鄂尔多斯盆地张家滩页岩粉砂质夹层/纹层分布、分形特征和估算方法研究
|
摘要
鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7油层组下部的张家滩页岩是重要的页岩油气勘探层位,其中广泛发育的粉砂质夹层/纹层在页岩油气的储集、输导、压裂和开发中均起着重要的作用,确定粉砂质夹层/纹层的厚度及其分布特征对页岩储层评价、页岩油气资源量估算具有重要意义。露头、岩心及薄片观测结果表明,粉砂质夹层/纹层碎屑颗粒粒度较大,其累计厚度可占页岩段总厚度的7%~26%,单层厚度多为0.5~8mm,平均发育频率为8~40层/m,纵向分布具有强非均质性。粉砂质夹层/纹层的厚度及分布在分米级、厘米级和毫米级3个尺度范围内具有统一分形特征,分形维数在3个厚度尺度内具有标度不变性。采用Number—Size计算模型可利用厚层粉砂质夹层数据预测薄层粉砂质纹层的厚度及层数,预测结果和实测结果吻合较好,表明Number—Size计算模型是估算粉砂质纹层层数、累计厚度、砂地比等参数的有效方法。
The Zhangjiatan shale of the Lower Chang 7member of Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin is an important exploration target for shale gas.Since the silty beds/laminae in the shale play an important role in gas storage,fluid flow,fracturing and development of shale gas/oil,it is of great significance to ascertain the thickness and the distribution characteristic of the silty beds/laminae.The measurement results from outcrop,core and thin section show that the silty beds/laminae have larger detrital grains than those in the clayey laminae and the silty laminae thickness mainly ranges from 0.5mm to 8mm.Their total thickness can occupy 7%-26%of the shale formation with an average density of 8-40layers/m,which shows strong vertical heterogeneity.The thickness distribution of silty beds/laminae presents a fractal distribution on a dm to mm scale and the fractal dimension D has scale invariance over the whole thickness range.According to the data from the relatively thick layers of silty beds,the accumulative number of the thinner silty beds/laminae was estimated using the Number-size model.The accumulative thickness of silty beds/laminae and its ratio to the shale formation thickness were calculated.It has been verified that this method can ascertain the thickness of the silty beds/laminae effectively.
The Zhangjiatan shale of the Lower Chang 7member of Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin is an important exploration target for shale gas.Since the silty beds/laminae in the shale play an important role in gas storage,fluid flow,fracturing and development of shale gas/oil,it is of great significance to ascertain the thickness and the distribution characteristic of the silty beds/laminae.The measurement results from outcrop,core and thin section show that the silty beds/laminae have larger detrital grains than those in the clayey laminae and the silty laminae thickness mainly ranges from 0.5mm to 8mm.Their total thickness can occupy 7%-26%of the shale formation with an average density of 8-40layers/m,which shows strong vertical heterogeneity.The thickness distribution of silty beds/laminae presents a fractal distribution on a dm to mm scale and the fractal dimension D has scale invariance over the whole thickness range.According to the data from the relatively thick layers of silty beds,the accumulative number of the thinner silty beds/laminae was estimated using the Number-size model.The accumulative thickness of silty beds/laminae and its ratio to the shale formation thickness were calculated.It has been verified that this method can ascertain the thickness of the silty beds/laminae effectively.
引文
[1]Slatt M R,Neal R O.Pore types in the Barnett and Woodford gas shales:Contribution to understanding gas storage and migration pathways in fine-grained rocks[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(12):2017-2030.
[2]Hammes U,Hamlin H S,Ewing T E.Geologic analysis of the Upper Jurassic Haynesville Shale in east Texas and west Louisiana[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(10):1643-1666.
[3]Sutton S J,Ethridge F G,William R A,et al.Textural and sequence stratigraphic controls on sealing capacity of Lower and Upper Cretaceous shales,Denver Basin,Colorado[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(8):1185-1206.
[4]Broadhead R F,Kepferle R C,Potter P E.Stratigraphic and sedimentologic controls of gas in shale-example from Upper Devonian of northern Ohio[J].AAPG Bulletin,1982,66(1):10-27.
[5]Broadhead R F.Petrography and reservoir geology of Upper Devonian shales,northern Ohio[C]//Roen J B,Kepferle R C.Petroleum Geology of the Devonian and Mississipian Black Shale of Easten North America.US Geological Survey Bulletin,1993,1909:H1-H15.
[6]Dean Rokosh,John Pawlowicz,Shar Anderson,et al.Shale Fabric,Mineralogy and Effective Porosity of the Upper Colorado Group[C].CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention,2009:572-576.
[7]Lei Yuhong,Luo Xiaorong,Wang Xiangzeng,et al.Characteristics of silty laminae in Zhangjiatan shale of southeastern Ordos Basin,China:Implications for shale gas formation[J].AAPG Bulletin,2015,99(4):661-687.
[8]Shumaker.Structural parameters that affect Devonian shale gas production in west Virginia and eastern Kentucky[C]//Roen J B,Kepferle R C.Petroleum Geology of the Devonian and Mississipian Black Shale of Easten North America.US Geological Survey Bulletin,1993,1909:K1-K38.
[9]Lash G G,Engelder T.An analysis of horizontal microcracking during catagenesis:Example from the Catskill delta complex[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(11):1433-1449.
[10]Yang Junjie.Structural Evolution and Hydrocarbon Distribution Law in Ordos Basin[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2002.[杨俊杰.鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化与油气分布规律[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.]
[11]Jiang Chengfu,Cheng Yuqun,Fan Bojiang,et al.Progress in and challenges to geologic research of terrestrial shale in China:A case from the 7th member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Fm in the Yanchang exploration block,Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(2):27-33.[姜呈馥,程玉群,范柏江,等.陆相页岩气的地质研究进展及亟待解决的问题——以延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段页岩为例[J].天然气工业,2014,34(2):27-33.]
[12]Mu Zehui,Zhu Hongquan,Zhang Keyin,et al.The Oil-forming System of Mesozoic in the South Ordos Basin[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2001:1-10.[牟泽辉,朱红权,张克银,等.鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界成油体系[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001:1-10.]
[13]Wu Minghui,Zhang Liuping,Luo Xiaorong,et al.Analysis of hydrocarbon migration stages in the 8th member of Yanchang Formation in Xifeng Oilfield[J].Oil and Gas Geology,2006,27(1):33-36.[武明辉,张刘平,罗晓容,等.西峰油田延长组长段储层流体作用期次分析[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(1):33-36.]
[14]Lu Jincai,Chen Jianfa,Guo Jianjun,et al.Potential of oil and gas resources of basin groups in conjunction area between the PaleoaAsia and Tethys[J].Northwestern Geology,2006,39(3):39-47.[卢进才,陈践发,郭建军,等.古亚洲与特提斯交汇带盆地群油气资源潜力[J].西北地质,2006,39(3):39-47.]
[15]Jiang Chengfu,Wang Xiangzeng,Zhang Lixia,et al.Geological characteristics of shale and exploration potential of continental shale gas in 7th member of Yanchang Formation,southeast Ordos Basin[J].Geology in China,2013,20(6),1880-1888.[姜呈馥,王香增,张丽霞,等.鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长7段陆相页岩气地质特征及勘探潜力评价[J].中国地质2013,20(6),1880-1888.]
[16]Chen Ruiying,Luo Xiaorong,Chen Zhankun,et al.Restoration of burial history of four periods in Ordos Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,27(2):43-47.[陈瑞银,罗晓容,陈占坤,等.鄂尔多斯盆地埋藏演化史恢复[J].石油学报,2006,27(2):43-47.]
[17]Zhang Wenzheng,Yang Hua,Yang Yihua,et al.Petrology and element geochemistry and development environment of Yanchang Formation Chang-7high quality source rocks in Ordos Basin[J].Geochimica,2008,37(1):59-64.[张文正,杨华,杨奕华,等.鄂尔多斯盆地长7优质烃源岩的岩石学、元素地球化学特征及发育环境[J].地球化学,2008,37(1):59-64.]
[18]Yang Hua,Zhang Wenzheng,Liu Xianyang,et al.Key role high-qulity source rocks on the formatin of low-permeability oil-rich reservoirs in Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2013,35(4):1-9.[杨华,张文正,刘显阳,等.优质烃源岩在鄂尔多斯低渗透富油盆地形成中的关键作用[J].地球科学与环境学报,2013,35(4):1-9.]
[19]Wang Xuejun,Wang Zhixin,Liu Xianyang,et al.Restoring Palaeo-depth of the Ordos Basin by using uranium response from GR logging[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(7):46-48.[王学军,王志欣,刘显阳,等.利用铀的测井响应恢复鄂尔多斯盆地古水深[J].天然气工业,2008,28(7):46-48.]
[20]Kong Qingfen.The organic maceral characteristic of Yanchang source rock in Ordos Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2007,28(2):163-166.[孔庆芬.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组烃源岩有机显微组分特征[J].新疆石油地质,2007,28(2):163-166.]
[21]Wang Shejiao,Li Denghua,Li Jianzhong,et al.Exploration potential of shale gas in the Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(12):40-46.[王社教,李登华,李建忠,等.鄂尔多斯盆地页岩气勘探潜力分析[J].天然气工业,2011,31(12):40-46.]
[22]Wang Xiangzeng,Gao Shengli,Gao Chao.Geological features of Mesozonic continental shale gas in south of Ordos Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(3):294-304.[王香增,高胜利,高潮.鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界陆相页岩气地质特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):294-304.]
[23]Xu Shilin,Bao Shujing.Preliminary analysis of shale gas resource potential and favourable areas in Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2009,20(3):460-465.[徐士林,包书景.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组页岩气形成条件及有利发育区预测[J].天然气地球科学,2009,20(3):460-465.]
[24]Liu Shaopeng,Zhou Shixin,Wang Baozhong,et al.Relationship between industrial indexes and source rock evaluation parameters of oil shale[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2012,23(3):561-569.[柳少鹏,周士心,王保忠,等.烃源岩评价参数与油页岩品质指标内在关系探讨[J].天然气地球科学,2012,23(3):561-569.]
[25]Guo Huijuan,Jia Wanglu,Peng Pingan,et al.The composition and its impact on the methane sorption of lacustrine shales from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,(57):509-520.
[26]Yang Hua,Fu Jinhua,He Haiqing,et al.Formation and distribution of large low-permeability lithologic oil regions in Huaqing,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(6):683-691.
[27]Ma Suping,Qi Yaling,Zhang Xiaobao,et al.Geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential of the source rocks in Yanchang Formation,Xifeng Oilfield,Ordos Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2005,32(3):51-54.[马素萍,漆亚玲,张晓宝,等.西峰油田延长组烃源岩生烃潜力评价[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(3):51-54.]
[28]Bates R L,Jackson J A.Glossary of Geology,3rd Edition[M].Alexandria,Virginia:American Geology Institute,1987:495.
[29]Potter P E,Maynard J B,Depetris P J.Mud and Mudstones:Introduction and Overview[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer2005:127-146.
[30]Mandelbrot B B.How long is the coast of Britain?Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension[J].Science,1967,(156):636-638.
[31]Hirata T.Omori′s power law aftershock sequences of microfracturingin rock fracture experiment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1987,92(B7):6215-6221.
[32]Rothman D H,Grotzinger J P,Flemings P.Scaling in turbidite deposion[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1994,64(1):59-67.
[33]Fabrizio Storti,Andrea Billi,Francesco Salvini.Particle size distributions in natural carbonate fault rocks:Insights for non-selfsimilar cataclasis[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,206(1/2):173-186.
[34]Giri A,Tarafdar S,Gouze P,et al.Fractal pore structure of sedimentary rocks:Simulation in 2-d using a relaxed bidisperse ballistic deposition model[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2012,(87):40-45.
[35]Schlager W.Fractal nature of stratigraphic sequences[J].Geology,2004,32(3):185-188.
[36]Mandelbrot B B.The Fractal Geometry of Nature[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman and Company,1983:1-468.
[37]Wang Qingfei,Deng Jun,Zhao Juncai,et al.The fractal relationship between orebody tonnage and thickness[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,122:4-8.
[38]Zuo Rengguang,Cheng Qiuming,Xia Qinglin.Application of fractal models to characterization of vertical distribution of geochemical element concentration[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2009,102(1):37-43.
[2]Hammes U,Hamlin H S,Ewing T E.Geologic analysis of the Upper Jurassic Haynesville Shale in east Texas and west Louisiana[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(10):1643-1666.
[3]Sutton S J,Ethridge F G,William R A,et al.Textural and sequence stratigraphic controls on sealing capacity of Lower and Upper Cretaceous shales,Denver Basin,Colorado[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(8):1185-1206.
[4]Broadhead R F,Kepferle R C,Potter P E.Stratigraphic and sedimentologic controls of gas in shale-example from Upper Devonian of northern Ohio[J].AAPG Bulletin,1982,66(1):10-27.
[5]Broadhead R F.Petrography and reservoir geology of Upper Devonian shales,northern Ohio[C]//Roen J B,Kepferle R C.Petroleum Geology of the Devonian and Mississipian Black Shale of Easten North America.US Geological Survey Bulletin,1993,1909:H1-H15.
[6]Dean Rokosh,John Pawlowicz,Shar Anderson,et al.Shale Fabric,Mineralogy and Effective Porosity of the Upper Colorado Group[C].CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention,2009:572-576.
[7]Lei Yuhong,Luo Xiaorong,Wang Xiangzeng,et al.Characteristics of silty laminae in Zhangjiatan shale of southeastern Ordos Basin,China:Implications for shale gas formation[J].AAPG Bulletin,2015,99(4):661-687.
[8]Shumaker.Structural parameters that affect Devonian shale gas production in west Virginia and eastern Kentucky[C]//Roen J B,Kepferle R C.Petroleum Geology of the Devonian and Mississipian Black Shale of Easten North America.US Geological Survey Bulletin,1993,1909:K1-K38.
[9]Lash G G,Engelder T.An analysis of horizontal microcracking during catagenesis:Example from the Catskill delta complex[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(11):1433-1449.
[10]Yang Junjie.Structural Evolution and Hydrocarbon Distribution Law in Ordos Basin[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2002.[杨俊杰.鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化与油气分布规律[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.]
[11]Jiang Chengfu,Cheng Yuqun,Fan Bojiang,et al.Progress in and challenges to geologic research of terrestrial shale in China:A case from the 7th member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Fm in the Yanchang exploration block,Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(2):27-33.[姜呈馥,程玉群,范柏江,等.陆相页岩气的地质研究进展及亟待解决的问题——以延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段页岩为例[J].天然气工业,2014,34(2):27-33.]
[12]Mu Zehui,Zhu Hongquan,Zhang Keyin,et al.The Oil-forming System of Mesozoic in the South Ordos Basin[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2001:1-10.[牟泽辉,朱红权,张克银,等.鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界成油体系[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001:1-10.]
[13]Wu Minghui,Zhang Liuping,Luo Xiaorong,et al.Analysis of hydrocarbon migration stages in the 8th member of Yanchang Formation in Xifeng Oilfield[J].Oil and Gas Geology,2006,27(1):33-36.[武明辉,张刘平,罗晓容,等.西峰油田延长组长段储层流体作用期次分析[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(1):33-36.]
[14]Lu Jincai,Chen Jianfa,Guo Jianjun,et al.Potential of oil and gas resources of basin groups in conjunction area between the PaleoaAsia and Tethys[J].Northwestern Geology,2006,39(3):39-47.[卢进才,陈践发,郭建军,等.古亚洲与特提斯交汇带盆地群油气资源潜力[J].西北地质,2006,39(3):39-47.]
[15]Jiang Chengfu,Wang Xiangzeng,Zhang Lixia,et al.Geological characteristics of shale and exploration potential of continental shale gas in 7th member of Yanchang Formation,southeast Ordos Basin[J].Geology in China,2013,20(6),1880-1888.[姜呈馥,王香增,张丽霞,等.鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长7段陆相页岩气地质特征及勘探潜力评价[J].中国地质2013,20(6),1880-1888.]
[16]Chen Ruiying,Luo Xiaorong,Chen Zhankun,et al.Restoration of burial history of four periods in Ordos Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,27(2):43-47.[陈瑞银,罗晓容,陈占坤,等.鄂尔多斯盆地埋藏演化史恢复[J].石油学报,2006,27(2):43-47.]
[17]Zhang Wenzheng,Yang Hua,Yang Yihua,et al.Petrology and element geochemistry and development environment of Yanchang Formation Chang-7high quality source rocks in Ordos Basin[J].Geochimica,2008,37(1):59-64.[张文正,杨华,杨奕华,等.鄂尔多斯盆地长7优质烃源岩的岩石学、元素地球化学特征及发育环境[J].地球化学,2008,37(1):59-64.]
[18]Yang Hua,Zhang Wenzheng,Liu Xianyang,et al.Key role high-qulity source rocks on the formatin of low-permeability oil-rich reservoirs in Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2013,35(4):1-9.[杨华,张文正,刘显阳,等.优质烃源岩在鄂尔多斯低渗透富油盆地形成中的关键作用[J].地球科学与环境学报,2013,35(4):1-9.]
[19]Wang Xuejun,Wang Zhixin,Liu Xianyang,et al.Restoring Palaeo-depth of the Ordos Basin by using uranium response from GR logging[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(7):46-48.[王学军,王志欣,刘显阳,等.利用铀的测井响应恢复鄂尔多斯盆地古水深[J].天然气工业,2008,28(7):46-48.]
[20]Kong Qingfen.The organic maceral characteristic of Yanchang source rock in Ordos Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2007,28(2):163-166.[孔庆芬.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组烃源岩有机显微组分特征[J].新疆石油地质,2007,28(2):163-166.]
[21]Wang Shejiao,Li Denghua,Li Jianzhong,et al.Exploration potential of shale gas in the Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(12):40-46.[王社教,李登华,李建忠,等.鄂尔多斯盆地页岩气勘探潜力分析[J].天然气工业,2011,31(12):40-46.]
[22]Wang Xiangzeng,Gao Shengli,Gao Chao.Geological features of Mesozonic continental shale gas in south of Ordos Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(3):294-304.[王香增,高胜利,高潮.鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界陆相页岩气地质特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):294-304.]
[23]Xu Shilin,Bao Shujing.Preliminary analysis of shale gas resource potential and favourable areas in Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2009,20(3):460-465.[徐士林,包书景.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组页岩气形成条件及有利发育区预测[J].天然气地球科学,2009,20(3):460-465.]
[24]Liu Shaopeng,Zhou Shixin,Wang Baozhong,et al.Relationship between industrial indexes and source rock evaluation parameters of oil shale[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2012,23(3):561-569.[柳少鹏,周士心,王保忠,等.烃源岩评价参数与油页岩品质指标内在关系探讨[J].天然气地球科学,2012,23(3):561-569.]
[25]Guo Huijuan,Jia Wanglu,Peng Pingan,et al.The composition and its impact on the methane sorption of lacustrine shales from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,(57):509-520.
[26]Yang Hua,Fu Jinhua,He Haiqing,et al.Formation and distribution of large low-permeability lithologic oil regions in Huaqing,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(6):683-691.
[27]Ma Suping,Qi Yaling,Zhang Xiaobao,et al.Geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential of the source rocks in Yanchang Formation,Xifeng Oilfield,Ordos Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2005,32(3):51-54.[马素萍,漆亚玲,张晓宝,等.西峰油田延长组烃源岩生烃潜力评价[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(3):51-54.]
[28]Bates R L,Jackson J A.Glossary of Geology,3rd Edition[M].Alexandria,Virginia:American Geology Institute,1987:495.
[29]Potter P E,Maynard J B,Depetris P J.Mud and Mudstones:Introduction and Overview[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer2005:127-146.
[30]Mandelbrot B B.How long is the coast of Britain?Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension[J].Science,1967,(156):636-638.
[31]Hirata T.Omori′s power law aftershock sequences of microfracturingin rock fracture experiment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1987,92(B7):6215-6221.
[32]Rothman D H,Grotzinger J P,Flemings P.Scaling in turbidite deposion[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1994,64(1):59-67.
[33]Fabrizio Storti,Andrea Billi,Francesco Salvini.Particle size distributions in natural carbonate fault rocks:Insights for non-selfsimilar cataclasis[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,206(1/2):173-186.
[34]Giri A,Tarafdar S,Gouze P,et al.Fractal pore structure of sedimentary rocks:Simulation in 2-d using a relaxed bidisperse ballistic deposition model[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2012,(87):40-45.
[35]Schlager W.Fractal nature of stratigraphic sequences[J].Geology,2004,32(3):185-188.
[36]Mandelbrot B B.The Fractal Geometry of Nature[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman and Company,1983:1-468.
[37]Wang Qingfei,Deng Jun,Zhao Juncai,et al.The fractal relationship between orebody tonnage and thickness[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,122:4-8.
[38]Zuo Rengguang,Cheng Qiuming,Xia Qinglin.Application of fractal models to characterization of vertical distribution of geochemical element concentration[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2009,102(1):37-43.