“美文”传统与明清传奇叙事
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摘要
中国文人借各体文字显示其才情和学问、修养,这种追求"美文"的传统非常既深且久。明清传奇是中国古代戏曲中最见民族个性的一类,其写作无疑也处于这一传统之中。但传奇毕竟是一种叙事艺术,故"美文"传统与戏剧叙事必然形成一定的张力,这在传奇曲辞、宾白的写作中都有反映。曲辞写作主要表现为套曲的程式化、曲辞的案头化以及曲与人物的悖离,宾白写作则主要表现为人物定场诗词、人物定场骈文、出末收场诗以及赋、表、诏、笺、诔、策等各体韵文的插用。明清的传奇家们一方面试图成功地讲述故事,但他们也不会放过任何良机以表现其才学、修养,以便赢得当时人的认可和赞誉。在今人看来,"美文"传统或为传奇叙事不能承受之重,但如果还原至其所产生的文化语境,我们或能产生更多的理解和同情。
The pursuit of"good writing"is a long and profound tradition among Chinese literati,who demonstrate their talent,knowledge and accomplishment by writing various types of literary works. Among them,the unique Ming-Qing marvel tales as a kind of ancient Chinese drama mostly represent national characters. However,as the marvel tale is a narrative art,there must be certain tension between the "good writing"tradition and the drama narrative,which is reflected in both speeches and songs.Songs,often desktop-oriented,tend to be conventionalized and detached from or even in conflict with characters. Speeches are often used for characters' opening and concluding poems,and other occasions with texts written in verse. Marvel tale writers try to tell stories successfully and show their talent and accomplishment in the meantime in order to win the recognition and praise of contemporary people. For the people of nowadays,the pursuit of"good writing"should have played a minor role in marvel tale narration,but if we put it into its original cultural context,we may have more understanding and appreciation of it.
The pursuit of"good writing"is a long and profound tradition among Chinese literati,who demonstrate their talent,knowledge and accomplishment by writing various types of literary works. Among them,the unique Ming-Qing marvel tales as a kind of ancient Chinese drama mostly represent national characters. However,as the marvel tale is a narrative art,there must be certain tension between the "good writing"tradition and the drama narrative,which is reflected in both speeches and songs.Songs,often desktop-oriented,tend to be conventionalized and detached from or even in conflict with characters. Speeches are often used for characters' opening and concluding poems,and other occasions with texts written in verse. Marvel tale writers try to tell stories successfully and show their talent and accomplishment in the meantime in order to win the recognition and praise of contemporary people. For the people of nowadays,the pursuit of"good writing"should have played a minor role in marvel tale narration,but if we put it into its original cultural context,we may have more understanding and appreciation of it.
引文
卜世臣:“冬青记凡例”,《古本戏曲丛刊》第二集。北京:文学古籍刊行社,1955年。[Bu,Shichen.“Explanatory Notes of The Story of Evergreen in Winter.”A Collection of Ancient Drama.Vol.2.Beijing:Ancient Books of Literature Publishing House,1955.]
陈森:“梅花梦序”,《中国古典戏曲序跋集汇编》。济南:齐鲁书社,1989年。2282。[Chen,Sen.“Preface to A Dream of Plum Blossom.”ACollection of Prefaces and Postscripts to Classical Chinese Drama.Jinan:Qilu Press,1989.2282.]
范文若:“花筵赚凡例”,《古本戏曲丛刊》第二集。北京:文学古籍刊行社,1955年。[Fan,Wenruo.“Explanatory Notes of Huayang Zhuan.”ACollection of Ancient Drama.Vol.2.Beijing:Ancient Books of Literature Publishing House,1955.]
冯梦龙:“女丈夫”,《墨憨斋定本传奇》。合肥:黄山书社,1992年。104。[Feng,Menglong.“Heroine.”Legend of Mohanzhai Definitive Edition.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing House,1992.104.]
洪昇:《长生殿》。北京:人民文学出版社,1958年。[Hong,Sheng.The Palace of Eternal Youth.Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1958.]
浚仪散人:“四名家传奇摘出序”,《中国古典戏曲序跋集汇编》。济南:齐鲁书社,1989年。963。[Xunyi,Sanren.“Preface to The Selected Marvel Tales of Four Eminent Figures.”A Collection of Prefaces and Postscripts to Classical Chinese Drama.Jinan:Qilu Press,1989.963.]
孔尚任:《桃花扇》。北京:人民文学出版社,1998年。[Kong,Shangren.The Peach Blossom Fan.Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1998.]
李文瀚:“紫荆花凡例”,《历代曲话汇编》清代编第四集。合肥:黄山书社,2009年。424。[Li,Wenhan.“Explanatory Notes of Redbud Blossom.”Compilation of Xiqu Criticisms of Successive Dynasties:The Qing Dynasty.Vol.4.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing House,2009.424.]
李渔:《闲情偶寄》,《中国古典戏曲论著集成》第七册。北京:中国戏剧出版社,1959年。28。[Li,Yu.Casual Notes in a Leisurely Mood.A Collection of Treaties on Classical Chinese Drama.Vol.7.Beijing:China Theatre Press,1959.28.]
梁辰鱼:《浣纱记》。上海:上海古籍出版社,1998年。[Liang,Chenyu.The Story of Silk Washing.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1998.]
沈宠绥:“度曲须知”,《中国古典戏曲论著集成》第四册。北京:中国戏剧出版社,1959年。[Shen,Chongsui.“Duqu Xuzhi.”Collected Essays on Classical Chinese Opera.Vol.4.Beijing:China Drama Press,1959.]
孙岱:“蟾宫操序”,《古本戏曲丛刊》第二集。北京:文学古籍刊行社,1955年。[Sun,Dai.“Preface to Composition of the Toad Palace.”ACollection of Ancient Drama.Vol.2.Beijing:Ancient Books of Literature Publishing House,1955.]
汤世潆:“东厢记序”,《历代曲话汇编》清代编第三集。合肥:黄山书社,2009年。736。[Tang,Shiying.“Preface to Romance of the Eastern Chamber.”Compilation of Xiqu Criticisms of Successive Dynasties:The Qing Dynasty.Vol.3.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing House,2009.736.]
汤显祖:《牡丹亭》。北京:人民文学出版社,1963年。[Tang,Xianzu.The Peony Pavilion.Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1963.]
---:“紫箫记”,《汤显祖戏曲集》。上海:上海古籍出版社,1978年。869。[---.“The Purple Flute.”A Collection of Tang Xianzu's Plays.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1978.869.]
解玉峰:“戏文之结构及其变迁”,《文化遗产》2(2013):31-40。[Xie,Yufeng.“The Narrative Structure of Xiwen and Its Transformation.”Cultural Heritage 2(2013):31-40.]
许自昌:《水浒记》,《古本戏曲丛刊》第一集。北京:文学古籍刊行社,1955年。52。[Xu,Zichang.The Water Margin.A Collection of Ancient Drama.Vol.1.Beijing:Ancient Books of Literature Publishing House,1955.]
王骥德:《曲律》,《中国古典戏曲论著集成》第四册。北京:中国戏剧出版社,1959年。127。[Wang,Jide.The Rules of Xiqu.A Collection of Treaties on Classical Chinese Drama.Vol.4.Beijing:China Theatre Press,1959.]
吴梅:《吴梅戏曲论文集》。北京:中国戏剧出版社,1983年。[Wu,Mei.Collected Essays on Xiqu of Wu Mei.Beijing:China Theatre Press,1983.]
(1)梁辰鱼《浣纱记》45出中有31出同韵,分别为第5、6、7 、9、10、11、12、15、18、19、20、21、23、24、25、26、28、29、31 、33、34、35、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45出。
(2)汤显祖《牡丹亭》不同韵的套曲分别为第4、5、8、11、20 、21、27、29、41、45、46、47、48、49、55出。
陈森:“梅花梦序”,《中国古典戏曲序跋集汇编》。济南:齐鲁书社,1989年。2282。[Chen,Sen.“Preface to A Dream of Plum Blossom.”ACollection of Prefaces and Postscripts to Classical Chinese Drama.Jinan:Qilu Press,1989.2282.]
范文若:“花筵赚凡例”,《古本戏曲丛刊》第二集。北京:文学古籍刊行社,1955年。[Fan,Wenruo.“Explanatory Notes of Huayang Zhuan.”ACollection of Ancient Drama.Vol.2.Beijing:Ancient Books of Literature Publishing House,1955.]
冯梦龙:“女丈夫”,《墨憨斋定本传奇》。合肥:黄山书社,1992年。104。[Feng,Menglong.“Heroine.”Legend of Mohanzhai Definitive Edition.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing House,1992.104.]
洪昇:《长生殿》。北京:人民文学出版社,1958年。[Hong,Sheng.The Palace of Eternal Youth.Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1958.]
浚仪散人:“四名家传奇摘出序”,《中国古典戏曲序跋集汇编》。济南:齐鲁书社,1989年。963。[Xunyi,Sanren.“Preface to The Selected Marvel Tales of Four Eminent Figures.”A Collection of Prefaces and Postscripts to Classical Chinese Drama.Jinan:Qilu Press,1989.963.]
孔尚任:《桃花扇》。北京:人民文学出版社,1998年。[Kong,Shangren.The Peach Blossom Fan.Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1998.]
李文瀚:“紫荆花凡例”,《历代曲话汇编》清代编第四集。合肥:黄山书社,2009年。424。[Li,Wenhan.“Explanatory Notes of Redbud Blossom.”Compilation of Xiqu Criticisms of Successive Dynasties:The Qing Dynasty.Vol.4.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing House,2009.424.]
李渔:《闲情偶寄》,《中国古典戏曲论著集成》第七册。北京:中国戏剧出版社,1959年。28。[Li,Yu.Casual Notes in a Leisurely Mood.A Collection of Treaties on Classical Chinese Drama.Vol.7.Beijing:China Theatre Press,1959.28.]
梁辰鱼:《浣纱记》。上海:上海古籍出版社,1998年。[Liang,Chenyu.The Story of Silk Washing.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1998.]
沈宠绥:“度曲须知”,《中国古典戏曲论著集成》第四册。北京:中国戏剧出版社,1959年。[Shen,Chongsui.“Duqu Xuzhi.”Collected Essays on Classical Chinese Opera.Vol.4.Beijing:China Drama Press,1959.]
孙岱:“蟾宫操序”,《古本戏曲丛刊》第二集。北京:文学古籍刊行社,1955年。[Sun,Dai.“Preface to Composition of the Toad Palace.”ACollection of Ancient Drama.Vol.2.Beijing:Ancient Books of Literature Publishing House,1955.]
汤世潆:“东厢记序”,《历代曲话汇编》清代编第三集。合肥:黄山书社,2009年。736。[Tang,Shiying.“Preface to Romance of the Eastern Chamber.”Compilation of Xiqu Criticisms of Successive Dynasties:The Qing Dynasty.Vol.3.Hefei:Huangshan Publishing House,2009.736.]
汤显祖:《牡丹亭》。北京:人民文学出版社,1963年。[Tang,Xianzu.The Peony Pavilion.Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1963.]
---:“紫箫记”,《汤显祖戏曲集》。上海:上海古籍出版社,1978年。869。[---.“The Purple Flute.”A Collection of Tang Xianzu's Plays.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1978.869.]
解玉峰:“戏文之结构及其变迁”,《文化遗产》2(2013):31-40。[Xie,Yufeng.“The Narrative Structure of Xiwen and Its Transformation.”Cultural Heritage 2(2013):31-40.]
许自昌:《水浒记》,《古本戏曲丛刊》第一集。北京:文学古籍刊行社,1955年。52。[Xu,Zichang.The Water Margin.A Collection of Ancient Drama.Vol.1.Beijing:Ancient Books of Literature Publishing House,1955.]
王骥德:《曲律》,《中国古典戏曲论著集成》第四册。北京:中国戏剧出版社,1959年。127。[Wang,Jide.The Rules of Xiqu.A Collection of Treaties on Classical Chinese Drama.Vol.4.Beijing:China Theatre Press,1959.]
吴梅:《吴梅戏曲论文集》。北京:中国戏剧出版社,1983年。[Wu,Mei.Collected Essays on Xiqu of Wu Mei.Beijing:China Theatre Press,1983.]
(1)梁辰鱼《浣纱记》45出中有31出同韵,分别为第5、6、7 、9、10、11、12、15、18、19、20、21、23、24、25、26、28、29、31 、33、34、35、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45出。
(2)汤显祖《牡丹亭》不同韵的套曲分别为第4、5、8、11、20 、21、27、29、41、45、46、47、48、49、55出。