技术转移理论演进与前沿——由中美贸易战引发的思考
|
摘要
技术转移是实现国际科技交流的重要方式。近日来,随着以封锁中美技术交流为主要目的中美贸易战"开打",使得国际技术转移发展的瓶颈凸显。本文通过对国际技术转移理论与中美贸易战渊源的系统梳理,拟为未来分析如何有效规避国际技术转移风险、实现国际技术转移双赢提供完整的理论依据。研究发现:(1)在技术转移机制方面,尚未有学者探讨技术转移理论中,技术差距的最优程度。而技术差距程度的探索,是最终达成技术转移活动并且解决中美技术转移矛盾的关键。(2)在技术转移模式方面,很少有学者探究如何利用各方主体之间的关系,以提升国际技术转移效率。发现可以将探索一种能有效规避国与国之间存在文化、意识形态等差异,并且有效提升国际技术转移效率的组织模式,作为未来的研究重点。
Technology transfer is an important way for the realization of international scientific and technological exchanges. Recently,the beginning of the trade war between China and the US with the purpose of blockading technical exchanges between the US and China has highlighted the bottleneck of international technology transfer and development. This paper aims to systematically summarize the international technology transfer theory and the origin of the trade war between China and the US,so as to provide a complete theoretical basis for the research on how to effectively avoid the risks of international technology transfer in the future and how to realize win-win international technology transfer. The results are as follows: First of all,by far no scholars have discussed the optimal technology gap in technology transfer theory,but the fact is that the exploration of the degree of technical gap is vital for both the technological supplier and receiver to achieve a win-win mode of technology transfer and is the key to solve the contradiction between Chinese and American technology transfer. Second,in terms of technology transfer mode,because of the cultural and ideological differences between countries,few scholars have explored how to make use of the relationship between the parties to improve the efficiency of international technology transfer. We can explore an organization model that can avoid the cultural and ideological differences between countries,and effectively improve the efficiency of international technology transfer,which will be the focus of future research.
Technology transfer is an important way for the realization of international scientific and technological exchanges. Recently,the beginning of the trade war between China and the US with the purpose of blockading technical exchanges between the US and China has highlighted the bottleneck of international technology transfer and development. This paper aims to systematically summarize the international technology transfer theory and the origin of the trade war between China and the US,so as to provide a complete theoretical basis for the research on how to effectively avoid the risks of international technology transfer in the future and how to realize win-win international technology transfer. The results are as follows: First of all,by far no scholars have discussed the optimal technology gap in technology transfer theory,but the fact is that the exploration of the degree of technical gap is vital for both the technological supplier and receiver to achieve a win-win mode of technology transfer and is the key to solve the contradiction between Chinese and American technology transfer. Second,in terms of technology transfer mode,because of the cultural and ideological differences between countries,few scholars have explored how to make use of the relationship between the parties to improve the efficiency of international technology transfer. We can explore an organization model that can avoid the cultural and ideological differences between countries,and effectively improve the efficiency of international technology transfer,which will be the focus of future research.
引文
[1]WIKI百科.技术转移的概念[EB/OL]. http://wiki. mbalib. com/wiki/技术转移,2018-04-01.
[2]李冰.技术转移中的信息资源配置研究[D].吉林:吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.
[3]郭燕青.对技术转移的基本理论分析[J].大连大学学报,2003,(3):66-69.
[4]国家科委《技术引进战略与政策研究》课题组.关于我国技术引进战略与政策建议[J].中国科技论坛,1987,(5):18-21.
[5]高峰.论技术转移理论与我国科技成果的转化[J].技术经济与管理研究,2005,(3):20-22.
[6]张玉臣.技术转移机理研究:困惑中的寻解之路[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2009. 82.
[7]Posner M. V. International Trade and Technical Change[J]. Oxford Economic Papers,1961,13(3):323-341.
[8]Krugman P. A“Technology Gap”Model of International Trade[M]. Structural Adjustment in Developed Open Economies,UK,1985.
[9]刘梦琪.技术差距论基础上的中外技术差距原因探究[J].科技创新导报,2008,(28):197-197.
[10]Cantwell J. The Changing Role of Multinational Enterprises in the International Creation Transfer and Diffusion of Technology[M]. University of Reading,Department of Economics,1987.
[11]Krugman P. A Model of Balance-of-Payments Crises[J]. Journal of Money Credit&Banking,1979,11(3):311-325.
[12]童书兴.最新国际贸易“技术差距论”及其对发展中国家的意义[J].世界经济,1993,(1):8-12.
[13]姜毓锋.基于技术市场的知识转移研究[D].吉林:吉林大学博士学位论文,2011.
[14]斋藤优.技术转移理论与政策[M].东京:东京大学出版社,1986.
[15]鱼金涛,郝跃英.斋藤优的新著《国际技术转移政治经济学》[J].外国经济与管理,1987,(8):44-44.
[16]孙斌,曾伟.基于技术商品化的“NRA”技术转移理论[J].科技进步与对策,2003,(15):52-53.
[17]J. H. Dunning. The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production[M]. London:Oxford University Press,1988.
[18]斋藤优.技术转移国际政治经济学[M].东京:东洋经济新报社,1979.
[19]Bion C. Technology Subordination and International Technology Development[M]. London:Harper Collins Publishers. 1990.
[20]王福波.国内外人才流动理论研究综述[J].重庆三峡学院学报,2008,(2):118-122.
[21]陈向东.国际技术转移的理论与实践[M].北京:航空航天大学出版,2008.
[22]傅正华,雷李军.建国以来我国技术转移的发展阶段及特点[J].华南理工大学学报(社会科学版),2006,(6):14-17.
[23]Cusumano MA.,Elenkov D. Linking International Technology Transfer with Strategy and Management:A Literature E-commentary[J].Research Policy,1994,23(2):195-215.
[24]李小丽.三螺旋模型下美国大学专利技术转移机构的动态演进及其启示[J].图书情报工作,2011,(14):36-41.
[25]陈红喜.基于三螺旋理论的政产学研合作模式与机制研究[J].科技进步与对策,2009,(24):6-8.
[26]Lee Y. S. Technology Transfer and the Research University:A Search for the Boundaries of University-Industry Collaboration[J]. Research Policy,1996,25(6):843-863.
[27]苏敬勤.产学研合作创新的交易成本及内外部化条件[J].科研管理,1999,(5):68-72.
[28]何郁冰.产学研协同创新的理论模式[J].科学学研究,2012,(2):165-174.
[29]邹小伟.产学研结合技术转移模式与机制研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学硕士学位论文,2013.
[30]姜绍华.制约中国企业自主创新的症结与破解思路[J].经济与管理评论,2012,(3):92-95.
[31]庄涛,吴洪.基于专利数据的我国官产学研三螺旋测度研究——兼论政府在产学研合作中的作用[J].管理世界,2013,(8):175-176.
[32]Koschatzky K. Networking and Knowledge Transfer between Research and Industry in Transition Countries:Empirical Evidence from the Slovenian Innovation System[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer,2002,27(1):27-38.
[33]王英俊,丁堃.“官产学研”型虚拟研发组织的结构模式及管理对策[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004,(4):40-43.
[34]许云,刘云,贺艳.北京高校和科研机构跨区域技术转移模式及政策启示[J].科研管理,2017,(s1):444-452.
[35]肖国华,杨云秀,王江琦.四螺旋参与度对技术转移及其效率的影响研究[J].科技进步与对策,2016,(4):7-11.
[36]吴姮,于丽英.基于多重螺旋理论探索“官产学研用”协同创新途径[J].科技和产业,2013,(3):57-60.
[37]杜兰英,陈鑫.政产学研用协同创新机理与模式研究——以中小企业为例[J].科技进步与对策,2012,(22):103-107.
[38]许广永.“政用产学研”互动对企业可持续创新能力的影响——基于奇瑞汽车的案例研究[J].科技管理研究,2016,36(20):175-182.
[39]章琰.大学技术转移中的界面及其移动分析[J].科学学研究,2003,21(z1):25-29.
(1)2018年7月6日,美国开始对价值340亿美元的中国产品加征25%的进口关税。8月8日,美国贸易代表办公室公布第二轮关税计划,对价值160亿美元的进口中国产品征收25%的额外关税。
[2]李冰.技术转移中的信息资源配置研究[D].吉林:吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.
[3]郭燕青.对技术转移的基本理论分析[J].大连大学学报,2003,(3):66-69.
[4]国家科委《技术引进战略与政策研究》课题组.关于我国技术引进战略与政策建议[J].中国科技论坛,1987,(5):18-21.
[5]高峰.论技术转移理论与我国科技成果的转化[J].技术经济与管理研究,2005,(3):20-22.
[6]张玉臣.技术转移机理研究:困惑中的寻解之路[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2009. 82.
[7]Posner M. V. International Trade and Technical Change[J]. Oxford Economic Papers,1961,13(3):323-341.
[8]Krugman P. A“Technology Gap”Model of International Trade[M]. Structural Adjustment in Developed Open Economies,UK,1985.
[9]刘梦琪.技术差距论基础上的中外技术差距原因探究[J].科技创新导报,2008,(28):197-197.
[10]Cantwell J. The Changing Role of Multinational Enterprises in the International Creation Transfer and Diffusion of Technology[M]. University of Reading,Department of Economics,1987.
[11]Krugman P. A Model of Balance-of-Payments Crises[J]. Journal of Money Credit&Banking,1979,11(3):311-325.
[12]童书兴.最新国际贸易“技术差距论”及其对发展中国家的意义[J].世界经济,1993,(1):8-12.
[13]姜毓锋.基于技术市场的知识转移研究[D].吉林:吉林大学博士学位论文,2011.
[14]斋藤优.技术转移理论与政策[M].东京:东京大学出版社,1986.
[15]鱼金涛,郝跃英.斋藤优的新著《国际技术转移政治经济学》[J].外国经济与管理,1987,(8):44-44.
[16]孙斌,曾伟.基于技术商品化的“NRA”技术转移理论[J].科技进步与对策,2003,(15):52-53.
[17]J. H. Dunning. The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production[M]. London:Oxford University Press,1988.
[18]斋藤优.技术转移国际政治经济学[M].东京:东洋经济新报社,1979.
[19]Bion C. Technology Subordination and International Technology Development[M]. London:Harper Collins Publishers. 1990.
[20]王福波.国内外人才流动理论研究综述[J].重庆三峡学院学报,2008,(2):118-122.
[21]陈向东.国际技术转移的理论与实践[M].北京:航空航天大学出版,2008.
[22]傅正华,雷李军.建国以来我国技术转移的发展阶段及特点[J].华南理工大学学报(社会科学版),2006,(6):14-17.
[23]Cusumano MA.,Elenkov D. Linking International Technology Transfer with Strategy and Management:A Literature E-commentary[J].Research Policy,1994,23(2):195-215.
[24]李小丽.三螺旋模型下美国大学专利技术转移机构的动态演进及其启示[J].图书情报工作,2011,(14):36-41.
[25]陈红喜.基于三螺旋理论的政产学研合作模式与机制研究[J].科技进步与对策,2009,(24):6-8.
[26]Lee Y. S. Technology Transfer and the Research University:A Search for the Boundaries of University-Industry Collaboration[J]. Research Policy,1996,25(6):843-863.
[27]苏敬勤.产学研合作创新的交易成本及内外部化条件[J].科研管理,1999,(5):68-72.
[28]何郁冰.产学研协同创新的理论模式[J].科学学研究,2012,(2):165-174.
[29]邹小伟.产学研结合技术转移模式与机制研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学硕士学位论文,2013.
[30]姜绍华.制约中国企业自主创新的症结与破解思路[J].经济与管理评论,2012,(3):92-95.
[31]庄涛,吴洪.基于专利数据的我国官产学研三螺旋测度研究——兼论政府在产学研合作中的作用[J].管理世界,2013,(8):175-176.
[32]Koschatzky K. Networking and Knowledge Transfer between Research and Industry in Transition Countries:Empirical Evidence from the Slovenian Innovation System[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer,2002,27(1):27-38.
[33]王英俊,丁堃.“官产学研”型虚拟研发组织的结构模式及管理对策[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004,(4):40-43.
[34]许云,刘云,贺艳.北京高校和科研机构跨区域技术转移模式及政策启示[J].科研管理,2017,(s1):444-452.
[35]肖国华,杨云秀,王江琦.四螺旋参与度对技术转移及其效率的影响研究[J].科技进步与对策,2016,(4):7-11.
[36]吴姮,于丽英.基于多重螺旋理论探索“官产学研用”协同创新途径[J].科技和产业,2013,(3):57-60.
[37]杜兰英,陈鑫.政产学研用协同创新机理与模式研究——以中小企业为例[J].科技进步与对策,2012,(22):103-107.
[38]许广永.“政用产学研”互动对企业可持续创新能力的影响——基于奇瑞汽车的案例研究[J].科技管理研究,2016,36(20):175-182.
[39]章琰.大学技术转移中的界面及其移动分析[J].科学学研究,2003,21(z1):25-29.
(1)2018年7月6日,美国开始对价值340亿美元的中国产品加征25%的进口关税。8月8日,美国贸易代表办公室公布第二轮关税计划,对价值160亿美元的进口中国产品征收25%的额外关税。