中国激光,2010,37(2):577-580.WU Xiaohu,ZHAO Fei,XIE Wenjia,et al.Microstructures and mechanical properties of laser weld joints of reduced activation martensitic steel[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2010,37(2):577-580.
[4]黄群英,李春京,李艳芬,等.中国低活化马氏体钢CLAM研究进展[J].核科学与工程,2007(1):41-50,85.HUANG Qunying,LI Chunjing,LI Yanfen,et al.R&Dstatus of China low activation martensitic steel[J].Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering,2007(1):41-50,85.
[5]HISHINUMA A,KOHYAMA A,KLUEH R L,et al.Current status and future R&D for reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,1998,258:193-204.
[6]RIETH M,REY J.Specific welds for test blanket modules[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2009,386-88:471-474.
[7]RENSMAN J,VAN OSCH E V.Post-irradiation mechanical tests on F82H EB and TIG welds[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2000,283:1201-1205.
[8]KISHIMOTO H,MURAMATSU Y,ASAKURA Y,et al.Destructive and non-destructive evaluation methods of interface on F82H HIPed joints[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2016,109:1744-1747.
[9]HIROSE T,SHIBA K,SAWAI T,et al.Effects of heat treatment process for blanket fabrication on mechanical properties of F82H[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2004,329:324-327.
[10]LI Y,HUANG Q,WU Y,et al.Mechanical properties and microstructures of China low activation martensitic steel compared with JLF-1[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2007,367:117-121.
[11]POITEVIN Y,AUBERT P,DIEGELE E,et al.Development of welding technologies for the manufacturing of European Tritium Breeder blanket modules[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2011,417:36-42.
[12]TANIGAWA H,HIROSE K,SHIBA K,et al.Technical issues of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels for fabrication of ITER test blanket modules[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2008,83:1471-1476.
[13]KURTZ R J,ALAMO A,LUCON E,et al.Recent progress toward development of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels for fusion structural applications[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2009,386:411-417.
[14]YU J N,HUANG Q Y,WAN F R,et al.Research and development on the China low activation martensitic steel(CLAM)[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2007,367:97-101.
[15]ZHOU X S,DONG Y T,LIU C X,et al.Transient liquid phase bonding of CLAM/CLAM steels with Ni-based amorphous foil as the interlayer[J].Materials&Design,2015,88:1321-1325.
[16]WANG P H,CHEN J M,FU H Y,et al.Technical issues for the fabrication of a CN-HCCB-TBM based on RAFMsteel CLF-1[J].Plasma Science&Technology,2013,15:133-136.
[17]邵奇栋.中国低活化马氏体钢TIG焊微观组织与力学性能的研究[D].镇江:江苏大学,2009.SHAO Qidong.Microstructures and mechanical properties of TIG welded jiont of CLAM steel[D].Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University,2009.
[18]顾康家.CLAM钢TIG焊组织与性能的研究[D].镇江:江苏大学,2009.GU Kangjia.Microstructures and mechanical properties of CLAM steel in TIG Weld[D].Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University,2009.
[19]VON DER WETH A,KEMPE H,AKTAA J,et al.Optimization of the EUROFER uniaxial diffusion weld[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2007,367:1203-1207.
[20]BASUKI W W,AKTAA J.Process optimization for diffusion bonding of tungsten with EUROFER97 using a vanadium interlayer[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2015,459:217-224.
[21]COMMIN L,RIETH M,WIDAK V,et al.Characterization of ODS(oxide dispersion strengthened)Eurofer/Eurofer dissimilar electron beam welds[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2013,442:S552-S556.
[22]CHEN L,WANG Z M,TAO H Y,et al.Research on electron beam welding for CLF-1 reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel[J].Welding Technique,2014,43:26-29.
[23]WU S K,ZOU J L,XIAO R S,et al.Ultra-narrow-groove laser welding for heavy sections in ITER[J].Welding Journal,2016,95(8):300S-308S.
[24]CHEN S H,HUANG J H,LU Q,et al.Microstructures and mechanical properties of laser welding joint of a CLAM steel with revised chemical compositions[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2016,25:1848-1855.
[25]NOH S,ANDO M,TANIGAWA H,et al.Friction stir welding of F82H steel for fusion applications[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2016,478:1-6.
[26]乔建生,赵飞,黄依娜,等.CLAM钢的钨极氩弧焊及焊接后的结构与性能[J].核科学与工程,2008,28(4):354-361.QIAO Jiansheng,ZHAO Fei,HUANG Yina,et al.The microstructure and mechanical properties of China low activation martensitic steel joined by tungsten inert gas welding[J].Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering,2008,28(4):354-361.
[27]NISHIMURA A,INOUE N,MUROGA T.Fracture toughness of low activation ferritic steel(JLF-1)weld joint at room temperature[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,1998,258:1242-1247.
[28]INOUE N,MUROGA T,NISHIMURA A,et al.Correlation between microstructure and hardness of a low activation ferritic steel(JLF-1)weld joint[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,1998,258:1248-1252.
[29]ZHU Q,LEI Y C,CHEN X Z,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties in TIG welding of CLAM steel[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2011,86:407-411.
[30]LUCON E,LEENAERS A,VANDERMEULEN W,et al.Post-irradiation mechanical properties of three EUROFER97 joints[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2008,83:620-624.
[31]FU H Y,NAGASAKA T,MUROGA T,et al.Microstructural characterization of a diffusion-bonded joint for 9Cr-ODS and JLF-1 reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2014,89:1658-1663.
[32]FU H Y,NAGASAKA T,MUROGA T,et al.Plastic deformation behavior and bonding strength of an EBWjoint between 9Cr-ODS and JLF-1 estimated by symmetric four-point bend tests combined with FEM analysis[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2016,102:88-93.
[33]李春京,黄群英,吴宜灿,等.中国低活化马氏体钢CLAM热等静压扩散焊接初步研究[J].核科学与工程,2007(1):55-58.LI Chunjing,HUANG Qunying,WU Yican,et al.Preliminary study on hot isostatic pressing diffusion welding for China low activation martensitic(CLAM)steel[J].Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering,2007(1):55-58.
[34]张志云.CLF-1低活化马氏体钢的真空扩散焊研究[D].济南:山东大学,2012.ZHANG Zhiyun.Research on vacuum diffusion bonding of CLF-1 low activation martensite steel[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2012.
[35]FU H Y,NAGASAKA T,KOMETANI N,et al.Effect of post-weld heat treatment and neutron irradiation on a dissimilar-metal joint between F82H steel and 316Lstainless steel[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2015,98-99:1968-1972.
[36]SAWAI T,SHIBA K,HISHINUMA A.Microstructure of welded and thermal-aged low activation steel F82H IEAheat[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2000,283:657-661.
[37]ALAMO A,CASTAING A,FONTES A,et al.Effects of thermal aging on the mechanical behavior of F82Hweldments[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2000,283:1192-1195.
[38]陈路,王泽明,陶海燕,等.CLF-1低活化铁素体/马氏体钢真空电子束焊接研究[J].焊接技术,2014,43(5):26-29.CHEN Lu,WANG Zheming,TAO Haiyan,et al.Reserach on electron beam welding for CLF-1 reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel[J].Welding Technology,2014,43(5):26-29.
[39]HUANG Q Y,FDS.Development status of CLAM steel for fusion application[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2014,455:649-654
[40]王灿,廖洪彬,王传强,等.低活化铁素体/马氏体钢厚板真空电子束焊接接头组织和性能研究[J].机械制造文摘-焊接分册,2018(3):9-14.WANG Can,LIAO Hongbin,WANG Chuanqiang,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of vacuum electron beam welded joints of reduced activation Ferritic/Martensitic CLF-1 Steel Heavy Plate[J].Welding Digest of Machinery Manufacturing,2018(3):9-14.
[41]AUBERT P,TAVASSOLI F,RIETH M,et al.Review of candidate welding processes of RAFM steels for ITERtest blanket modules and DEMO[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2011,417:43-50.
[42]ZHANG J C,WU S K,LIAO H B,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber laser welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic CLF-1 steel heavy plate[C]//The Proceedings of the International Conference of IIW 2017.The 70th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference.Shanghai,Jun.28,2017.
[43]CARDELLA A,RIGAL E,BEDEL L,et al.The manufacturing technologies of the European breeding blankets[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2004,329:133-140.
[44]张建超,乔俊楠,吴世凯,等.低活化铁素体/马氏体钢厚板光纤激光焊接接头组织及力学性能研究[J].焊接学报,2018,39(4):124-128.ZHANG Jianchao,QIAO Junnan,WU Shikai,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber laser welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic CLF-1 steel heavy plate[J].Transactions of The China Welding Institution,2018,39(4):124-128.
[45]WU S K,ZHANG J C,YANG J X,et al.Investigation on microstructure and properties of narrow-gap laser welding on reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel CLF-1 with a thickness of 35mm[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2018,503:66-74.