美国科技创新制度安排的历史演进及经验启示——基于国家创新系统理论的视角
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摘要
美国国家科技创新制度安排是美国科学技术获得巨大发展的重要保障,也是其取得重大科技成就的关键。基于国家创新系统理论的视角,系统梳理了美国国家科技创新制度安排的历史演进,揭示其成功经验为:美国政府是科技创新活动的重要组织载体,通过立法和制定相关政策措施,高度重视创新型人才的培养和引进,将科技创新战略作为国家的基本战略等为科技创新提供制度保障和支持。借鉴美国成功经验,结合我国国情,加强党和政府对科技创新工作的领导,坚定不移地走自主创新道路,重视创新型人才的培养,完善国家科技创新体系的法律法规和政策措施,深化科技体制改革,建立"官产学研"高效协同运转的科技创新体系。
The national science and technology innovation system arrangement is an important guarantee for the great development of American science and technology,and also the key to its major scientific and technological achievements. Based on the perspective of national innovation system theory,this paper systematically reviews the historical evolution of the national science and technology innovation system,and reveals its successful experience of the institutional arrangements for effective innovation in science and technology. The efficient coordination of national innovation system of science and technology is established,which has important inspiration and reference to build an innovation-oriented country.
The national science and technology innovation system arrangement is an important guarantee for the great development of American science and technology,and also the key to its major scientific and technological achievements. Based on the perspective of national innovation system theory,this paper systematically reviews the historical evolution of the national science and technology innovation system,and reveals its successful experience of the institutional arrangements for effective innovation in science and technology. The efficient coordination of national innovation system of science and technology is established,which has important inspiration and reference to build an innovation-oriented country.
引文
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[2] NELSON R. National innovation systems:a comparative analysis[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993:19.
[3] PATEL P,PAVITTI K. National innovation systems:why they are important,and how they might be measured and compared[J]. Economics of Innovation and New Technology,1994(3):77-95.
[4] LUNDVALL B A. National systems of innovation:towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning[M]. London,New York:Pinter Publishers,1992:47-70.
[5]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].李明轩,邱如美.译.北京:华夏出版社,2002:67.
[6]林风.美国科学技术[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,2007:103.
[7] WIP Organization,Cornell University,INSEAD. 2016 global innovation index[R/OL].(2016-08-25)[2017-04-03]. https:∥www. globalinnovationindex. org/gii-2016-report#.
[8] Deloitte. 2016 global manufacturing competiveness index[R/OL].(2016-07-01)[2017-04-03]. https:∥www2.deloitte. com/cn/en/pages/manufacturing/articles/2016-global-manufacturing-competitiveness-index. html.
[9] Clarivate Analytics. 2016top 100 globalinnovators[R/OL].(2017-02-09)[2017-04-03]. http:∥top100innovators.stateofin-novation. com/.
[10] Office of Management and Budget. America first:a budget blueprint to make America great again[R/OL].(2017-03-16)[2017-04-18]. https:∥www. whitehouse. gov/sites/whitehouse. gov/files/omb/budget/fy2018/2018_blueprint. pdf.
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[12] American Institute of Physics. Trump science budget:reactions in Congress and the Scientific community[EB/OL].(2017-03-20)[2017-04-16]. https:∥www. aip. Org/fyi/2017/trump-science-budget-reactions-congressand-scientific-community.
[13]杨登才,朱相宇,韩宇.面向协同创新的高校科研管理机制之国际比较与借鉴[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(1):65-70.
[14]马骆茹,朱博.需求波动、营商环境与企业的研发行为——以长三角和珠三角为例[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2017(2):47-57.
[15] GEUNA A,MARTIN. B R. University research eval-uation and funding:an international comparison[J]. Mi-nerva,2003(4):277-304.
[16]张静,王宏伟,张鑫.融资结构、创新阶段与企业创新投入[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2017(2):35-46.