青海三露天井田天然气水合物成藏的构造控制作用
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摘要
自2008年中国首次在青藏高原祁连山冻土区钻获天然气水合物实物样品,木里煤田三露天井田已成为研究热点地区之一,但对于天然气水合物形成及保存的控制因素及分布规律的研究尚浅,阻碍了资源的勘探与开发。通过对三露天井田天然气水合物钻孔实际资料的统计,分析了井田构造格局,提出了研究区天然气水合物的形成过程,综述了构造对其成藏的控制作用。结果表明:1)天然气水合物是由烃类气体聚集成藏后随着青藏高原的快速隆起而抬升进入温压稳定带后形成水合物藏;2)研究区的构造分区分带性控制了天然气水合物在平面上的展布规律,构造运动决定了中侏罗煤系的沉降-生烃史和温压稳定带的形成,构造形态则可以为烃类气体的聚集提供通道、盖层及储存空间,而后期构造作用又会对前期形成的气藏及天然气水合物藏造成破坏。
In 2008, practical samples of natural gas hydrate(NGH)were drilled out in the frozen soil region of the Qilian Mountain in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the first time in China, and since then the Sanlutian Well Field in the Muli Coalfield becomes a research focus. But the lack of studies of the controlling factors of the NGH′ s formation and storage and the NGH's distribution hinders the NGH′s exploration and exploitation. An analysis of the materials taken out of the NGH′s boreholes in the Sanlutian Well Field and the well field′s structural framework reveals the NGH′s formation process in the study area, including the structure′s role in controlling the NGH reservoir forming. It is concluded that: 1) a reservoir of the NGH is formed by hydrocarbon gases first, and then the NGH enters the temperature-pressure stable zone with Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau′s rapid uplift to form a hydrate reservoir; 2) the study area′s structure features of partition and zoning control the NGH′s flat spreading; the structural movement decides the middle Jurassic coal measures′ sedimentation, the hydrocarbon generation and the temperature-pressure stable zone's formation; the structural shape provides the channels, the cap rocks and the storage areas for hydrocarbon gases′ enrichment; the later tectonism destroys the earlier gas reservoir and the NGH reservoir.
In 2008, practical samples of natural gas hydrate(NGH)were drilled out in the frozen soil region of the Qilian Mountain in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the first time in China, and since then the Sanlutian Well Field in the Muli Coalfield becomes a research focus. But the lack of studies of the controlling factors of the NGH′ s formation and storage and the NGH's distribution hinders the NGH′s exploration and exploitation. An analysis of the materials taken out of the NGH′s boreholes in the Sanlutian Well Field and the well field′s structural framework reveals the NGH′s formation process in the study area, including the structure′s role in controlling the NGH reservoir forming. It is concluded that: 1) a reservoir of the NGH is formed by hydrocarbon gases first, and then the NGH enters the temperature-pressure stable zone with Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau′s rapid uplift to form a hydrate reservoir; 2) the study area′s structure features of partition and zoning control the NGH′s flat spreading; the structural movement decides the middle Jurassic coal measures′ sedimentation, the hydrocarbon generation and the temperature-pressure stable zone's formation; the structural shape provides the channels, the cap rocks and the storage areas for hydrocarbon gases′ enrichment; the later tectonism destroys the earlier gas reservoir and the NGH reservoir.
引文
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[14]张文,孙占学,李文娟,等.Thermodel for Windows系统的模拟及实例研究[J].东华理工学院学报,2005,4:341-348.Zhang Wen,Sun Zhanxue,Li Wenjuan,et al.Paleogeothermalmodeling using Thermodel for Windows system with case study[J].Journal of East China Institute of Technology,2005,4:341-348.
[15]王绍令.晚更新世以来青藏高原多年冻土形成及演化的探讨[J].冰川冻土,1989,11(1):69-75.Wang Shaoling.Formation and evolution of permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since the late pleistocene[J].Journal of Glaciology andGeocryology,1989,11(1):69-75.
[16]李吉均.青藏高原隆升与晚新生代环境变化[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(2):154-159.Li Jijun.Tibetan Plateau uplift and Late Cenozoic environmentalchange[J].Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,49(2):154-159.
[17]李吉均.青藏高原的地貌演化与亚洲季风[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(1):7-17.Li Jijun.Studies on the geomorphological evolution of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau and Asian monsoon[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,1999,19(1):7-17.
[18]Narr W,Lerch I A.Method for estimating fracture density in core[J].AAPG Bulletin,1984,68(5):637-648.
[19]曾联波,田崇鲁.伸展构造区低渗透储层构造裂缝的分布特征[J].石油实验地质,1997,19(4):344-347.Zeng Lianbo,Tian Chonglu.Distribution characteristics of fractures inlow permeable reservoirs in an extensional structural region[J].Experimental Petroleum Geology,1997,19(4):344-347.
[20]刘岩.低渗透储层裂缝特征及其对油气富集的控制作用[D].成都:成都理工大学,2013.Liu Yan.Fracture characteristics of low permeability reservoirs andthe control action of the accumulation of oil and gas[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2013.
[21]卢振权,Sultan Nabil,金春爽,等.青藏高原多年冻土区天然气水合物形成条件模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(1):157-168.Lu Zhenquan,Sultan Nabil,Jin Chunshuang,et al.Modeling on gashydrate formation conditions in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau permafrost[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(1):157-168.
[22]庞守吉.祁连山木里天然气水合物钻孔沉积构造特征及与水合物分布关系研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2012.Pang Shouji.Relationship between tectonic,sedimentationcharacteristics and distribution of gas hydrate in Muli Coalfield ofQilian Mountain,China[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2012.
[23]庞守吉,苏新,何浩,等.祁连山冻土区天然气水合物地质控制因素分析[J].地质前缘,2013,20(1):223-239.Pang Shouji,Su Xin,He Hao,et al.Geological controlling factors ofgas hydrate occurrence in Qilian Mountain permafrost,China[J].EarthScience Hrontiers,2013,20(1):223-239.
[2]祝有海,张永勤,文怀军,等.青海祁连山冻土区发现天然气水合物[J].地质学报,2009,83(11):1762-1771.Zhu Youhai,Zhang Yongqin,Wen Huaijun,et al.Natural gas hydratefound in the Qilian permafrost,Qinghai[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,83(11):1762-1771.
[3]卢振权,祝有海,张永勤,等.青海祁连山冻土区天然气水合物存在的主要证据[J].现代地质,2010,24(2):329-336.Lu Zhenquan,Zhu Youhai,Zhang Yongqin,et al.Major evidence forgas hydrate existence in the Qilian Permafrost,Qinghai[J].Geoscience,2010,24(2):329-336.
[4]Lu Z,Zhu Y,Zhang Y.Gas hydrate occurrences in the Qilian Mountainpermafrost,Qinghai Province,China[J].Cold Regions Science andTechnology,2011,66(2/3):93-104.
[5]祝有海,张永勤,文怀军,等.祁连山冻土区天然气水合物及其基本特征[J].地球学报,2010,31(1):7-16.Zhu Youhai,Zhang Yongqin,Wen Huaijun,et al.Gas hydrates in theQilian Mountain permafrost and their basic characteristics[J].ActaGeoscientica Sinica,2010,31(1):7-16.
[6]余朝丰.断裂与天然气水合物的依存关系[J].海洋地质动态,2006,22(12):34-37.Yu Chaofeng.Dependence of fracture and gas hydrate[J].MarineGeology Letters,2006,22(12):34-37.
[7]张光学,祝有海,梁金强,等.青藏高原多年冻土形成时代的探讨[J].冰川冻土,1981,3(1):32-37.Zhang Guangxue,Zhu Youhai,Liang Jinqiang,et al.Discussion on thetime of form ation of permafrost on Qingzang Plateau[J].Journal ofGlaciology and Geocryology,1981,3(1):32-37.
[8]杨传胜,李刚,龚建明,等.断裂对天然气水合物成藏的控制作用[J].海洋地质动态,2009,25(6):1-5.Yang Chuansheng,Li Gang,Gong Jianming,et al.Fracture control onthe gas hydrate accumulation[J].Marine Geology Letters,2009,25(6):1-5.
[9]王建,邱文弦,赵俐红.天然气水合物发育的构造背景分析[J].地质科技情报,2010,29(2):100-106.Wang Jian,Qiu Wenxian,Zhao Lihong.Tectonic settings analysis ofgas hydrate deposits development[J].Geological Science andTechnology Information,2010,29(2):100-106.
[10]张光学.构造控制型天然气水合物矿藏及其特征[J].现代地质,2006,20(4):605-612.Zhang Guangxue.Tectonic controls on gas hydrate deposits and their haracteristics[J].Geoscience,2006,20(4):605-612.
[11]曹代勇,孙红波,孙军飞.青海东北部木里煤田控煤构造样式与找煤预测[J].地质通报,2010,29(11):1696-1703.Cao Daiyong,Sun Hongbo,Sun Junfei.Coal-controlled structuralstyles and looking for coal resources in Muli coalfield,northeasternQinghai,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2010,29(11):1696-1703.
[12]郭晋宁,李猛,邵龙义.青海聚乎更矿区煤层气富集条件[J].中国煤炭地质,2011,23(6):16-32.Guo Jinning,Li Meng,Shao Longyi.CBM enrichment conditions inJuhugeng Mine Area,Qinghai[J].Coal Geology of China,2011,23(6):16-32.
[13]李靖.青海省两大赋煤区煤系非常规气形成条件及对比研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学(北京),2013.Li Jing.Analyses and comparison of formation condition of coal-bearing unconventional gas of two coal-rich regions,Qinghai Province[D].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology,2013.
[14]张文,孙占学,李文娟,等.Thermodel for Windows系统的模拟及实例研究[J].东华理工学院学报,2005,4:341-348.Zhang Wen,Sun Zhanxue,Li Wenjuan,et al.Paleogeothermalmodeling using Thermodel for Windows system with case study[J].Journal of East China Institute of Technology,2005,4:341-348.
[15]王绍令.晚更新世以来青藏高原多年冻土形成及演化的探讨[J].冰川冻土,1989,11(1):69-75.Wang Shaoling.Formation and evolution of permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since the late pleistocene[J].Journal of Glaciology andGeocryology,1989,11(1):69-75.
[16]李吉均.青藏高原隆升与晚新生代环境变化[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(2):154-159.Li Jijun.Tibetan Plateau uplift and Late Cenozoic environmentalchange[J].Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,49(2):154-159.
[17]李吉均.青藏高原的地貌演化与亚洲季风[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(1):7-17.Li Jijun.Studies on the geomorphological evolution of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau and Asian monsoon[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,1999,19(1):7-17.
[18]Narr W,Lerch I A.Method for estimating fracture density in core[J].AAPG Bulletin,1984,68(5):637-648.
[19]曾联波,田崇鲁.伸展构造区低渗透储层构造裂缝的分布特征[J].石油实验地质,1997,19(4):344-347.Zeng Lianbo,Tian Chonglu.Distribution characteristics of fractures inlow permeable reservoirs in an extensional structural region[J].Experimental Petroleum Geology,1997,19(4):344-347.
[20]刘岩.低渗透储层裂缝特征及其对油气富集的控制作用[D].成都:成都理工大学,2013.Liu Yan.Fracture characteristics of low permeability reservoirs andthe control action of the accumulation of oil and gas[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2013.
[21]卢振权,Sultan Nabil,金春爽,等.青藏高原多年冻土区天然气水合物形成条件模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(1):157-168.Lu Zhenquan,Sultan Nabil,Jin Chunshuang,et al.Modeling on gashydrate formation conditions in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau permafrost[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(1):157-168.
[22]庞守吉.祁连山木里天然气水合物钻孔沉积构造特征及与水合物分布关系研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2012.Pang Shouji.Relationship between tectonic,sedimentationcharacteristics and distribution of gas hydrate in Muli Coalfield ofQilian Mountain,China[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2012.
[23]庞守吉,苏新,何浩,等.祁连山冻土区天然气水合物地质控制因素分析[J].地质前缘,2013,20(1):223-239.Pang Shouji,Su Xin,He Hao,et al.Geological controlling factors ofgas hydrate occurrence in Qilian Mountain permafrost,China[J].EarthScience Hrontiers,2013,20(1):223-239.