InSAR、波形资料和GPS联合反演2015年皮山地震震源破裂过程
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摘要
2015年7月3日新疆皮山县发生了Mw6.4级地震,震中位于塔里木盆地西南部的西昆仑山造山带北缘,发震断层为隐伏断层.文章基于分层地壳模型,参考反射地震剖面构建铲状断层模型,通过合成孔径干涉测量(InSAR)数据、远场波形资料、全球定位系统(GPS)数据联合反演获得了此次地震的震源破裂过程.表明该地震断层南倾,走向109°,滑动方向近乎北向,断层面破裂分布较集中,最大滑动量为73cm,主要表现为深度9～13km的低倾角(25°～10°)逆冲滑动,传播时间约12s,破裂由初始破裂点往周围扩散,没有明显的方向性,地表0～4km范围软硬沉积层内没有明显滑动.利用InSAR时序分析方法获取了震源区震后两年内的形变速率,雷达视线向(LOS)最大值约17mm a~(-1),仅在地震上盘观测到明显震后形变,形变趋势与同震位移场类似,表明皮山地震没有完全释放区域累积能量,隐伏断层上方的多层褶皱构造震后依然缓慢隆起,其震后调整模式和余震危险性分析需要利用更多独立数据进一步研究.
引文
高锐,黄东定,卢德源,钱桂,李英康,匡朝阳,李秋生,李朋武,冯如进,烨管.2000.横过西昆仑造山带与塔里木盆地结合带的深地震反射剖面.科学通报,45:1874-1879
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单新建,马瑾,王长林,柳稼航,宋晓宇,张桂芳.2002.利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数.中国科学D辑:地球科学,32:837-844
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姚振兴,纪晨.1997.时间域内有限地震断层的反演问题.地球物理学报,40:691-701
张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2013.芦山4.20地震破裂过程及其致灾特征初步分析.地球物理学报,56:1408-1411
Allen M B,Walters R J,Song S,Saville C,De Paola N,Ford J,Hu Z,Sun W.2017.Partitioning of oblique convergence coupled to the fault locking behavior of fold-and-thrust belts:Evidence from the Qilian Shan,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,36:1679-1698
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Chaussard E,Wdowinski S,Cabral-Cano E,Amelung F.2014.Land subsidence in central Mexico detected by ALOS InSAR time-series.Remote Sens Environ,140:94-106
Chen C W,Zebker H A.2002.Phase unwrapping for large SARinterferograms:Statistical segmentation and generalized network models.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,40:1709-1719
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Hartzell S H,Heaton T H.1983.Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic waveform data for the fault rupture history of the 1979Imperial Valley,California,earthquake.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,73:1553-1583
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He P,Wang Q,Ding K,Li J,Zou R.2016a.Coseismic and postseismic slip ruptures for 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan earthquake constrained by static GPS solutions.Geodesy Geodyn,7:323-328
He P,Wang Q,Ding K,Wang M,Qiao X,Li J,Wen Y,Xu C,Yang S,Zou R.2016b.Source model of the 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan earthquake constrained by interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS:Insight into blind rupture in the western Kunlun Shan.Geophys Res Lett,43:1511-1519
Jiang X,Li Z X,Li H.2013.Uplift of the West Kunlun Range,northern Tibetan Plateau,dominated by brittle thickening of the upper crust.Geology,41:439-442
Li T,Chen J,Fang L,Chen Z,Thompson J A,Jia C.2016.The 2015Mw6.4 Pishan Earthquake:Seismic hazards of an active blind wedge thrust system at the Western Kunlun Range Front,Northwest Tibetan Plateau.Seismol Res Lett,87:601-608
Lu R,Xu X,He D,Liu B,Tan X,Wang X.2016.Coseismic and blind fault of the 2015 Pishan Mw6.5 earthquake:Implications for the sedimentary-tectonic framework of the western Kunlun Mountains,northern Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,35:956-964
Massonnet D,Rossi M,Carmona C,Adragna F,Peltzer G,Feigl K,Rabaute T.1993.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry.Nature,364:138-142
Sandwell D,Mellors R,Tong X,Wei M,Wessel P.2011.GMTSAR:An InSAR Processing System Based on Generic Mapping Tools.Office of Scientific&Technical Information Technical Reports
Sandwell D,Mellors R,Tong X,Wei M,Wessel P.2013.Open radar interferometry software for mapping surface Deformation.Eos Trans AGU,92:234
Shirzaei M,Bürgmann R,Fielding E J.2017.Applicability of Sentinel-1 terrain observation by progressive scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area.Geophys Res Lett,44:2733-2742
Sobel E R,Dumitru T A.1997.Thrusting and exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim basin during the India-Asia collision.JGeophys Res,102:5043-5063
Sun J,Johnson K M,Cao Z,Shen Z,Bürgmann R,Xu X.2011.Mechanical constraints on inversion of coseismic geodetic data for fault slip and geometry:Example from InSAR observation of the 6October 2008 Mw6.3 Dangxiong-Yangyi(Tibet)earthquake.JGeophys Res,116:B01406
Sun J,Shen Z K,Li T,Chen J.2016.Thrust faulting and 3D ground deformation of the 3 July 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan,China earthquake from Sentinel-1A radar interferometry.Tectonophysics,683:77-85
Tong X,Schmidt D.2016.Active movement of the Cascade landslide complex in Washington from a coherence-based InSAR time series method.Remote Sens Environ,186:405-415
Wang E,Wan J,Liu J.2003.Late Cenozoic geological evolution of the foreland basin bordering the West Kunlun range in Pulu area:Constraints on timing of uplift of northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,108:2401
Wen Y,Xu C,Liu Y,Jiang G.2016.Deformation and Source Parameters of the 2015 Mw6.5 Earthquake in Pishan,Western China,from Sentinel-1A and ALOS-2 data.Remote Sens,8:134
Xu X,Sandwell D T,Tymofyeyeva E,Gonzalez-Ortega A,Tong X.2017.Tectonic and anthropogenic deformation at the Cerro Prieto geothermal step-over revealed by Sentinel-1A InSAR.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,55:5284-5292
Zhang G,Shan X,Zhang Y,Hetland E,Qu C,Feng G.2016.Blind thrust rupture of the 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan earthquake in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau by joint inversion of InSAR and seismic data.JAsian Earth Sci,132:118-128
李海兵,Valli F,许志琴,杨经绥,Tapponnier P,Lacassin R,陈松永,戚学祥,Chevalier M L.2006.喀喇昆仑断裂的变形特征及构造演化.中国地质,33:239-255
李秋生,卢德源,高锐,李敬卫,范井义,熊贤明,张之英,刘文,李英康,闫全人,李德兴.2000.横跨西昆仑-塔里木接触带的爆炸地震探测.中国科学D辑:地球科学,30(S1):16-21
潘裕生.1990.西昆仑山构造特征与演化.地质科学,17:224-232
单新建,马瑾,王长林,柳稼航,宋晓宇,张桂芳.2002.利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数.中国科学D辑:地球科学,32:837-844
王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,姚振兴.2005.1999年台湾集集地震震源破裂过程.地球物理学报,48:132-147
王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,姚振兴.2008.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,51:1403-1410
王卫民,郝金来,何建坤,姚振兴.2015.2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.9级地震震源过程.中国科学:地球科学,45:1421-1426
吴传勇,李金,刘建明,胡伟华,吴国栋,常想德,姚远,向志勇.2017.新疆皮山MS6.5地震--发生在西昆仑山前的一次褶皱地震.地震地质,39:342-355
肖安成,杨树锋,陈汉林,贾承造,魏国齐.2000.西昆仑山前冲断系的结构特征.地学前缘,(S2):128-136
姚振兴,纪晨.1997.时间域内有限地震断层的反演问题.地球物理学报,40:691-701
张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2013.芦山4.20地震破裂过程及其致灾特征初步分析.地球物理学报,56:1408-1411
Allen M B,Walters R J,Song S,Saville C,De Paola N,Ford J,Hu Z,Sun W.2017.Partitioning of oblique convergence coupled to the fault locking behavior of fold-and-thrust belts:Evidence from the Qilian Shan,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,36:1679-1698
Bassin C G L,Laske G,Masters G G.2000.The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America.Eos Trans AGU,81:F897
Chaussard E,Wdowinski S,Cabral-Cano E,Amelung F.2014.Land subsidence in central Mexico detected by ALOS InSAR time-series.Remote Sens Environ,140:94-106
Chen C W,Zebker H A.2002.Phase unwrapping for large SARinterferograms:Statistical segmentation and generalized network models.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,40:1709-1719
Elliott J R,Elliott A J,Hooper A,Larsen Y,Marinkovic P,Wright T J.2015.Earthquake monitoring gets boost from new satellite.Eos,96:14-18
Feng G,Li Z,Xu B,Shan X,Zhang L,Zhu J.2016.Coseismic Deformation of the 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan,China,earthquake estimated from Sentinel-1A and ALOS2 data.Seismol Res Lett,87:800-806
Hartzell S H,Heaton T H.1983.Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic waveform data for the fault rupture history of the 1979Imperial Valley,California,earthquake.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,73:1553-1583
He J,Vernant P,Chéry J,Wang W,Lu S,Ku W,Xia W,Bilham R.2013.Nailing down the slip rate of the Altyn Tagh fault.Geophys Res Lett,40:5382-5386
He P,Wang Q,Ding K,Li J,Zou R.2016a.Coseismic and postseismic slip ruptures for 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan earthquake constrained by static GPS solutions.Geodesy Geodyn,7:323-328
He P,Wang Q,Ding K,Wang M,Qiao X,Li J,Wen Y,Xu C,Yang S,Zou R.2016b.Source model of the 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan earthquake constrained by interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS:Insight into blind rupture in the western Kunlun Shan.Geophys Res Lett,43:1511-1519
Jiang X,Li Z X,Li H.2013.Uplift of the West Kunlun Range,northern Tibetan Plateau,dominated by brittle thickening of the upper crust.Geology,41:439-442
Li T,Chen J,Fang L,Chen Z,Thompson J A,Jia C.2016.The 2015Mw6.4 Pishan Earthquake:Seismic hazards of an active blind wedge thrust system at the Western Kunlun Range Front,Northwest Tibetan Plateau.Seismol Res Lett,87:601-608
Lu R,Xu X,He D,Liu B,Tan X,Wang X.2016.Coseismic and blind fault of the 2015 Pishan Mw6.5 earthquake:Implications for the sedimentary-tectonic framework of the western Kunlun Mountains,northern Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,35:956-964
Massonnet D,Rossi M,Carmona C,Adragna F,Peltzer G,Feigl K,Rabaute T.1993.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry.Nature,364:138-142
Sandwell D,Mellors R,Tong X,Wei M,Wessel P.2011.GMTSAR:An InSAR Processing System Based on Generic Mapping Tools.Office of Scientific&Technical Information Technical Reports
Sandwell D,Mellors R,Tong X,Wei M,Wessel P.2013.Open radar interferometry software for mapping surface Deformation.Eos Trans AGU,92:234
Shirzaei M,Bürgmann R,Fielding E J.2017.Applicability of Sentinel-1 terrain observation by progressive scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area.Geophys Res Lett,44:2733-2742
Sobel E R,Dumitru T A.1997.Thrusting and exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim basin during the India-Asia collision.JGeophys Res,102:5043-5063
Sun J,Johnson K M,Cao Z,Shen Z,Bürgmann R,Xu X.2011.Mechanical constraints on inversion of coseismic geodetic data for fault slip and geometry:Example from InSAR observation of the 6October 2008 Mw6.3 Dangxiong-Yangyi(Tibet)earthquake.JGeophys Res,116:B01406
Sun J,Shen Z K,Li T,Chen J.2016.Thrust faulting and 3D ground deformation of the 3 July 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan,China earthquake from Sentinel-1A radar interferometry.Tectonophysics,683:77-85
Tong X,Schmidt D.2016.Active movement of the Cascade landslide complex in Washington from a coherence-based InSAR time series method.Remote Sens Environ,186:405-415
Wang E,Wan J,Liu J.2003.Late Cenozoic geological evolution of the foreland basin bordering the West Kunlun range in Pulu area:Constraints on timing of uplift of northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,108:2401
Wen Y,Xu C,Liu Y,Jiang G.2016.Deformation and Source Parameters of the 2015 Mw6.5 Earthquake in Pishan,Western China,from Sentinel-1A and ALOS-2 data.Remote Sens,8:134
Xu X,Sandwell D T,Tymofyeyeva E,Gonzalez-Ortega A,Tong X.2017.Tectonic and anthropogenic deformation at the Cerro Prieto geothermal step-over revealed by Sentinel-1A InSAR.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,55:5284-5292
Zhang G,Shan X,Zhang Y,Hetland E,Qu C,Feng G.2016.Blind thrust rupture of the 2015 Mw6.4 Pishan earthquake in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau by joint inversion of InSAR and seismic data.JAsian Earth Sci,132:118-128