2016年新西兰M_S8.0地震震源及强地面运动特征分析
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摘要
2016年11月13日新西兰发生MS8.0地震,该地震造成2人死亡,20多人受伤,仅10余栋房屋严重受损,致灾特征较轻.本文针对新西兰MS8.0地震的震源参数特征,对该地震的震源过程进行了分析.结果表明,该地震的地震波辐射能量和视应力均偏低,震源破裂过程为应力上调模式,发震断层破裂相对充分,余震相对丰富.结合新一代衰减关系(NGA)的分析结果显示,该地震的强地面运动峰值加速度(PGA)观测记录整体偏低,与基于震源参数对该地震PGA的理论估算结果较为一致.进一步选取10km范围内6个台站的强震观测记录进行比较研究,初步认为影响该地震近断层区域PGA高值的因素主要是断层破裂面上最大滑动集中区的位置,而非主震的初始破裂位置.综合研究表明,新西兰MS8.0地震的强地面运动主要受到应力上调模式和最大滑动集中区位置的影响,致灾特征较轻则可能源于峰值加速度偏低和地表破坏较大地区的人口相对稀少.
The New Zealand earthquake of November 13,2016,M_S8.0occurred near the Kaikoura area in the South Island,New Zealand,with focal depth of11 km.The M_S8.0 earthquake occurred on the transform boundary faults between the Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate,and the focal mechanism solution shows the earthquake is of thrust type event.Two people were killed,twenty or so people were injured and more than ten buildings were destroyed during this earthquake,so the damage level is not so severe in consideration about the huge magnitude.In this study,we analyzed the dynamic source process according to the source parameters,it can be confirmed that the radiated energy and the apparent stress of the New Zealand earthquake are small and minor.The results indicate a frictional overshoot behavior in the dynamic source process of the earthquake,which is actually with sufficient rupture and more abundant moderate aftershocks.Comparison with the next generation attenuation(NGA)relationship indicates that the observed horizontal peak ground acceleration(PGA)of the strong ground motion is generally small.The ground motion observations show that the recordings of New Zealand M_S8.0earthquake are less than the New Zealand MW6.1earthquake in 2011 with nearly200deaths.In addition,we studied the characteristics of the observed PGAs at the six near-fault stations,which are located in the area less than 10 km to the main fault.The relatively high ground motion of the six stations may be produced by the higher slip around the asperity area rather than the initial rupture position on the main plane.In fact,the less damage level of New Zealand M_S8.0earthquake may probably result from the smaller strong ground motion and the rare population in the near fault area,with the most severe surface destruction.
The New Zealand earthquake of November 13,2016,M_S8.0occurred near the Kaikoura area in the South Island,New Zealand,with focal depth of11 km.The M_S8.0 earthquake occurred on the transform boundary faults between the Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate,and the focal mechanism solution shows the earthquake is of thrust type event.Two people were killed,twenty or so people were injured and more than ten buildings were destroyed during this earthquake,so the damage level is not so severe in consideration about the huge magnitude.In this study,we analyzed the dynamic source process according to the source parameters,it can be confirmed that the radiated energy and the apparent stress of the New Zealand earthquake are small and minor.The results indicate a frictional overshoot behavior in the dynamic source process of the earthquake,which is actually with sufficient rupture and more abundant moderate aftershocks.Comparison with the next generation attenuation(NGA)relationship indicates that the observed horizontal peak ground acceleration(PGA)of the strong ground motion is generally small.The ground motion observations show that the recordings of New Zealand M_S8.0earthquake are less than the New Zealand MW6.1earthquake in 2011 with nearly200deaths.In addition,we studied the characteristics of the observed PGAs at the six near-fault stations,which are located in the area less than 10 km to the main fault.The relatively high ground motion of the six stations may be produced by the higher slip around the asperity area rather than the initial rupture position on the main plane.In fact,the less damage level of New Zealand M_S8.0earthquake may probably result from the smaller strong ground motion and the rare population in the near fault area,with the most severe surface destruction.
引文
陈运泰,杨智娴,张勇,刘超.2013.从汶川地震到芦山地震[J].中国科学:地球科学,43(6):1064--1072.Chen Y T,Yang Z X,Zhang Y,Liu C.2013.From 2008Wenchuan earthquake to 2013Lushan earthquake[J].ScientiaSinica Terrae,43(6):1064--1072(in Chinese).
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赵烽帆,史海霞,周志华.2014.2008年汶川MS8.0地震和2013年芦山MS7.0地震震源特征比较分析[J].中国地震,30(4):604--610.Zhao F F,Shi H X,Zhou Z H.2014.Characteristics of the source parameters and the rupture processes for the 2earthquakes in the Longmenshan fault zone:The 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2013 MS7.0Lushan earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in China,30(4):604--610(in Chinese).
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Andrews D J.1986.Objective determination of source parameters and similarity of earthquakes of different size[G]∥Das S,Boatwright J,Scholz C H eds.Earthquake Source Mechanics.Washington DC:AGU:259--267.
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Boore D M,Atkinson G M.2008.Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA,PGV,and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01sand 10.0s[J].EarthqSpectra,24(1):99--138.
Brune J N.1970.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,75(26):4997--5009.
Brune J N.1976.The physics of earthquake strong motion[G]∥Lomnitz C,Rosenblueth E eds.Seismic Risk and Engineering Decisions.New York:Elsevier Sci Publ Co:141--177.
CESMD.2016.Observations for the New Zealand earthquake on November 14,2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-10].http:∥www.strongmotioncentero.rg/cgi-bin/CESMD/iqrd_ist_DM2.pl?iqrID=AmberleyNewZealand1_3Nov2016_us1000778i&SFlag=0&Flag=2.
Choy G L,Boatwright J L.1995.Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress[J].J Geophys Res,100(B9):18205--18228.
GCMT.2016.Global centroid moment tensor project[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT4/form?itype=ymd&yr=2016&mo=11&day=13&oyr=2016&omo=11&oday=30&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=7&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000<s=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0.
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IRIS.2016.New Zealand,MW7.8,earthquake on 2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥ds.iris.edu/spud/eqenergy/13298836.
Langridge R,Campbell J,Hill N,Pere V,Pope J,Pettinga J,Estrada B,Berryman K.2003.Paleoseismology and slip rate of the Conway segment of the Hope fault at Greenburn Stream,South Island,New Zealand[J].Ann Geophys,46(5):1119--1139.
Orowan E.1960.Mechanism of seismic faulting in rock deformation:A symposium[J].Geol Soc Am Mem,79:323--345.
Savage J C,Wood M D.1971.The relation between apparent stress and stress drop[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,61(5):1381--1388.
Shi B P,Liu B Y,Meng L Y.2010.Bounding of near-fault ground motion based on radiated seismic energy with a consideration of fault frictional mechanisms[J].Earthquake Science,23(4):357--368.
Smith K D,Brune J N,Priestly K F.1991.The seismic spectrum,radiated energy,and the Savage and Wood inequality for complex earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,188(3/4):303--320.
Starr A T.1928.Slip in a crystal and rupture in a solid due to shear[J].Math Proc Cambr Philosoph Soc,43(4):489--500.
USGS.2016.New Zealand,MW7.8,earthquake on 2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us1000778i#executive.
Wyss M,Brune J N.1968.Seismic moment,stress,and source dimensions for earthquakes in the California-Nevada region[J].J Geophys Res,73(14):4681--4694.
孟令媛,史保平.2012.2011年新西兰MW6.1地震震源过程及强地面运动特征初步分析[J].地球物理学报,55(5):1601--1612.Meng L Y,Shi B P.2012.Source rupture process of the February 21,2011,MW6.1,New Zealand earthquake and the characteristics of the near-field strong ground motion[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(5):1601--1612(in Chinese).
孟令媛,史保平,刘杰.2013a.2010年新西兰MW7.0主震与2011年MW6.1余震近场强地面运动特征比较分析[J].地震学报,35(3):351--368.Meng L Y,Shi B P,Liu J.2013a.Characteristics of strong ground motion from the sequence of New Zealand earthquake:2010,MW7.0,main shock and 2011,MW6.1,aftershock[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,35(3):351--368(in Chinese).
孟令媛,周龙泉,刘杰.2013b.2013年芦山MS7.0地震震源参数特征及近断层强地面运动初步估计[J].地震学报,35(5):632--641.Meng L Y,Zhou L Q,Liu J.2013b.Source parameters of the 2013Lushan MS7.0earthquake and the characteristics of the near-fault strong ground motion[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,35(5):632--641(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,韩竹军,陈桂华,李传友,郑文俊,张世民,任治坤,许冲,谭锡斌,魏占玉,王明明,任俊杰,何仲,梁明剑.2013.四川芦山7.0级强震:一次典型的盲逆断层型地震[J].科学通报,58(20):1887--1893.Xu X W,Wen X Z,Han Z J,Chen G H,Li C Y,Zheng W J,Zhang S M,Ren Z K,Xu C,Tan X B,Wei Z Y,Wang M M,Ren J J,He Z,Liang M J.2013.Lushan MS7.0earthquake:A blind reserve-fault event[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,58(28):3437--3443.
赵烽帆,史海霞,周志华.2014.2008年汶川MS8.0地震和2013年芦山MS7.0地震震源特征比较分析[J].中国地震,30(4):604--610.Zhao F F,Shi H X,Zhou Z H.2014.Characteristics of the source parameters and the rupture processes for the 2earthquakes in the Longmenshan fault zone:The 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2013 MS7.0Lushan earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in China,30(4):604--610(in Chinese).
中国地震局地球物理研究所.2016.2016年11月13日新西兰8.0级地震震源机制解[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥www.cea-igp.ac.cn/tpxw/275058.shtml.Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration.2016.Focal mechanism solution for New Zealand,MS8.0,earthquake on November 13,2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥www.cea-igp.ac.cn/tpxw/275058.shtml(in Chinese).
中国地震台网中心.2016.2016年11月13日新西兰8.0级地震[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥10.5.160.59/netoffice/module/info/portal/custom/dzj/dzj_news_display.jsp?GeneralID=164333.China Earthquake Networks Center.2016.New Zealand,MS8.0,earthquake on November 13,2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥10.5.160.59/netoffice/module/info/portal/custom/dzj/dzj_news_display.jsp?GeneralID=164333(in Chinese).
Andrews D J.1986.Objective determination of source parameters and similarity of earthquakes of different size[G]∥Das S,Boatwright J,Scholz C H eds.Earthquake Source Mechanics.Washington DC:AGU:259--267.
Boore D M,Atkinson G M.2007.Boore-Atkinson NGA Ground Motion Relations for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of Peak and Spectral Ground Motion Parameters,PEER Report 2007/01[R].Berkeley,Calif:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center:17.
Boore D M,Atkinson G M.2008.Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA,PGV,and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01sand 10.0s[J].EarthqSpectra,24(1):99--138.
Brune J N.1970.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,75(26):4997--5009.
Brune J N.1976.The physics of earthquake strong motion[G]∥Lomnitz C,Rosenblueth E eds.Seismic Risk and Engineering Decisions.New York:Elsevier Sci Publ Co:141--177.
CESMD.2016.Observations for the New Zealand earthquake on November 14,2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-10].http:∥www.strongmotioncentero.rg/cgi-bin/CESMD/iqrd_ist_DM2.pl?iqrID=AmberleyNewZealand1_3Nov2016_us1000778i&SFlag=0&Flag=2.
Choy G L,Boatwright J L.1995.Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress[J].J Geophys Res,100(B9):18205--18228.
GCMT.2016.Global centroid moment tensor project[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT4/form?itype=ymd&yr=2016&mo=11&day=13&oyr=2016&omo=11&oday=30&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=7&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000<s=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0.
GeoNet.2016.M7.8Kaikoura earthquake[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥info.geonet.org.nz/display/home/2016/11/14/M7.8+Kaikoura+Earthquake%3A+Latest+updates.
GNS.2016a.Aftershocks of the New Zealand earthquake[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥info.geonet.org.nz/display/appdata/Earthquake+Catalogue.appdataEarthquake+Catalogue.GNS.2016b.New Zealand,MW7.8,earthquake on November 14,2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥info.geonet.org.nz/display/home/2016/11/14/M7.8+Kaikoura+Earthquake%3A+Latest+updates.
IRIS.2016.New Zealand,MW7.8,earthquake on 2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥ds.iris.edu/spud/eqenergy/13298836.
Langridge R,Campbell J,Hill N,Pere V,Pope J,Pettinga J,Estrada B,Berryman K.2003.Paleoseismology and slip rate of the Conway segment of the Hope fault at Greenburn Stream,South Island,New Zealand[J].Ann Geophys,46(5):1119--1139.
Orowan E.1960.Mechanism of seismic faulting in rock deformation:A symposium[J].Geol Soc Am Mem,79:323--345.
Savage J C,Wood M D.1971.The relation between apparent stress and stress drop[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,61(5):1381--1388.
Shi B P,Liu B Y,Meng L Y.2010.Bounding of near-fault ground motion based on radiated seismic energy with a consideration of fault frictional mechanisms[J].Earthquake Science,23(4):357--368.
Smith K D,Brune J N,Priestly K F.1991.The seismic spectrum,radiated energy,and the Savage and Wood inequality for complex earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,188(3/4):303--320.
Starr A T.1928.Slip in a crystal and rupture in a solid due to shear[J].Math Proc Cambr Philosoph Soc,43(4):489--500.
USGS.2016.New Zealand,MW7.8,earthquake on 2016[EB/OL].[2016-12-11].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us1000778i#executive.
Wyss M,Brune J N.1968.Seismic moment,stress,and source dimensions for earthquakes in the California-Nevada region[J].J Geophys Res,73(14):4681--4694.