唐山、汶川地震地壳形变特征综合研究
|
摘要
通过对比分析1976年唐山7.8级和2008年汶川8.0级地震前后的区域水平和垂直形变场及跨断层形变的时空特征,归纳总结了与大地震孕育物理过程相关联的地壳形变共性特征.主要认识如下:(1)在中国大陆复杂的构造孕震环境下区域地壳形变场充分表现出非稳定态的起伏消长和复杂变化,在强震前孕震区地壳形变经历先增强后弱化的动态特征,剧烈形变局部化可能出现在震源区边缘附近;(2)震源区在震前数年主要表现为弱变形状态,可能是孕震晚期发震断层强闭锁、断层近场应力应变积累趋于极限的表现;(3)两次大地震前发震断层区域形变均显著偏离长期构造应变积累的变形方式,反映在大陆内部小尺度多块体的复杂构造孕震环境下局部应力应变场更容易出现扰动,且小块体边界临近发震的断层响应更为显著;(4)震源区边缘或外围可能出现显著的断层形变异常,而震源区内部由于发震断层处于强闭锁状态而不易观测到断层形变异常.
The identical characteristics of crustal deformation related to geophysical pregnant process of big earthquakes are summarized by comparing the regional horizontal and vertical crustal deformation and fault deformation pre and post Tangshan earthquake occurred in 1976 with that of Wenchuan earthquake occurred in 2008. The main achievements obtained in this paper are as follows:(1) Under the complex tectonic seismic pregnant environment of China mainland the regional crustal deformation behaves non-stable rising and falling with complex variation. Before strong earthquakes the crustal deformation in the seismogenic region experiences dynamic variation from strengthen to weaken with the localization of strong deformation appears in edge of the seismogenic region.(2)The weaken deformation state in the seismogenic region before years of earthquakes may be caused by the strong locked state of causative fault and the stress and strain accumulation tending to limitation in near-field during the later period of earthquake preparation.(3)The deformation in the area of causative fault before this two big earthquakes noticeably deviate from the tectonic strain accumulation mode in long term,which reflect the easily perturbation of stress and strain field under the complex tectonic seismic pregnant environment in China mainland with multi small blocks,and the more significant response in the edge of small blocks nearing the causative fault.(4) Anomalous fault deformation may appear in marginal and peripheral regions of seismogenic region,but it is not easily observed inner the seismogenic region as the causative fault is strongly locked.
The identical characteristics of crustal deformation related to geophysical pregnant process of big earthquakes are summarized by comparing the regional horizontal and vertical crustal deformation and fault deformation pre and post Tangshan earthquake occurred in 1976 with that of Wenchuan earthquake occurred in 2008. The main achievements obtained in this paper are as follows:(1) Under the complex tectonic seismic pregnant environment of China mainland the regional crustal deformation behaves non-stable rising and falling with complex variation. Before strong earthquakes the crustal deformation in the seismogenic region experiences dynamic variation from strengthen to weaken with the localization of strong deformation appears in edge of the seismogenic region.(2)The weaken deformation state in the seismogenic region before years of earthquakes may be caused by the strong locked state of causative fault and the stress and strain accumulation tending to limitation in near-field during the later period of earthquake preparation.(3)The deformation in the area of causative fault before this two big earthquakes noticeably deviate from the tectonic strain accumulation mode in long term,which reflect the easily perturbation of stress and strain field under the complex tectonic seismic pregnant environment in China mainland with multi small blocks,and the more significant response in the edge of small blocks nearing the causative fault.(4) Anomalous fault deformation may appear in marginal and peripheral regions of seismogenic region,but it is not easily observed inner the seismogenic region as the causative fault is strongly locked.
引文
Bo W J,Yang G H.2008.Crustal deformation measured by mobile observation before Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),28(6):11-15.
Che Z H,Fan Y,Ma M J.2004.Pattern of the fault movement before earthquakes in North China region[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),24(2):109-118.
Chen Y T,Huang L R,Lin B H,et al.1979.A dislocation model of the Tangshan(唐山)earthquake of 1976 from the inversion of geodetic data[J].Acta Geophys.Sin.(in Chinese),22(3):201-217.
Department of earthquake measuring and forecast China Earthquake Institute.2009.Research papers on Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,90-96.
Fan Y,Che Z H.2002.Characteristics of fault horizontal anomalous movement before earthquakes[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),22(2):88-93.
Guo L Q,Bo W J,Du X S,et al.2004.Study of fault deformation anomaly and seismic activity in North China[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),24(3):42-50.
Guo S M,Li Z Y,Cheng S P,et al.1977.Discussion on the regional structural background and the seismogenic model of the Tangshan earthquake[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica(in Chinese),12(4):305-321.
Huang L R,Wang X Z,Liu T K.1988.Horizontal deformation before and after the Tangshan earthquake of 1976[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),10(4):375-384.
Jiang C E,Huang P Y.1988.Recent fault movement and strong earthquake[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),8(2):226-235.
Jiang F Y,Wang Q L,Zhu L Y,et al.2011.Mechanism analysis of vertical uplift of crust in the west of Longmenshan before Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),31(5):26-29.
Jiang Z S,Gong S W.1994.The overall adjustment of the level monitoring network with piece-wise velocity models[J].Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping(in Chinese),19(2):157-162.
Jiang Z S,Wang S X,Zhao Z C.1997.The characteristic of recent geodetic deformation and earthquake in North South China Seismic Belt and East of the Qinghai Xizang Plate[J].Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),13(2):139-150.
Jiang Z S,Ding P,Wang S X,et al.2001.Telluric Deformation Monitoring and Earthquake Prediction in West China(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,7-27.
Jiang Z S,Fang Y,Wu Y Q,et al.2009.The dynamic process of regional crustal movement and deformation before Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(2):505-518.
Li J,Feng Z J,Ma Y X.2000.Study on anomalous characteristics of short-medium term of cross fault deformation in North China[J].Journal of Seismology(in Chinese),20(1):10-18.
Jiang Z S,Liu J N.2010.The method in establishing strain field and velocity field of crustal movement using least squares collocation[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),53(5):1109-1117,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.05.011.
Jiang Z S,Yang G H,Wang M,et al.2006.On crustal movement in china continent and its relationship with strong earthquakes[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),26(3):1-9.
Liu S H.2003.Fault deformation anomaly and its evolutionary character before strong earthquakes in North China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),23(2):15-22.
Liu S H,Zhang H,Li M.2004.Form of fault deformation anomaly and time-space characteristics in development of strong earthquakes in North China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),24(4):48-56.
Liu S Z,Shen Z K,Bürgmann R.2015.Recovery of secular deformation field of Mojave Shear Zone in Southern California from historical terrestrial and GPS measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,120(5):3965-3990.
Ma Q,Huang L R,Ma Z J,et al.2003.Recent crustal vertical movement in the so-called central axis structure zone in the continent of China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(in Chinese),77(1):35-43.
Meade B J,Hager B H.2005.Block models of crustal motion in southern California constrained by GPS measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110(B3):B03403.
Monitoring and Forecasting Department of China Earthquake Administration.2009.Research Papers on Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,90-96.
Savage J C,Burford R O.1973.Geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,78(5):832-845.
Ta L,Chen F C,Guo L Q,et al.2013.Background of vertical deformation before Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),33(4):1-3,21.
Wang Q L,Cui D X,Wang W P,et al.2008.Present-day crustal vertical movement in western Sichuan region[J].Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),38(5):598-610.
Wang Q L,Cui D X,Zhang X,et al.2010.Studies on surface vertical deformation of the Longmenshan and the Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),(6):11-12.
Wang S X.1992.Characteristics of the evolution of recent vertical deformation field and the crustal motion in West Sichuan[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),12(2):17-22.
Wen X Z,Zhang P Z,Du F,et al.2009.The background of historical and modern seismic activities of the occurrence of the 2008 MS8.0Wenchuan,Sichuan,earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(2):444-454.
Wu Y Q,Jiang Z S,Yang G H,et al.2011.Evolution characteristics of strain rate field reflected by GPS data before Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),31(5):20-25,29.
Wu Y Q,Jiang Z S,Zhao J,et al.2015.Crustal deformation before the2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake studied using GPS data[J].Journal of Geodynamics,85:11-23.
Xie J M,Huang L R.1987.Studies of the vertical deformation of Tangshan earthquake[J].North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),5(S1):267-275.
Xu Z H,Liu Y F,Zhang Y Z.1979.On the characteristic of direction of the earthquake stress field around the Beijing aera[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1(2):121-132.
Yang G H,Zhu S,Liang H B,et al.2015.Pre-seismic and co-seismic deformation of MS7.0 earthquake in Lushan[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University(in Chinese),40(1):121-127.
Zhang P Z,Xu X W,Wen X Z,et al.2008.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(4):1066-1073,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.04.015.
Zhang S X,Jiang Z S,Wang S X.2003.Study on vertical deformation and seismicity in Chinese north-south seismic belt and eastern Qinghai-Xizang block[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),25(2):143-148.
Zhang S X,Liu W Y,Wang S X.1998.Current crustal deformation field and earthquake of the West of Sichuan[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),18(4):48-54.
Zhang S X,Zhang X,Wang S X,et al.2008.Study on the vertical deformation before and after Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),(11):72.
Zhang Z L,Li Q Z,Gu J C,et al.1980.The fracture processes of the Tangshan earthquake and its mechanical analysis[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2(2):111-129.
Zhang Z S.1983.Study on the horizontal crustal deformation field of the Tangshan earthquake[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),3(1):1-9.
Zhang Z S,Xie J M,Xu F Z,et al.1981.Vertical deformations associated with the 1976 Tangshan M=7.8 earthquake[J].Acta Geophys.Sin.(in Chinese),24(2):182-191.
Zhang Z S,Yang G H,Bo W J,et al.1996.Study on vertical crustal deformation rate gradient,fault deformation rate variation and strong earthquake risk region[J].Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),12(4):347-357.
Zhou S Y,Shi S Y,Shuai P.1997.Studies on distribution and evolution characteristics of the crustal deformation and mechanism of Tangshan earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),19(6):559-565.
Zhou S Y,Wu Y,Shi S Y,et al.2009.Anomalous change of fault deformation before Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and its comparison with response of other large earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),31(2):140-151.
薄万举,杨国华.2008.汶川MS8.0地震前的流动形变[J].大地测量与地球动力学,28(6):11-15.
车兆宏,范燕,马牧军.2004.华北地区震前断层异常活动方式[J].地震,24(2):109-118.
陈运泰,黄立人,林邦慧,等.1979.用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式[J].地球物理学报,22(3):201-217.
范燕,车兆宏.2002.华北地区震前断层水平异常活动特征[J].地震,22(2):88-93.
郭良迁,薄万举,杜雪松,等.2004.华北地区断层形变异常与地震活动[J].地震,24(3):42-50.
虢顺民,李志义,程绍平,等.1977.唐山地震区域构造背景和发震模式的讨论[J].地质科学,12(4):305-321.
黄立人,王学忠,刘天奎.1988.唐山地震前后的水平形变[J].地震学报,10(4):375-384.
蒋成恩,黄佩玉.1988.现今断层活动与强地震[J].地壳形变与地震,8(2):226-235.
蒋锋云,王庆良,朱良玉,等.2011.汶川地震震前龙门山以西地壳垂直隆升机理分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(5),26-29.
江在森,丁平,王双旭,等.2001.中国西部大地形变监测与地震预测[M].北京:地震出版社,7-27.
江在森,方颖,武艳强,等.2009.汶川8.0级地震前区域地壳运动与变形动态过程[J].地球物理学报,52(2):505-518.
江在森,巩守文.1994.水准监测网的分段速率整体平差[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,19(2):157-162.
江在森,刘经南.2010.应用最小二乘配置建立地壳运动速度场与应变场的方法[J].地球物理学报,53(5):1109-1117,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.05.011.
江在森,王双绪,赵振才.1997.南北地震带和青藏块体东部近期大地形变与地震特征[J].中国地震,13(2):139-150.
江在森,杨国华,王敏,等.2006.中国大陆地壳运动与强震关系研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,26(3):1-9.
李杰,冯志军,马玉香.2000.华北地区跨断层形变中短期异常特征研究[J].地震学刊,20(1):10-18.
刘善华.2003.华北地区强震前断层形变异常与演化特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,23(2):15-22.
刘善华,张鹤,李民.2004.强震孕育与断层形变异常形态及时空分布特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,24(4):48-56.
马青,黄立人,马宗晋,等.2003.中国大陆中轴构造带及其两侧的现今地壳垂直运动[J].地质学报,77(1):35-43.
中国地震局监测预报司.2009.汶川8.0级地震科学研究报告[M].北京:地震出版社,90-96.
塔拉,陈阜超,郭良迁,等.2013.汶川MS8.0地震前的区域垂直形变背景[J].大地测量与地球动力学,33(4):1-3,21.
王庆良,崔笃信,王文萍,等.2008.川西地区现今垂直地壳运动研究[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,38(5):598-610.
王庆良,崔笃信,张希,等.2010.龙门山及汶川MS8.0级地震垂直形变场研究[J].国际地震动态,(6):11-12.
王双绪.1992.川西地区近期大地垂直形变场演化与地壳运动特征[J].地壳形变与地震,12(2):17-22.
闻学泽,张培震,杜方,等.2009.2008年汶川8.0级地震发生的历史与现今地震活动背景[J].地球物理学报,52(2):444-454.
武艳强,江在森,杨国华,等.2011.汶川地震前GPS资料反映的应变率场演化特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(5):20-25,29.
谢觉民,黄立人.1987.唐山地震地壳垂直形变的再研究[J].华北地震科学,5(S1):267-275.
许忠淮,刘玉芬,张郢珍.1979.京、津、唐、张地区地震应力场的方向特征[J].地震学报,1(2):121-132.
杨国华,朱爽,梁洪宝,等.2015.芦山MS7.0级地震震前及同震地表形变[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,40(1):121-127.
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1066-1073,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.04.015.
张四新,江在森,王双绪.2003.南北地震带及青藏块体东部垂直形变与地震活动研究[J].西北地震学报,25(2):143-148.
张四新,刘文义,王双绪.1998.四川西部现今地壳形变与地震[J].地壳形变与地震,18(4):48-54.
张四新,张希,王双绪,等.2008.汶川8.0级地震前后地壳垂直形变浅析[J].国际地震动态,(11):72.
张之立,李钦祖,谷继成,等.1980.唐山地震的破裂过程及其力学分析[J].地震学报,2(2):111-129.
张祖胜.1983.1976年唐山地震区的地壳水平形变场研究[J].地壳形变与地震,3(1):1-9.
张祖胜,谢觉民,徐峰壮,等.1981.唐山7.8级地震的地壳垂直形变[J].地球物理学报,24(2):182-191.
张祖胜,杨国华,薄万举,等.1996.地壳垂直形变速率梯度、断层形变速率变化与强震危险区研究[J].中国地震,12(4):347-357.
周硕愚,施顺英,帅平.1997.唐山地震前后地壳形变场的时空分布、演化特征与机理研究[J].地震学报,19(6):559-565.
周硕愚,吴云,施顺英,等.2009.汶川8.0级地震前断层形变异常及与其它大震的比较[J].地震学报,31(2):140-151.
Che Z H,Fan Y,Ma M J.2004.Pattern of the fault movement before earthquakes in North China region[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),24(2):109-118.
Chen Y T,Huang L R,Lin B H,et al.1979.A dislocation model of the Tangshan(唐山)earthquake of 1976 from the inversion of geodetic data[J].Acta Geophys.Sin.(in Chinese),22(3):201-217.
Department of earthquake measuring and forecast China Earthquake Institute.2009.Research papers on Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,90-96.
Fan Y,Che Z H.2002.Characteristics of fault horizontal anomalous movement before earthquakes[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),22(2):88-93.
Guo L Q,Bo W J,Du X S,et al.2004.Study of fault deformation anomaly and seismic activity in North China[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),24(3):42-50.
Guo S M,Li Z Y,Cheng S P,et al.1977.Discussion on the regional structural background and the seismogenic model of the Tangshan earthquake[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica(in Chinese),12(4):305-321.
Huang L R,Wang X Z,Liu T K.1988.Horizontal deformation before and after the Tangshan earthquake of 1976[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),10(4):375-384.
Jiang C E,Huang P Y.1988.Recent fault movement and strong earthquake[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),8(2):226-235.
Jiang F Y,Wang Q L,Zhu L Y,et al.2011.Mechanism analysis of vertical uplift of crust in the west of Longmenshan before Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),31(5):26-29.
Jiang Z S,Gong S W.1994.The overall adjustment of the level monitoring network with piece-wise velocity models[J].Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping(in Chinese),19(2):157-162.
Jiang Z S,Wang S X,Zhao Z C.1997.The characteristic of recent geodetic deformation and earthquake in North South China Seismic Belt and East of the Qinghai Xizang Plate[J].Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),13(2):139-150.
Jiang Z S,Ding P,Wang S X,et al.2001.Telluric Deformation Monitoring and Earthquake Prediction in West China(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,7-27.
Jiang Z S,Fang Y,Wu Y Q,et al.2009.The dynamic process of regional crustal movement and deformation before Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(2):505-518.
Li J,Feng Z J,Ma Y X.2000.Study on anomalous characteristics of short-medium term of cross fault deformation in North China[J].Journal of Seismology(in Chinese),20(1):10-18.
Jiang Z S,Liu J N.2010.The method in establishing strain field and velocity field of crustal movement using least squares collocation[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),53(5):1109-1117,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.05.011.
Jiang Z S,Yang G H,Wang M,et al.2006.On crustal movement in china continent and its relationship with strong earthquakes[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),26(3):1-9.
Liu S H.2003.Fault deformation anomaly and its evolutionary character before strong earthquakes in North China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),23(2):15-22.
Liu S H,Zhang H,Li M.2004.Form of fault deformation anomaly and time-space characteristics in development of strong earthquakes in North China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),24(4):48-56.
Liu S Z,Shen Z K,Bürgmann R.2015.Recovery of secular deformation field of Mojave Shear Zone in Southern California from historical terrestrial and GPS measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,120(5):3965-3990.
Ma Q,Huang L R,Ma Z J,et al.2003.Recent crustal vertical movement in the so-called central axis structure zone in the continent of China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(in Chinese),77(1):35-43.
Meade B J,Hager B H.2005.Block models of crustal motion in southern California constrained by GPS measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110(B3):B03403.
Monitoring and Forecasting Department of China Earthquake Administration.2009.Research Papers on Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,90-96.
Savage J C,Burford R O.1973.Geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,78(5):832-845.
Ta L,Chen F C,Guo L Q,et al.2013.Background of vertical deformation before Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),33(4):1-3,21.
Wang Q L,Cui D X,Wang W P,et al.2008.Present-day crustal vertical movement in western Sichuan region[J].Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),38(5):598-610.
Wang Q L,Cui D X,Zhang X,et al.2010.Studies on surface vertical deformation of the Longmenshan and the Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),(6):11-12.
Wang S X.1992.Characteristics of the evolution of recent vertical deformation field and the crustal motion in West Sichuan[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),12(2):17-22.
Wen X Z,Zhang P Z,Du F,et al.2009.The background of historical and modern seismic activities of the occurrence of the 2008 MS8.0Wenchuan,Sichuan,earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(2):444-454.
Wu Y Q,Jiang Z S,Yang G H,et al.2011.Evolution characteristics of strain rate field reflected by GPS data before Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),31(5):20-25,29.
Wu Y Q,Jiang Z S,Zhao J,et al.2015.Crustal deformation before the2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake studied using GPS data[J].Journal of Geodynamics,85:11-23.
Xie J M,Huang L R.1987.Studies of the vertical deformation of Tangshan earthquake[J].North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),5(S1):267-275.
Xu Z H,Liu Y F,Zhang Y Z.1979.On the characteristic of direction of the earthquake stress field around the Beijing aera[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1(2):121-132.
Yang G H,Zhu S,Liang H B,et al.2015.Pre-seismic and co-seismic deformation of MS7.0 earthquake in Lushan[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University(in Chinese),40(1):121-127.
Zhang P Z,Xu X W,Wen X Z,et al.2008.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(4):1066-1073,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.04.015.
Zhang S X,Jiang Z S,Wang S X.2003.Study on vertical deformation and seismicity in Chinese north-south seismic belt and eastern Qinghai-Xizang block[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),25(2):143-148.
Zhang S X,Liu W Y,Wang S X.1998.Current crustal deformation field and earthquake of the West of Sichuan[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),18(4):48-54.
Zhang S X,Zhang X,Wang S X,et al.2008.Study on the vertical deformation before and after Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),(11):72.
Zhang Z L,Li Q Z,Gu J C,et al.1980.The fracture processes of the Tangshan earthquake and its mechanical analysis[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2(2):111-129.
Zhang Z S.1983.Study on the horizontal crustal deformation field of the Tangshan earthquake[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),3(1):1-9.
Zhang Z S,Xie J M,Xu F Z,et al.1981.Vertical deformations associated with the 1976 Tangshan M=7.8 earthquake[J].Acta Geophys.Sin.(in Chinese),24(2):182-191.
Zhang Z S,Yang G H,Bo W J,et al.1996.Study on vertical crustal deformation rate gradient,fault deformation rate variation and strong earthquake risk region[J].Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),12(4):347-357.
Zhou S Y,Shi S Y,Shuai P.1997.Studies on distribution and evolution characteristics of the crustal deformation and mechanism of Tangshan earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),19(6):559-565.
Zhou S Y,Wu Y,Shi S Y,et al.2009.Anomalous change of fault deformation before Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and its comparison with response of other large earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),31(2):140-151.
薄万举,杨国华.2008.汶川MS8.0地震前的流动形变[J].大地测量与地球动力学,28(6):11-15.
车兆宏,范燕,马牧军.2004.华北地区震前断层异常活动方式[J].地震,24(2):109-118.
陈运泰,黄立人,林邦慧,等.1979.用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式[J].地球物理学报,22(3):201-217.
范燕,车兆宏.2002.华北地区震前断层水平异常活动特征[J].地震,22(2):88-93.
郭良迁,薄万举,杜雪松,等.2004.华北地区断层形变异常与地震活动[J].地震,24(3):42-50.
虢顺民,李志义,程绍平,等.1977.唐山地震区域构造背景和发震模式的讨论[J].地质科学,12(4):305-321.
黄立人,王学忠,刘天奎.1988.唐山地震前后的水平形变[J].地震学报,10(4):375-384.
蒋成恩,黄佩玉.1988.现今断层活动与强地震[J].地壳形变与地震,8(2):226-235.
蒋锋云,王庆良,朱良玉,等.2011.汶川地震震前龙门山以西地壳垂直隆升机理分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(5),26-29.
江在森,丁平,王双旭,等.2001.中国西部大地形变监测与地震预测[M].北京:地震出版社,7-27.
江在森,方颖,武艳强,等.2009.汶川8.0级地震前区域地壳运动与变形动态过程[J].地球物理学报,52(2):505-518.
江在森,巩守文.1994.水准监测网的分段速率整体平差[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,19(2):157-162.
江在森,刘经南.2010.应用最小二乘配置建立地壳运动速度场与应变场的方法[J].地球物理学报,53(5):1109-1117,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.05.011.
江在森,王双绪,赵振才.1997.南北地震带和青藏块体东部近期大地形变与地震特征[J].中国地震,13(2):139-150.
江在森,杨国华,王敏,等.2006.中国大陆地壳运动与强震关系研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,26(3):1-9.
李杰,冯志军,马玉香.2000.华北地区跨断层形变中短期异常特征研究[J].地震学刊,20(1):10-18.
刘善华.2003.华北地区强震前断层形变异常与演化特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,23(2):15-22.
刘善华,张鹤,李民.2004.强震孕育与断层形变异常形态及时空分布特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,24(4):48-56.
马青,黄立人,马宗晋,等.2003.中国大陆中轴构造带及其两侧的现今地壳垂直运动[J].地质学报,77(1):35-43.
中国地震局监测预报司.2009.汶川8.0级地震科学研究报告[M].北京:地震出版社,90-96.
塔拉,陈阜超,郭良迁,等.2013.汶川MS8.0地震前的区域垂直形变背景[J].大地测量与地球动力学,33(4):1-3,21.
王庆良,崔笃信,王文萍,等.2008.川西地区现今垂直地壳运动研究[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,38(5):598-610.
王庆良,崔笃信,张希,等.2010.龙门山及汶川MS8.0级地震垂直形变场研究[J].国际地震动态,(6):11-12.
王双绪.1992.川西地区近期大地垂直形变场演化与地壳运动特征[J].地壳形变与地震,12(2):17-22.
闻学泽,张培震,杜方,等.2009.2008年汶川8.0级地震发生的历史与现今地震活动背景[J].地球物理学报,52(2):444-454.
武艳强,江在森,杨国华,等.2011.汶川地震前GPS资料反映的应变率场演化特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(5):20-25,29.
谢觉民,黄立人.1987.唐山地震地壳垂直形变的再研究[J].华北地震科学,5(S1):267-275.
许忠淮,刘玉芬,张郢珍.1979.京、津、唐、张地区地震应力场的方向特征[J].地震学报,1(2):121-132.
杨国华,朱爽,梁洪宝,等.2015.芦山MS7.0级地震震前及同震地表形变[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,40(1):121-127.
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1066-1073,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.04.015.
张四新,江在森,王双绪.2003.南北地震带及青藏块体东部垂直形变与地震活动研究[J].西北地震学报,25(2):143-148.
张四新,刘文义,王双绪.1998.四川西部现今地壳形变与地震[J].地壳形变与地震,18(4):48-54.
张四新,张希,王双绪,等.2008.汶川8.0级地震前后地壳垂直形变浅析[J].国际地震动态,(11):72.
张之立,李钦祖,谷继成,等.1980.唐山地震的破裂过程及其力学分析[J].地震学报,2(2):111-129.
张祖胜.1983.1976年唐山地震区的地壳水平形变场研究[J].地壳形变与地震,3(1):1-9.
张祖胜,谢觉民,徐峰壮,等.1981.唐山7.8级地震的地壳垂直形变[J].地球物理学报,24(2):182-191.
张祖胜,杨国华,薄万举,等.1996.地壳垂直形变速率梯度、断层形变速率变化与强震危险区研究[J].中国地震,12(4):347-357.
周硕愚,施顺英,帅平.1997.唐山地震前后地壳形变场的时空分布、演化特征与机理研究[J].地震学报,19(6):559-565.
周硕愚,吴云,施顺英,等.2009.汶川8.0级地震前断层形变异常及与其它大震的比较[J].地震学报,31(2):140-151.