从中心地到城市网络——中国城镇体系研究的理论转变
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摘要
城镇体系核心特征的演变,推动其研究视角由等级制的传统中心地理论向关系制的现代城市网络转变。以已有相关研究成果为基础,简要回顾克氏中心地理论在中国城镇体系研究中的理论和实证进展,通过对中心地理论固有缺陷,以及城镇体系研究逻辑变化的分析,阐明传统中心地理论在解释和解决现代城镇体系问题时的局限性;指出城市网络理论兴起的背景:交通革命带来的时空压缩导致区位论的解释失效、流空间理论的产生、全球化与生产网络的产生、制度与体制演变——中心地组织原则的转化;从企业组织、交通流、信息流三个研究视角,揭示中国城镇体系研究的网络思维端倪;通过研究主体特征的关注由中心性到节点属性、主体关系由等级从属到功能互补、时空尺度由地方到全球三个方面的对比,指出中心地与城市网络应用于城镇体系研究中的理论差异。
The systematic and organizational nature of the urban system is not naturally formed and immutable, but it is actively reconstructed and evolved along with the process of social spatial production. The evolution of the characteristics of the research object has promoted the theoretical development of the urban system research. The research perspective has changed from the hierarchical central traditional theory to the modern urban network of the relational system. Based on the integration of relevant research results, the paper first briefly reviews the theoretical and empirical progress of the Christaller center theory in China's urban system research. By analyzing the inherent defects of the central geography theory and the logical changes in the research of the urban system, the limitations of the traditional central theories in interpreting and solving the problems of the modern urban system are expounded. That is, the main deficiencies of the central theories are owing to closed systems. The hypothesis of spatial homogenization created by theory is too ideal and the perfect structural picture which is devoted to the condition of strict hypothesis is unlikely to exist in reality which leads to the lack of universality in its application and the influence of practical value. Secondly, it is pointed out that the theoretical failure of central land theory and the rise of urban network theory are reflected in the following aspects: the time and space compression brought by the traffic revolution leads to the failure of the interpretation of location theory, the generation of space of flow theory, the generation of globalization and production network, the evolution of system and the transformation of the central organization principle. Thirdly, from the three research perspectives of enterprise organization, infrastructure, and information flow, and the evaluation index system of degree-centrality and cluster structure, etc., the network thinking of China's urban system research is revealed. Finally, it is pointed out that from the level to the network,the differences between the traditional and modern urban system research and the theoretical transformation of China's urban system research are reflected in the main characteristics changing from the central to the node attributes, and the main relationship, from hierarchical subordinate to functional complementary. The analysis logic of the subject relationship is transformed from vertical, monopoly and control of research objects, scale relation to vertical and horizontal, complementary and cooperative, and complex relationship network relations;spatial scales change from the locality to the global; the foothold of the research is from the result of closed and static to the process of open and dynamic.
The systematic and organizational nature of the urban system is not naturally formed and immutable, but it is actively reconstructed and evolved along with the process of social spatial production. The evolution of the characteristics of the research object has promoted the theoretical development of the urban system research. The research perspective has changed from the hierarchical central traditional theory to the modern urban network of the relational system. Based on the integration of relevant research results, the paper first briefly reviews the theoretical and empirical progress of the Christaller center theory in China's urban system research. By analyzing the inherent defects of the central geography theory and the logical changes in the research of the urban system, the limitations of the traditional central theories in interpreting and solving the problems of the modern urban system are expounded. That is, the main deficiencies of the central theories are owing to closed systems. The hypothesis of spatial homogenization created by theory is too ideal and the perfect structural picture which is devoted to the condition of strict hypothesis is unlikely to exist in reality which leads to the lack of universality in its application and the influence of practical value. Secondly, it is pointed out that the theoretical failure of central land theory and the rise of urban network theory are reflected in the following aspects: the time and space compression brought by the traffic revolution leads to the failure of the interpretation of location theory, the generation of space of flow theory, the generation of globalization and production network, the evolution of system and the transformation of the central organization principle. Thirdly, from the three research perspectives of enterprise organization, infrastructure, and information flow, and the evaluation index system of degree-centrality and cluster structure, etc., the network thinking of China's urban system research is revealed. Finally, it is pointed out that from the level to the network,the differences between the traditional and modern urban system research and the theoretical transformation of China's urban system research are reflected in the main characteristics changing from the central to the node attributes, and the main relationship, from hierarchical subordinate to functional complementary. The analysis logic of the subject relationship is transformed from vertical, monopoly and control of research objects, scale relation to vertical and horizontal, complementary and cooperative, and complex relationship network relations;spatial scales change from the locality to the global; the foothold of the research is from the result of closed and static to the process of open and dynamic.
引文
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[4]Fik T J,Mulligan G F.Spatial flows and competing central places:Toward a general theory of hierarchical interaction.Environment&Planning A,1990,22(4):527-549.
[5]Meijers E.From central place to network model:Theory and evidence of a paradigm change.Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie,2010,98(2):245-259.
[6]Capello R.The city network paradigm:Measuring urban network externalities.Urban Studies,2000,37(11):1925-1945.
[7]宋家泰,顾朝林.城镇体系规划的理论与方法初探.地理学报,1988,43(2):97-107.[Song Jiatai,Gu Chaolin.Theory and methodology of urban system planning.Acta Geographica Sinica,1988,43(2):97-107.]
[8]陆大道.论区域的最佳结构与最佳发展:提出“点-轴系统”和“T”型结构以来的回顾与再分析.地理学报,2001,56(2):127-135.[Lu Dadao.An analysis of spatial structure and optimal regional development.Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(2):127-135.]
[9]王士君,冯章献,张石磊.经济地域系统理论视角下的中心地及其扩散域.地理科学,2010,17(6):803-809.[Wang Shijun,Feng Zhangxian,Zhang Shilei.The central place and diffusion area system under the view of economic region system theory.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,17(6):803-809.]
[10]陈彦光.中心地体系空间结构的标度定律与分形模型:对Christarller中心地模型的数学抽象与理论推广.北京大学学报:自然科学版,2004,40(4):626-634.[Chen Yanguang.Spatial structure of central place systems:Fractals and scaling laws.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2004,40(4):626-634.]
[11]张莉,陆玉麒.基于可达性的中心地体系的空间分析.地理科学,2013,33(6):649-658.[Zhang Li,Lu Yuqi.Spatial analysis of the central place system based on accessibility.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(6):649-658.]
[12]王永超,吴晓舜,刘洋,等.基于可达性的沈阳经济区中心地空间结构演变.地域研究与开发,2013,32(1):56-60.[Wang Yongchao,Wu Xiaoshun,Liu Yang,et al.The evolution of the structure of central place in Shenyang economic zone based on accessibility.Areal Research and Development,2013,32(1):56-60.]
[13]王士君,冯章献,刘大平,等.中心地理论创新与发展的基本视角和框架.地理科学进展,2012,31(10):1256-1263.[Wang Shijun,Feng Zhangxian,Liu Daping,et al.Basic perspective and preliminary framework for the theoretical innovation and development of central place theory in new times.Progress in Geography,2012,31(10):1256-1263.]
[14]周一星,张莉,武悦.城市中心性与我国城市中心性的等级体系.地域研究与开发,2001,20(4):1-5.[Zhou Yixing,Zhang Li,Wu Yue.Study of China's urban centrality hierarchy.Areal Research and Development,2001,20(4):1-5.]
[15]张贞冰,陈银蓉,赵亮,等.基于中心地理论的中国城市群空间自组织演化解析.经济地理,2014,34(7):44-51.[Zhang Zhenbing,Chen Yinrong,Zhao Liang.The analysis of metropolitan areas spatial self-organization evolution in China based on the theory of central place.Economic Geography,2014,34(7):44-51.]
[16]朱媛媛,丁明磊,曾菊新.武汉都市圈中心地系统结构及扩散域研究.城市问题,2012,(12):48-53.[Zhu Yuanyuan,Ding Minglei,Zeng Juxin.Study on the central land system structure and diffusion domain of Wuhan metropolitan area.Urban Problems,2012,(12):48-53.]
[17]李恕宏.安徽省中心地结构与城镇体系建设初探.安徽师范大学学报:自然科学版,2002,25(2):194-198.[Li Shuhong.A tentative study on the structure of the central place in Anhui and the construction of its urban system.Journal of Anhui Normal University:Natural Science,2002,25(2):194-198.]
[18]刘志宇,张扬.我国城市群中心地体系与聚集分形特征研究:以湖南“3+5”城市群为例.现代城市研究,2014,(11):75-80.[Liu Zhiyu,Zhang Yang.A study on the central places system and fractal feature of China's city group:The case of Hunan"3+5"city group.Modern Urban Research,2014,(11):75-80.]
[19]朱媛媛,王士君,冯章献.中国东北边境地区中心地系统格局与形成机理研究.经济地理,2011,31(5):205-215.[Zhu Yuanyuan,Wang Shijun,Feng Zhangxian.The central palce system structure and formation mechanism research of the Chinese northeastern border area center.Economic Geography,2011,31(5):205-215.]
[20]王士君,王永超,冯章献.吉林省中部地区中心地空间关系分析.地理科学进展,2012,31(12):1628-1635.[Wang Shijun,Wang Yongchao,Feng Zhangxian.Spatial relationships between central places in the central region of Jilin.Progress in Geography,2012,31(12):1628-1635.]
[21]吴晓舜,张紫雯,王士君.辽西地区中心地等级关系和空间结构研究.经济地理,2013,33(5):54-59.[Wu Xiaoshun,Zhang Ziwen,Wang Shijun.Research on level relationships and spatial structure in area of western Liaoning.Economic Geography,2013,33(5):54-59.]
[22]Castells M.Rise of the Network Society:The Information Age:Economy,Society and Culture.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers,Inc.1996.
[23]黄洁,钟业喜,李建新,等.基于高铁网络的中国省会城市经济可达性.地理研究,2016,35(4):757-769.[Huang Jie,Zhong Yexi,Li Jianxin,et al.Economic accessibility of provincial capital cities in China based on the presence of highspeed rails.Geographical Research,2016,35(4):757-769.]
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