PGNAA方法学的发展与现状
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摘要
瞬发伽马中子活化分析(PGNAA)为非破坏性、在线测量的核分析方法。目前国际上有30多座研究堆建立了PGNAA实验室。本文介绍了三种定量瞬发伽马活化分析方法:相对法、校准曲线法、k0因子法,阐述了基本原理及其应用领域,以及针对短寿命核素高精度测量的束流斩波器技术,针对大样品测量带来的中子自吸收和伽马自屏蔽效应的内标法。此外还简介了基于CARR堆的热中子瞬发伽马活化分析装置进展情况,对国内的PGNAA问题进行了探讨。
Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis(PGNAA)is one of the nondestructive and On-line measurement of nuclear analytical methods,There are more than30 PGNAA laboratories which are established based on the research reactor currently.The basic principle and the application field of three kinds of analytical method of PGNAA were introduced,such as the relative comparison method、calibration method、k0-factor method.The short life nuclides is proposed using the beam chopper technique in order to improve the measurement accuracy.The internal standard method was proposed for that large sample neutron measurement that brings self absorption and gamma-ray self shielding effect.The PGNAA system was introduced at CARR.It provides methodology reference to establish the prompt gamma activation analysis on the base of CARR for our country.
Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis(PGNAA)is one of the nondestructive and On-line measurement of nuclear analytical methods,There are more than30 PGNAA laboratories which are established based on the research reactor currently.The basic principle and the application field of three kinds of analytical method of PGNAA were introduced,such as the relative comparison method、calibration method、k0-factor method.The short life nuclides is proposed using the beam chopper technique in order to improve the measurement accuracy.The internal standard method was proposed for that large sample neutron measurement that brings self absorption and gamma-ray self shielding effect.The PGNAA system was introduced at CARR.It provides methodology reference to establish the prompt gamma activation analysis on the base of CARR for our country.
引文
[1]卢毅,宋朝晖.瞬发伽马中子活化分析技术发展现状[J].核电子学与探测技术,2013,33(12):1 527-1 531.Lu Yi,Song Zhaohui.Development of prompt gamma neutron activation analysis techniques[J].Nuclear Electronics&Detection Technology,2013,33(12):1 527-1 531(in Chinese).
[2]张兰芝,倪邦发,田伟之,等.瞬发γ射线中子活化分析的现状与发展[J].原子能科学技术,2005,39(3):282-288.Zhang Lanzhi,Ni Bangfa,Tian Weizhi,et al.Status and development of promptγ-ray neutron analysis[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2005,39(3):282-288(in Chinese).
[3]Hamid A.“Determination of k0-values for some elements in neutron capture gamma-ray for prompt activation analysis”[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2012,291:623-628.
[4]田伟之,倪邦发,王平生,等.中子活化分析在当代无机痕量分析计量学中的作用Ⅱ.参量法NAA-相对法NAA的理想辅助方法[J].核化学与放射化学,2004,26(4):193-197.Tian Weizhi,Ni Bangfa,Wang Pingsheng et al.Role of neutron activation analysis in metrology of modern inorganic trace analysisⅡ.parametric NAA-an Ideal“Back-up”method for relative NAA[J].Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemistry,2004,26(4):193-197(in Chinese).
[5]Acharya R.Prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis methodogy for determination of boron from trace to major contents[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2009,281(2):291-294.
[6]Harrison R K,Landsberger S.Determination of boron over a large dynamic range by promptgamma activation analysis[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B,2009,267:513-518.
[7]Mastue H,Yomezawa C.k0standardization approach in neutron-induced prompt gamma-ray analysis at JAERI[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2000,245(1):189-194.
[8]Revay Zs,Molnar G L.A new gamma-ray activation analysis using the k0approach[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2000,244(2):383-389.
[9]Paul R L,Lindstrom RM,Heald A E.Cold Neutron Prompt Gamma-ray activation analysis at NIST-recent Development[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,1997,215(1):63-68.
[10]Choi H D,Sun G M.Development of a Database for PGNAA[R].Vienna:IAEA,1999.
[11]Molnar G L.Handbook of prompt Gamma Activation Analysis with neutron beams[M].Budapest:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2004.
[12]Zeisler R,Lamaze G P,Chen-Mayer H H,Coincidence and anti-coincidence measurements in prompt gamma neutron activation analysis with pulsed cold neutron beams[J].Journal of Radioanalyncal and Nuclear Chemistry,2001(248):35-38.
[13]Revay Z,Belgya T,Szentmiklosi L,Molnar G L.Prompt gamma activation analysis using a chopped neutron beam[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.2005,(264):277-281.
[14]Revay Zs,Molnar G L,Belgya T et,al.In-beam determination of k0 factors for short-lived nuclides[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2003,(257):561-564.
[15]Molnar G L,Revay Zs,Szentmiklosi L.New perspectives for very short-lived neutron activation analysis[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2004,(262):157-163.
[16]Szentmiklosi L,Revay Zs,Belgya T.Measurement of partial gamma-ray production cross-sections and k0 factors for radionuclides with chopped-beam PGAA[J].Nuclear Instruments&Methods In Physics Research,2006,(564):655-661.
[17]Szentmiklosi L,Revay Zs,Belgya T.An improved beam chopper setup at the Budapest PGAA facility[J].Nuclear Inst.and Methods in Physics Research,2007,(263):90-94.
[18]张海青,秦亚丽,倪邦发,等.大样品中子活化分析的理论依据和误差修正[J].原子能科学技术,2010,44(10):1 238-1 242.Zhang Haiqing,Qin Yali,Ni Bangfa,et al.Theory and Error Correction for Large Sample Neutron Activation Analysis[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2010,44(10):1 238-1 242(in Chinese).
[19]Yonezawa,C,Matsue H,McKay K,et al,Analysis of marine samples by neutroninduced prompt gamma-ray technique and ICP-MS[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2001,(248):719-725.
[20]Ilker Meric G A,Johansen J.Mattingly R,et al.On the ill-conditioning of the multiphase flow by prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2014,(95):401-404.
[21]Jiaxin Wang,Fusheng Li,Robin P G.On the use of prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis for determining phase amounts in multiphase flow[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2008,(19):1-6.
[22]Borsaru M,Biggs M,Nichols W,et al.The application of prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis to borehole logging for coal[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2001,(54):335-343.
[23]Goodarzi F,Swaine D J.The influence of geological factors on the concentration of boron in Australian and Canadian coals[J].Chem Geol,1994,(118):301-318.
[24]Xiaogang Han,Gardner RP.The Monte Carlo code CEARCPG for coincidence prompt gammaray neutron activation analysis[J].Nuclear Inst and Methods in Physics Research,2007,263(1):320-325.
[25]Farsoni A T,Mireshgi S A.Design and evaluation of a TNA explosive-detection system to screen carry-on luggage[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2001,(248):695-697.
[26]Pesente S,Cinausero M,Fabris D,et al,Effects of soil moisture on the detection of buried explosives by radiative neutron capture[J].Nucl Instr and Meth,2001,(A 459):577-580.
[27]Chichester D L,Empey E.Measurement of nitrogen in the body using a commercial PGNAA system-phantom experiments[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2004,(60):55-61.
[28]Degenaar I H,Blaauw H M,de Goeij JJM.Correction for neutron self-shielding in large-sample prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2003,257(3):467-470.
[29]Nasrabadi M N,Mohammadi A,Jalali M.Gamma self-shielding correction factors calculation for aqueous bulk sample analysis by PGNAA technique[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2009:1 208-1 212.
[30]Nakahara H,Oura Y,Sueki,K,et al.Some basic studies on non-destructive elemental analysis of bulky samples by PGAA[J]J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2000,244:405-411.
[31]Oura Y,Nakahara H,Sueki K.Completely nondestructive elemental analysis of bulky samples by PGAA,Czech[J].J Phys,1999,(49a):311-321.
[32]Sudarshan K,Tripathi R,Nair AGC.A simple method for correcting the neutron self-shielding effect of matrix and improving the analytical response in prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis[J]Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,(549):205-211.
[33]Sudarshan K,Nair AGC,Goswami A.A proposed k0 based methodology for neutron activation analysis of samples of non-standard geometry[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2003,(256):93-98.
[34]Sudarshan K,Tripathi R,Nair AGC,et al.A simple method for correcting the neutron selfshielding effect of matrix and improving the analytical response in prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,(549):205-211.
[35]张兰芝,倪邦发,田伟之,等.瞬发γ中子活化分析系统的建立[J].原子核物理评论,2005,22(1):103-105.Zhang Lanzhi,Ni Bangfa,Tian Weizhi,et al.Syetem of promptγ-ray neutron activation analysis[J].Nuclear Physics Review,2005,22(1):103-105(in Chinese).
[36]田伟之.中子活化分析[M]∥丁大钊,叶春堂,赵志祥,主编.中子物理学-原理、方法与应用,北京:原子能科学出版社,2001:859-935.
[37]Bangfa Ni,Caijing Xiao.A brief introduction to NAA facilities of China Advance Research Reactor at CIAE[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2012,(291):313-319.
[2]张兰芝,倪邦发,田伟之,等.瞬发γ射线中子活化分析的现状与发展[J].原子能科学技术,2005,39(3):282-288.Zhang Lanzhi,Ni Bangfa,Tian Weizhi,et al.Status and development of promptγ-ray neutron analysis[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2005,39(3):282-288(in Chinese).
[3]Hamid A.“Determination of k0-values for some elements in neutron capture gamma-ray for prompt activation analysis”[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2012,291:623-628.
[4]田伟之,倪邦发,王平生,等.中子活化分析在当代无机痕量分析计量学中的作用Ⅱ.参量法NAA-相对法NAA的理想辅助方法[J].核化学与放射化学,2004,26(4):193-197.Tian Weizhi,Ni Bangfa,Wang Pingsheng et al.Role of neutron activation analysis in metrology of modern inorganic trace analysisⅡ.parametric NAA-an Ideal“Back-up”method for relative NAA[J].Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemistry,2004,26(4):193-197(in Chinese).
[5]Acharya R.Prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis methodogy for determination of boron from trace to major contents[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2009,281(2):291-294.
[6]Harrison R K,Landsberger S.Determination of boron over a large dynamic range by promptgamma activation analysis[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B,2009,267:513-518.
[7]Mastue H,Yomezawa C.k0standardization approach in neutron-induced prompt gamma-ray analysis at JAERI[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2000,245(1):189-194.
[8]Revay Zs,Molnar G L.A new gamma-ray activation analysis using the k0approach[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2000,244(2):383-389.
[9]Paul R L,Lindstrom RM,Heald A E.Cold Neutron Prompt Gamma-ray activation analysis at NIST-recent Development[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,1997,215(1):63-68.
[10]Choi H D,Sun G M.Development of a Database for PGNAA[R].Vienna:IAEA,1999.
[11]Molnar G L.Handbook of prompt Gamma Activation Analysis with neutron beams[M].Budapest:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2004.
[12]Zeisler R,Lamaze G P,Chen-Mayer H H,Coincidence and anti-coincidence measurements in prompt gamma neutron activation analysis with pulsed cold neutron beams[J].Journal of Radioanalyncal and Nuclear Chemistry,2001(248):35-38.
[13]Revay Z,Belgya T,Szentmiklosi L,Molnar G L.Prompt gamma activation analysis using a chopped neutron beam[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.2005,(264):277-281.
[14]Revay Zs,Molnar G L,Belgya T et,al.In-beam determination of k0 factors for short-lived nuclides[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2003,(257):561-564.
[15]Molnar G L,Revay Zs,Szentmiklosi L.New perspectives for very short-lived neutron activation analysis[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2004,(262):157-163.
[16]Szentmiklosi L,Revay Zs,Belgya T.Measurement of partial gamma-ray production cross-sections and k0 factors for radionuclides with chopped-beam PGAA[J].Nuclear Instruments&Methods In Physics Research,2006,(564):655-661.
[17]Szentmiklosi L,Revay Zs,Belgya T.An improved beam chopper setup at the Budapest PGAA facility[J].Nuclear Inst.and Methods in Physics Research,2007,(263):90-94.
[18]张海青,秦亚丽,倪邦发,等.大样品中子活化分析的理论依据和误差修正[J].原子能科学技术,2010,44(10):1 238-1 242.Zhang Haiqing,Qin Yali,Ni Bangfa,et al.Theory and Error Correction for Large Sample Neutron Activation Analysis[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2010,44(10):1 238-1 242(in Chinese).
[19]Yonezawa,C,Matsue H,McKay K,et al,Analysis of marine samples by neutroninduced prompt gamma-ray technique and ICP-MS[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2001,(248):719-725.
[20]Ilker Meric G A,Johansen J.Mattingly R,et al.On the ill-conditioning of the multiphase flow by prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2014,(95):401-404.
[21]Jiaxin Wang,Fusheng Li,Robin P G.On the use of prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis for determining phase amounts in multiphase flow[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2008,(19):1-6.
[22]Borsaru M,Biggs M,Nichols W,et al.The application of prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis to borehole logging for coal[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2001,(54):335-343.
[23]Goodarzi F,Swaine D J.The influence of geological factors on the concentration of boron in Australian and Canadian coals[J].Chem Geol,1994,(118):301-318.
[24]Xiaogang Han,Gardner RP.The Monte Carlo code CEARCPG for coincidence prompt gammaray neutron activation analysis[J].Nuclear Inst and Methods in Physics Research,2007,263(1):320-325.
[25]Farsoni A T,Mireshgi S A.Design and evaluation of a TNA explosive-detection system to screen carry-on luggage[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2001,(248):695-697.
[26]Pesente S,Cinausero M,Fabris D,et al,Effects of soil moisture on the detection of buried explosives by radiative neutron capture[J].Nucl Instr and Meth,2001,(A 459):577-580.
[27]Chichester D L,Empey E.Measurement of nitrogen in the body using a commercial PGNAA system-phantom experiments[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2004,(60):55-61.
[28]Degenaar I H,Blaauw H M,de Goeij JJM.Correction for neutron self-shielding in large-sample prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2003,257(3):467-470.
[29]Nasrabadi M N,Mohammadi A,Jalali M.Gamma self-shielding correction factors calculation for aqueous bulk sample analysis by PGNAA technique[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2009:1 208-1 212.
[30]Nakahara H,Oura Y,Sueki,K,et al.Some basic studies on non-destructive elemental analysis of bulky samples by PGAA[J]J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2000,244:405-411.
[31]Oura Y,Nakahara H,Sueki K.Completely nondestructive elemental analysis of bulky samples by PGAA,Czech[J].J Phys,1999,(49a):311-321.
[32]Sudarshan K,Tripathi R,Nair AGC.A simple method for correcting the neutron self-shielding effect of matrix and improving the analytical response in prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis[J]Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,(549):205-211.
[33]Sudarshan K,Nair AGC,Goswami A.A proposed k0 based methodology for neutron activation analysis of samples of non-standard geometry[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2003,(256):93-98.
[34]Sudarshan K,Tripathi R,Nair AGC,et al.A simple method for correcting the neutron selfshielding effect of matrix and improving the analytical response in prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,(549):205-211.
[35]张兰芝,倪邦发,田伟之,等.瞬发γ中子活化分析系统的建立[J].原子核物理评论,2005,22(1):103-105.Zhang Lanzhi,Ni Bangfa,Tian Weizhi,et al.Syetem of promptγ-ray neutron activation analysis[J].Nuclear Physics Review,2005,22(1):103-105(in Chinese).
[36]田伟之.中子活化分析[M]∥丁大钊,叶春堂,赵志祥,主编.中子物理学-原理、方法与应用,北京:原子能科学出版社,2001:859-935.
[37]Bangfa Ni,Caijing Xiao.A brief introduction to NAA facilities of China Advance Research Reactor at CIAE[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2012,(291):313-319.