汶川地震8.5年后青少年身心状况研究
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摘要
汶川地震8.5年后,对地震极重灾区的2291名青少年进行问卷调查,考察其创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、抑郁、创伤后成长(PTG)和生活满意度等身心反应的现状及其共存形态。结果发现:(1)地震发生8.5年后4.75%的青少年有明显的PTSD症状,29.98%的青少年有明显的抑郁症状,其中女生、少数民族学生、高年级学生的症状水平更高;46.13%的青少年报告其出现了明显的PTG,其中女生和少数民族学生的PTG水平更高;青少年的生活满意度较低,其中初一年级显著高于其他年级,但性别和民族差异不显著;(2)青少年的PTSD与抑郁呈显著正相关、与生活满意度呈显著负相关、与PTG相关不显著,抑郁与PTG和生活满意度呈显著负相关,PTG与生活满意度呈显著正相关;(3)青少年的PTSD、抑郁、PTG和生活满意度之间具有共存的形态,具体表现为成长组(32.6%)、低症状组(39.4%)、症状-成长共存组(5.8%)、中等症状共病组(17.8%)和高度症状共病组(4.4%)等5种类别。
In eight and a half years after Wenchuan earthquake,a survey on posttraumatic stress disorder( PTSD),depression,posttraumatic growth( PTG) and life satisfaction was conducted on junior school and high school students in the severely-stricken areas by the earthquake. The results showed that the level of adolescents' PTSD and depression were comparatively high,the prevalence of PTSD and depressive symptoms was 4. 75% and29. 98%,among which girls,minority nationality and senior students were high risk populations. About 46. 13%of adolescents had pronounced growth,girls and minority adolescents had higher levels of PTG. There had significant difference in grade of life satisfaction; students in first grade of junior school had higher levels of life satisfaction than other grades. PTSD was positively associated with depression and negatively associated with life satisfaction. Depression was negatively associated with PTG and life satisfaction. PTG was positively associated with life satisfaction. There is no significant correlation between PTSD and PTG. Latent profile analysis showed that a 5-class fitted the data best. The 5 pattern groups were named as ‘growth group'( 32. 6%),‘coexistence group'( 5. 8%),‘low symptoms group'( 39. 4%),‘middle symptoms group'( 17. 8%) and ‘high symptoms group'( 4. 4%) respectively.
In eight and a half years after Wenchuan earthquake,a survey on posttraumatic stress disorder( PTSD),depression,posttraumatic growth( PTG) and life satisfaction was conducted on junior school and high school students in the severely-stricken areas by the earthquake. The results showed that the level of adolescents' PTSD and depression were comparatively high,the prevalence of PTSD and depressive symptoms was 4. 75% and29. 98%,among which girls,minority nationality and senior students were high risk populations. About 46. 13%of adolescents had pronounced growth,girls and minority adolescents had higher levels of PTG. There had significant difference in grade of life satisfaction; students in first grade of junior school had higher levels of life satisfaction than other grades. PTSD was positively associated with depression and negatively associated with life satisfaction. Depression was negatively associated with PTG and life satisfaction. PTG was positively associated with life satisfaction. There is no significant correlation between PTSD and PTG. Latent profile analysis showed that a 5-class fitted the data best. The 5 pattern groups were named as ‘growth group'( 32. 6%),‘coexistence group'( 5. 8%),‘low symptoms group'( 39. 4%),‘middle symptoms group'( 17. 8%) and ‘high symptoms group'( 4. 4%) respectively.
引文
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Arnberg,F.K.,Johannesson,K.B.,&Michel,P.O.(2013).Prevalence and duration of PTSD in survivors six years after a natural disaster.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,27(3),347-352.
Au,T.M.,Dickstein,B.D.,Comer,J.S.,Salters-Pedneault,K.,&Litz,B.T.(2013).Co-occurring posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms after sexual assault:A latent profile analysis.Journal of Affective Disorders,149(1-3),209-216.
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Chen,J.,&Wu,X.(2017).Postraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents following an earthquake:A latent profile analysis.Child and Adolescent Mental Health,22(1),23-29.
Cho,D.,&Park,C.L.(2013).Growth following trauma:Overview and current status.Terapia Psicológica,31(1),69-79.
Cryder,C.H.,Kilmer,R.P.,Tedeschi,R.G.,&Calhoun,L.G.(2006).An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,76(1),65-69.
Diener,E.,Emmons,R.A.,Larsen,R.J.,&Griffin,S.(1985).The satisfaction with life scale.Journal of Personality Assessment,49(1),71-75.
Fan,F.,Long,K.,Zhou,Y.,Zheng,Y.,&Liu,X.(2015).Longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China.Psychological Medicine,45(13),2885-2896.
Hobfoll,S.E.(1989).Conservation of resources:A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.American Psychologist,44(3),513-524.
Jia,Z.,Tian,W.,He,X.,Liu,W.,Jin,C.,&Ding,H.(2010).Mental health and quality of life survey among child survivors of the2008 Sichuan earthquake.Quality of Life Research,19(9),1381-1391.
Jia,X.,Ying,L.,Zhou,X.,Wu,X.,&Lin,C.(2015).The effects of extraversion,social support on the posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth of adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake.Plos One,http//doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0121480
Karaman,M.A.,Nelson,K.M.,&Vela,J.C.(2017).The mediation effects of achievement motivation and locus of control between academic stress and life satisfaction in undergraduate students.British Journal of Guidance and Counselling,(2),1-10.
Karatzias,T.,Chouliara,Z.,Power,K.,Brown,K.,Begum,M.,Mcgoldrick,T.,&Mac Lean,R.(2013).Life satisfaction in people with post-traumatic stress disorder.Journal of Mental Health,22(6),501-508.
Kukihara,H.,Yamawaki,N.,Uchiyama,K.,Arai,S.,&Horikawa,E.(2014).Trauma,depression,and resilience of earthquake/tsunami/nuclear disaster survivors of Hirono,Fukushima,Japan.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,68(7),524-533.
Laufer,A.,&Solomon,Z.(2006).Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,25(4),429-447.
Leung,J.P.,&Leung,K.(1992).Life satisfaction,self-concept,and relationship with parents in adolescence.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,21(6),653-665.
Linley,P.A.,Joseph,S.,Cooper,R.,Harris,S.,&Meyer,C.(2003).Positive and negative changes following vicarious exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks.Journal of Traumatic Stress,16(5),481-485.
Liu,D.,Fu,L.,Jing,Z.,&Chen,C.(2016).Post-traumatic stress disorder and it’s predictors among Tibetan adolescents 3 years after the high-altitude earthquake in China.Archives of Psychiatric Nursing,30(5),593-599.Margolin,G.,Ramos,M.C.,&Guran,E.L.(2010).Earthquakes and children:The role of psychologists with families and communities.Professional Psychology Research and Practice,41(1),1-9.
Meyerson,D.A.,Grant,K.E.,Carter,J.S.,&Kilmer,R.P.(2011).Posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents:A systematic review.Clinical Psychology Review,31(6),949-964.
Nelson,S.D.(2011).The posttraumatic growth path:An emerging model for prevention and treatment of trauma-related behavioral health conditions.Journal of Psychotherapy Integration,21(1),1-42.
Olff,M.,Langeland,W.,Draijer,N.,&Gersons,B.P.R.(2007).Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.Psychological Bulletin,133(2),183-204.
Pan,X.,Liu,W.Z.,Deng,G.H.,Liu,T.S.,Yan,J.,Tang,Y.X.,&Xu,M.(2015).Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder,depression,and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China.Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health,27(2),NP1985-NP1994.
Pavot,W.,&Diener,E.(1993).Review of the satisfaction with life scale.Psychological Assessment,5(2),164-172.
Proeeitt,D.,Cann,A.,Calhoun,L.G.,&Tedeschi,R.G.(2007).Judeo-Christian clergy and personal crisis:Religion,posttraumatic growth and wellbeing.Journal of Religion and Health,46(2),219-230.
Radloff,L.S.(1977).A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Applied Psychological Measurement,1(3),385-401.
Salcioglu,E.,&Basoglu,M.(2008).Psychological effects of earthquakes in children:Prospects for brief behavioral treatment.World Journal of Pediatrics,4(3),165-172.
Shin,D.C.,&Johnson,D.M.(1978).Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life.Social Indicators Research,5(1),475-492.
Shi,X.,Nancy,X.,Zhou,Y.,Geng,F.,&Fan,F.(2016).Depressive symptoms and associated psychosocial factors among adolescent survivors 30 months after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake:A follow-up study.Frontiers in Psychology,http//doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00467
Siqveland,J.,Nygaard,E.,Hussain,A.,Tedeschi,R.G.,&Heir,T.(2015).Posttraumatic growth,depression and posttraumatic stress in relation to quality of life in tsunami survivors:A longitudinal study.Health and Quality of Life Outcomes,13(1),1-8.
Taylor,S.E.,&Brown,S.E.(1994).Positive illusions and wellbeing revisited:Separating fact from fiction.Psychological Bulletin,116(1),21-27.
Tedeschi,R.G.,&Calhoun,L.G.(1996).The posttraumatic growth inventory:Measuring the positive legacy of trauma.Journal of Traumatic Stress,9(3),455-471.
Tolin,D.F.,&Foa,E.B.(2006).Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder:A quantitative review of 25 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,132(6),959-992.
Triplett,K.N.,Tedeschi,R.G.,Cann,A.,Calhoun,L.G.,&Reeve,C.L.(2012).Posttraumatic growth,meaning in life,and life satisfaction in response to trauma.Psychological Trauma:Theory,Research,Practice,and Policy,4(4),400-410.
Wang,L.,Zhang,Y.Q.,Wang,W.Z.,Shi,Z.B.,Shen,J.H.,&Li,M.,et al.(2009).Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China.Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(5),444-450.
Wang,W.,Fu,W.,Wu,J.,Ma,X.,Sun,X.,&Huang,Y.,et al.(2012).Prevalence of PTSD and depression among junior middle school students in a rural town far from the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake in China.Plos One,http//doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0041665
Weathers,F.W.,Litz,B.T.,Keane,T.M.,Palmieri,P.A.,Marx,B.P.,&Schnurr,P.P.(2013).The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5(PCL-5).Scale available from the National Center for PTSD.Retrieved,from http://www.ptsd.va.gov
Xu,J.,&Liao,Q.(2011).Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors one year following 2008 Sichuan earthquake.Journal of Affective Disorders,133(1),274-280.
Ying,L.,Lin,C.,Wu,X.,Chen,C.,Greenberger,E.,&An,Y.(2014).Trauma severity and control beliefs as predictors of posttraumatic growth among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake.Psychological Trauma:Theory,Research,Practice,and Policy,6(2),192-198.
Ying,L.H.,Wu,X.C.,&Lin,C.D.(2012).Longitudinal linkages between depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China:A three-wave,cross-lagged study.School Psychology International,33(4),416-432.
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An,Y.,Fu,F.,Wu,X.,Lin,C.,&Zhang,Y.(2013).Longitudinal relationships between neuroticism,avoidant coping,and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents following the2008Wenchuan earthquake in China.Journal of Loss&Trauma,18(6),556-571.
Arnberg,F.K.,Johannesson,K.B.,&Michel,P.O.(2013).Prevalence and duration of PTSD in survivors six years after a natural disaster.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,27(3),347-352.
Au,T.M.,Dickstein,B.D.,Comer,J.S.,Salters-Pedneault,K.,&Litz,B.T.(2013).Co-occurring posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms after sexual assault:A latent profile analysis.Journal of Affective Disorders,149(1-3),209-216.
Belle,D.(1991).Gender differences in the social moderators of stress.In A.Monat&R.S.Lazarus(Eds.),Stress and coping:Ananthology(pp.258-274).New York:Columbia University Press
Bonanno,G.A.(2004).Loss,trauma,and human resilience:Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?American Psychologist,59(1),20-28.
Butler,L.D.,Blasey,C.M.,Garlan,R.W.,Mccaslin,S.E.,Azarow,J.,&Chen,X.H.,et al.(2005).Posttraumatic growth following the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001:Cognitive,coping,and trauma symptom predictors in an internet convenience sample.Traumatology,11(4),247-267.
Chen,J.,&Wu,X.(2017).Postraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents following an earthquake:A latent profile analysis.Child and Adolescent Mental Health,22(1),23-29.
Cho,D.,&Park,C.L.(2013).Growth following trauma:Overview and current status.Terapia Psicológica,31(1),69-79.
Cryder,C.H.,Kilmer,R.P.,Tedeschi,R.G.,&Calhoun,L.G.(2006).An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,76(1),65-69.
Diener,E.,Emmons,R.A.,Larsen,R.J.,&Griffin,S.(1985).The satisfaction with life scale.Journal of Personality Assessment,49(1),71-75.
Fan,F.,Long,K.,Zhou,Y.,Zheng,Y.,&Liu,X.(2015).Longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China.Psychological Medicine,45(13),2885-2896.
Hobfoll,S.E.(1989).Conservation of resources:A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.American Psychologist,44(3),513-524.
Jia,Z.,Tian,W.,He,X.,Liu,W.,Jin,C.,&Ding,H.(2010).Mental health and quality of life survey among child survivors of the2008 Sichuan earthquake.Quality of Life Research,19(9),1381-1391.
Jia,X.,Ying,L.,Zhou,X.,Wu,X.,&Lin,C.(2015).The effects of extraversion,social support on the posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth of adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake.Plos One,http//doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0121480
Karaman,M.A.,Nelson,K.M.,&Vela,J.C.(2017).The mediation effects of achievement motivation and locus of control between academic stress and life satisfaction in undergraduate students.British Journal of Guidance and Counselling,(2),1-10.
Karatzias,T.,Chouliara,Z.,Power,K.,Brown,K.,Begum,M.,Mcgoldrick,T.,&Mac Lean,R.(2013).Life satisfaction in people with post-traumatic stress disorder.Journal of Mental Health,22(6),501-508.
Kukihara,H.,Yamawaki,N.,Uchiyama,K.,Arai,S.,&Horikawa,E.(2014).Trauma,depression,and resilience of earthquake/tsunami/nuclear disaster survivors of Hirono,Fukushima,Japan.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,68(7),524-533.
Laufer,A.,&Solomon,Z.(2006).Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,25(4),429-447.
Leung,J.P.,&Leung,K.(1992).Life satisfaction,self-concept,and relationship with parents in adolescence.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,21(6),653-665.
Linley,P.A.,Joseph,S.,Cooper,R.,Harris,S.,&Meyer,C.(2003).Positive and negative changes following vicarious exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks.Journal of Traumatic Stress,16(5),481-485.
Liu,D.,Fu,L.,Jing,Z.,&Chen,C.(2016).Post-traumatic stress disorder and it’s predictors among Tibetan adolescents 3 years after the high-altitude earthquake in China.Archives of Psychiatric Nursing,30(5),593-599.Margolin,G.,Ramos,M.C.,&Guran,E.L.(2010).Earthquakes and children:The role of psychologists with families and communities.Professional Psychology Research and Practice,41(1),1-9.
Meyerson,D.A.,Grant,K.E.,Carter,J.S.,&Kilmer,R.P.(2011).Posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents:A systematic review.Clinical Psychology Review,31(6),949-964.
Nelson,S.D.(2011).The posttraumatic growth path:An emerging model for prevention and treatment of trauma-related behavioral health conditions.Journal of Psychotherapy Integration,21(1),1-42.
Olff,M.,Langeland,W.,Draijer,N.,&Gersons,B.P.R.(2007).Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.Psychological Bulletin,133(2),183-204.
Pan,X.,Liu,W.Z.,Deng,G.H.,Liu,T.S.,Yan,J.,Tang,Y.X.,&Xu,M.(2015).Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder,depression,and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China.Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health,27(2),NP1985-NP1994.
Pavot,W.,&Diener,E.(1993).Review of the satisfaction with life scale.Psychological Assessment,5(2),164-172.
Proeeitt,D.,Cann,A.,Calhoun,L.G.,&Tedeschi,R.G.(2007).Judeo-Christian clergy and personal crisis:Religion,posttraumatic growth and wellbeing.Journal of Religion and Health,46(2),219-230.
Radloff,L.S.(1977).A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Applied Psychological Measurement,1(3),385-401.
Salcioglu,E.,&Basoglu,M.(2008).Psychological effects of earthquakes in children:Prospects for brief behavioral treatment.World Journal of Pediatrics,4(3),165-172.
Shin,D.C.,&Johnson,D.M.(1978).Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life.Social Indicators Research,5(1),475-492.
Shi,X.,Nancy,X.,Zhou,Y.,Geng,F.,&Fan,F.(2016).Depressive symptoms and associated psychosocial factors among adolescent survivors 30 months after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake:A follow-up study.Frontiers in Psychology,http//doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00467
Siqveland,J.,Nygaard,E.,Hussain,A.,Tedeschi,R.G.,&Heir,T.(2015).Posttraumatic growth,depression and posttraumatic stress in relation to quality of life in tsunami survivors:A longitudinal study.Health and Quality of Life Outcomes,13(1),1-8.
Taylor,S.E.,&Brown,S.E.(1994).Positive illusions and wellbeing revisited:Separating fact from fiction.Psychological Bulletin,116(1),21-27.
Tedeschi,R.G.,&Calhoun,L.G.(1996).The posttraumatic growth inventory:Measuring the positive legacy of trauma.Journal of Traumatic Stress,9(3),455-471.
Tolin,D.F.,&Foa,E.B.(2006).Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder:A quantitative review of 25 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,132(6),959-992.
Triplett,K.N.,Tedeschi,R.G.,Cann,A.,Calhoun,L.G.,&Reeve,C.L.(2012).Posttraumatic growth,meaning in life,and life satisfaction in response to trauma.Psychological Trauma:Theory,Research,Practice,and Policy,4(4),400-410.
Wang,L.,Zhang,Y.Q.,Wang,W.Z.,Shi,Z.B.,Shen,J.H.,&Li,M.,et al.(2009).Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China.Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(5),444-450.
Wang,W.,Fu,W.,Wu,J.,Ma,X.,Sun,X.,&Huang,Y.,et al.(2012).Prevalence of PTSD and depression among junior middle school students in a rural town far from the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake in China.Plos One,http//doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0041665
Weathers,F.W.,Litz,B.T.,Keane,T.M.,Palmieri,P.A.,Marx,B.P.,&Schnurr,P.P.(2013).The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5(PCL-5).Scale available from the National Center for PTSD.Retrieved,from http://www.ptsd.va.gov
Xu,J.,&Liao,Q.(2011).Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors one year following 2008 Sichuan earthquake.Journal of Affective Disorders,133(1),274-280.
Ying,L.,Lin,C.,Wu,X.,Chen,C.,Greenberger,E.,&An,Y.(2014).Trauma severity and control beliefs as predictors of posttraumatic growth among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake.Psychological Trauma:Theory,Research,Practice,and Policy,6(2),192-198.
Ying,L.H.,Wu,X.C.,&Lin,C.D.(2012).Longitudinal linkages between depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China:A three-wave,cross-lagged study.School Psychology International,33(4),416-432.
Ying,L.,Wu,X.,Lin,C.,&Jiang,L.(2014).Traumatic severity and trait resilience as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake.Plos One,http//doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0089401
Zhou,Y.,Han,Q.,&Fan,F.(2016).Latent growth curves and predictors of depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescent earthquake survivors.Personality and Individual Differences,100,173-178.
Zhou,X.,Wu,X.C.,&Zhen,R.(2017a).Assessing the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD among Chinese adolescents after the Ya’an earthquake.Psychiatry Research,254,33-39.
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