2015年中国生态系统生态破坏损失核算研究
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摘要
利用遥感影像数据,结合第八次全国森林资源清查和第二次全国湿地资源调查以及草地监测报告,对中国2015年森林、草地和湿地三大生态系统因人类不合理利用导致的生态破坏损失进行核算。核算结果显示:①2015年中国生态破坏损失约为2.38万亿元,占GDP比重的3.3%。其中,森林生态破坏损失约为2 437.5亿元,占全部生态破坏损失的10.2%;草地生态破坏损失约为3 112.1亿元,占比为13.1%;湿地生态破坏损失约为18 269.6亿元,占比76.7%。②中国生态破坏损失主要分布在西部地区,区域空间差异大,青海、湖南、四川、黑龙江、内蒙古、江苏等省份的生态破坏损失都大于1 000亿元。③中国生态破坏损失主要来自气候调节和水流动调节服务损失。2015年中国气候调节服务损失量为17 451.8亿元,占全部生态破坏损失的73.3%;水流动调节服务损失量为4 234.6亿元,占比为17.8%。
Adopting remote sensing data, ecosystem regulation service was accounted in 2015. Then using the Eighth National Inventory of Forest Resources, Second National Wetland Resources Survey and Grassland Monitoring Report, the cost of ecological degradation was accounted due to irrational utilizing of ecosystem in forests, grasslands and wetlands to degrade the ecosystem regulation service in 2015. Some results were shown as follows: 1) In 2015, the cost of ecological degradation was about 2.38 trillion yuan, accounting for 3.3% of the GDP. Among them, the cost of forest ecological degradation was 0.24 trillion yuan, accounting for 10.2%of the total ecological damages. The cost of grassland ecological degradation was 0.31 trillion yuan, accounting for13.1% of the total ecological damage. The cost of wetland ecological degradation was 1.83 trillion yuan,accounting for 76.7% of the overall ecological damage. 2) The cost of ecological degradation in China was mainly distributed in the western regions, and its remains large spatial difference. The cost of ecological degradation in Qinghai, Hunan, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Jiangsu were all above 100 billion yuan.3) The cost of ecological degradation mainly came from climate regulation service and water flow regulation service in China, which accounted for 73.3% and 17.8% of the total ecological degradation. 4) There are different degrees of human-induced damage to ecosystem in China. The forest over-exploitation rate is 0.82%, the livestock overload rate of the key natural grasslands is 13.5%, and the wetland area seriously threatened by human activities accounts for 19.6% of the wetland area. China should further strengthen the protection of wetlands to prevent the degradation of wetland ecosystem from threatening human welfare.
Adopting remote sensing data, ecosystem regulation service was accounted in 2015. Then using the Eighth National Inventory of Forest Resources, Second National Wetland Resources Survey and Grassland Monitoring Report, the cost of ecological degradation was accounted due to irrational utilizing of ecosystem in forests, grasslands and wetlands to degrade the ecosystem regulation service in 2015. Some results were shown as follows: 1) In 2015, the cost of ecological degradation was about 2.38 trillion yuan, accounting for 3.3% of the GDP. Among them, the cost of forest ecological degradation was 0.24 trillion yuan, accounting for 10.2%of the total ecological damages. The cost of grassland ecological degradation was 0.31 trillion yuan, accounting for13.1% of the total ecological damage. The cost of wetland ecological degradation was 1.83 trillion yuan,accounting for 76.7% of the overall ecological damage. 2) The cost of ecological degradation in China was mainly distributed in the western regions, and its remains large spatial difference. The cost of ecological degradation in Qinghai, Hunan, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Jiangsu were all above 100 billion yuan.3) The cost of ecological degradation mainly came from climate regulation service and water flow regulation service in China, which accounted for 73.3% and 17.8% of the total ecological degradation. 4) There are different degrees of human-induced damage to ecosystem in China. The forest over-exploitation rate is 0.82%, the livestock overload rate of the key natural grasslands is 13.5%, and the wetland area seriously threatened by human activities accounts for 19.6% of the wetland area. China should further strengthen the protection of wetlands to prevent the degradation of wetland ecosystem from threatening human welfare.
引文
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[14]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.[Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Leng Yunfa et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):189-196.]
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[17]王亚军,魏兴琥,杨萍.超载放牧对那曲地区高山嵩草草甸植被退化的影响[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(1):32-38.[Wang Yajun,Wei Xinghu,Yang Ping.Effects of over-grazing on vegetation degradation of Kobresia pygmaea meadow in Nagqu,Tibet.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2005,41(1):32-38.]
[18]马国霞,於方,王金南,等.中国2015年陆地生态系统生产总值核算研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(4):1474-1482.[Ma Guoxia,Yu Fang,Wang Jinnan et al.Measuring gross ecosystem product(GEP)of 2015 for terrestrial ecosystems in China.China Environmental Science,2017,37(4):1474-1482.]
[19]中华人民共和国环境保护部.2015中国环境状况公报[R].2016.http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201606/P02016-0602333160471955.pdf.[People's Republic of China Ministry of Environmental Protection.2015 China Environmental Status Bulletin.2016.http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201606/P020-160602333160471955.pdf.
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(1)http://www.forestry.gov.cn/portal/xdly/s/5197/content-931245.html
(2)http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/65/content-659670.html
(3)http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/65/content-758154.html
[2]张复明.矿产开发负效应与资源生态环境补偿机制研究[J].中国工业经济,2009,261(12):5-15.[Zhang Fuming.Study on ecological environment compensation mechanism based on negative effect in mining.China Industrial Economics,2009,261(12):5-15.]
[3]马国霞,石敏俊,李玫.中国水土流失经济损失的货币化评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009,7(1):162-168.[Ma Guoxia,Shi Minjun,Li Mei.Economical cost evaluation of ecological environment degradation in China.China Population,Resources and Environment,2009,7(1):162-168.]
[4]马国霞,石敏俊,赵学涛,等.中国北方沙漠化经济损失价值核算[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(4):627-633.[Ma Guoxia,Shi Minjun,Zhao Xuetao et al.Monetary accounting of economic loss of sandy desertification in North China.Journal of Desert Research,2008,28(4):627-633.]
[5]李海东,沈渭寿,贾明,等.大型露天矿山生态破坏与环境污染损失的评估[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(6):112-118.[Li Haidong,Shen Weishou,Jia Ming et al.Economic losses assessment for ecological destruction and environmental pollution in large-scale opencast mine.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2015,39(6):112-118.]
[6]马国霞,朱文泉,王晓君,等.2001~2013年中国稀土资源开发生态环境成本评估[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(7):1-8.[Ma Guoxia,Zhu Wenquan,Wang Xiaojun et al.Evaluation of ecological and environmental cost of rare earth resource exploitation in China from 2001 to 2013.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(7):1-8.]
[7]党晋华,贾彩霞,徐涛,等.山西省煤炭开采环境损失的经济核算[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(4):155-160.[Dang Jinhua,Jia Caixia,Xu Tao et al.Study of environmental damage accounting by coal mining activities in Shanxi Province.Research of Environmental Sciences,2007,20(4):155-160.]
[8]曹东,於方,朱文泉,等.遥感技术支持下的草地生态系统破坏经济损失评价[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(8):1799-1807.[Cao Dong,Yu Fang,Zhu Wenquan et al.Valuation of economic losses from grassland ecosystem degradation using remote sensing data.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(8):1799-1807.]
[9]Costanza R,D'arge R,Groot R D et al.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[10]Assessment M E.Ecosystems and human well-being:General synthesis[M].Washington D.C:Island Press,2005.
[11]System of environmental-economic accounting 2012.Experimental ecosystem accounting.white cover publication,pre-edited text subject to official editing[M]//European Commission:Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.Washligton:World Bank.2013.
[12]欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,等.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究[J].生态学报,2013,33(21):6747-6761.[Ouyang Zhiyun,Zhu Chunquan,Yang Guangbin et al.Gross ecosystem product:Concept,accounting framework and case study.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(21):6747-6761.]
[13]傅伯杰,于丹丹,吕楠.中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系[J].生态学报,2017,37(2):341-348.[Fu Bojie,Yu Dandan,Lu Nan.An indicator system for biodiversity and ecosystem services evaluation in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):341-348.]
[14]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.[Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Leng Yunfa et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):189-196.]
[15]国家林业局.中华人民共和国林业行业标准.LY/T2735-2016:自然资源(森林)资产评估技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2016.[China National Forestry Administration.People's Republic of China forestry industry standard LY/T2735-2016:Norm of technique for valuation of forest resources assets.Beijing:China Standard Press,2016.]
[16]於方,马国霞,齐霁,等.中国环境经济核算研究报告(2007~2008).北京:中国环境出版社,2012.[Yu Fang,Ma Guoxia,Qi Ji et al.Chinese environmental and economic accounting report2007-2008.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012.]
[17]王亚军,魏兴琥,杨萍.超载放牧对那曲地区高山嵩草草甸植被退化的影响[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(1):32-38.[Wang Yajun,Wei Xinghu,Yang Ping.Effects of over-grazing on vegetation degradation of Kobresia pygmaea meadow in Nagqu,Tibet.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2005,41(1):32-38.]
[18]马国霞,於方,王金南,等.中国2015年陆地生态系统生产总值核算研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(4):1474-1482.[Ma Guoxia,Yu Fang,Wang Jinnan et al.Measuring gross ecosystem product(GEP)of 2015 for terrestrial ecosystems in China.China Environmental Science,2017,37(4):1474-1482.]
[19]中华人民共和国环境保护部.2015中国环境状况公报[R].2016.http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201606/P02016-0602333160471955.pdf.[People's Republic of China Ministry of Environmental Protection.2015 China Environmental Status Bulletin.2016.http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201606/P020-160602333160471955.pdf.
[20]青海省人民代表大会常务委员会.青海省湿地保护条例[J].青海国土经略,2013(5):37-40.[Standing Committee of People's Congress in Qinghai Province.Regulations on wetland protection in Qinghai Province.Management&Strategy of Qinghai land&Resources,2013(5):37-40.]
(1)http://www.forestry.gov.cn/portal/xdly/s/5197/content-931245.html
(2)http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/65/content-659670.html
(3)http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/65/content-758154.html