两种海水酸化模式对中间球海胆早期发育及存活的影响
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摘要
采用二氧化碳法和强酸法模拟海水酸化效应,研究两种海水酸化模式对中间球海胆早期发育及存活的影响。试验结果显示,两种海水酸化模式均能降低中间球海胆胚胎的上浮率和四腕浮游幼体的存活率;显微观察得知,两种海水酸化模式下,中间球海胆四腕浮游幼体均出现对称性缺失和骨针外露现象,且对称性缺失程度随海水pH的降低而升高;扫描电镜观察发现,两种海水酸化模式下,中间球海胆四腕浮游幼体骨针的表面及横截面均有溶蚀痕迹,且溶蚀程度随海水pH的降低而加剧。结果提示,海水酸化可通过降低胚胎上浮率、浮游幼体存活率以及破坏幼体对称性和骨针结构影响中间球海胆的早期发育及存活。
The carbon dioxide(CO_2)method and strong acid(HCl)method were used to simulate seawater acidification scenario to study the effects of seawater acidification on early development and survival in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius.Results showed that the percent hatched blastulae and fourarmed larval survival rate were decreased as seawater pH decreased compared to that in the control;as compared to the larvae reared in control condition,the symmetry of four-armed larvae were affected either in CO_2-induced seawater acidification conditions or HCl-induced seawater acidification conditions;scanning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed that the surface and cross-section of spicules of the sea urchin larvae in control group were smooth,dense and uniform.However,corrosion was observed in both surface and cross-section of spicules of the sea urchin larvae cultured in both CO_2-induced seawater acidification and HCl-induced seawater acidification scenarios as compared to that in the control,the corrosion degree being increased as seawater pH decreased.The finding suggested that both CO_2-induced seawater acidification and HCl-induced seawater acidification affected the early development and survival of the sea urchin negatively,especially CO_2-induced seawater acidification.
The carbon dioxide(CO_2)method and strong acid(HCl)method were used to simulate seawater acidification scenario to study the effects of seawater acidification on early development and survival in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius.Results showed that the percent hatched blastulae and fourarmed larval survival rate were decreased as seawater pH decreased compared to that in the control;as compared to the larvae reared in control condition,the symmetry of four-armed larvae were affected either in CO_2-induced seawater acidification conditions or HCl-induced seawater acidification conditions;scanning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed that the surface and cross-section of spicules of the sea urchin larvae in control group were smooth,dense and uniform.However,corrosion was observed in both surface and cross-section of spicules of the sea urchin larvae cultured in both CO_2-induced seawater acidification and HCl-induced seawater acidification scenarios as compared to that in the control,the corrosion degree being increased as seawater pH decreased.The finding suggested that both CO_2-induced seawater acidification and HCl-induced seawater acidification affected the early development and survival of the sea urchin negatively,especially CO_2-induced seawater acidification.
引文
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[26]Lawrence J M.Sea urchins:biology and ecology[M].Amsterdam,Netherlands:Elsevier B V,2013.
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[28]Matson P G,Yu P C,Sewell M A,et al.Development under elevated pCO2 conditions does not affect lipid utilization and protein content in early life-history stages of the purple sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus[J].Biol Bull,2012,223(3):312-327.
[29]Raup D M.The endoskeleton[G]//Boolootian R A.Physiology of Echinodermata,New York:John Wiley and Sons,1996:379-395.
[30]Wilt F H.Biomineralization of the spicules of sea urchin embryos[J].Zoolog Sci,2002,19(3):253-261.
[31]Wilt F H.Developmental biology meets materials science:morphogenesis of biomineralized structures[J].Dev Biol,2005,280(1):15-25.
[32]Feely R A,Sabine C L,Lee K,et al.Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3systems in the oceans[J].Science,2004,305(5682):362-366.
[33]Talmage S C,Gobler C J.Effects of past,present,and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2010,107(40):17246-17251.
[2]丁兆坤,王福平,许友卿.海水酸化对海洋生物代谢的影响及机理[J].水产科学,2015,34(5):331-334.
[3]IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).The fifth assessment report of the IPCC[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
[4]Wootton J T,Pflster C A,Forester J D.Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(48):18848-18853.
[5]湛垚垚,黄显雅,段立柱,等.海洋酸化对近岸海洋生物的影响[J].大连大学学报,2013,34(3):79-84.
[6]Doney S.The consequences of human-driven ocean acidification for marine life[J].F1000Biol Rep,2009(1):36-36.
[7]Doney S C,Fabry V J,Feely R A,et al.Ocean acidification:the other CO2problem[J].Ann Rev Mar Sci,2009(1):169-192.
[8]陈清华,彭海君.海洋酸化的生态危害研究进展[J].科技导报,2009,27(19):108-111.
[9]Yuan X,Shao S,Dupont S,et al.Impact of CO2-driven acidification on the development of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)(Echinodermata:Holothuroidea)[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2015,95(1):195-199.
[10]Hurd C L,Hepburn C D,Currie K I,et al.Testing the effects of ocean acidification on algal metabolism:consideration for experimental designs[J].J Phycol,2009,45(6):1236-1251.
[11]Venn A A,TambuttéE,Holcomb M,et al.Impact of seawater acidification on pH at the tissue-skeleton interface and calcification in reef corals[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2013,110(5):1634-1639.
[12]Kurihara H,Shirayama Y.Effects of increased atmospheric CO2on sea urchin early development[J].Mar Ecol Prog Ser,2004,274(1):161-169.
[13]Fitzer S C,Cusack M,Phoenix V R,et al.Ocean acidification reduces the crystallographic control in juvenile mussel shells[J].J Struct Biol,2014,188(1):39-45.
[14]Fitzer S C,Zhu W,Tanner K E,et al.Ocean acidification alters the material properties of Mytilus edulis shells[J].Journal of the Royal Society Interface,2015,12(103):1-8.
[15]Miller G M,Kroon F J,Metcalfe S,et al.Temperature is the evil twin:effects of increased temperature and ocean acidification on reproduction in a reef fish[J].Ecological Applications,2015,25(3):603-620.
[16]Perry D M,Redman D H,Widman J C,et al.Effect of ocean acidification on growth and otolith condition of juvenile scup,Stenotomus chrysops[J].Ecology&Evolution,2015,5(18):4187-4196.
[17]常亚青,丁君,宋坚,等.海参、海胆生物学研究与养殖[M].北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[18]Grosberg R K,Levitan D R.For adults only supplyside ecology and the history of larval biology[J].Trends Ecol Evol,1992,7(4):130-133.
[19]王子臣,常亚青.经济类海胆增养殖研究进展及前景[J].海洋科学,1997,21(6):20-22.
[20]黄显雅.海洋酸化对中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)浮游幼体发育的影响[D].大连:大连海洋大学,2014:12-14.
[21]Liu X,Chang Y,Cao X,et al.Estimates of genetic parameters for growth traits of the sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus intermedius[J].Aquaculture,2005,243(1/4):27-32.
[22]Mann K,Wilt F H,Poustka A J.Proteomic analysis of sea urchin(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)spicule matrix[J].Proteome Science,2010,8(1):1-12.
[23]丁兆坤,李虹辉,许友卿.海洋酸化对海洋生物呼吸代谢的影响及机制[J].饲料工业,2012,33(20):15-17.
[24]Meike S,Hu M Y,Frank M,et al.Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2012,109(44):18192-18197.
[25]Torstensson A,Hedblom M,Mattsdotter B M,et al.Long-term acclimation to elevated pCO2 alters carbon metabolism and reduces growth in the Antarctic diatom Nitzschia lecointei[EB/OL].2015-08-17,[2016-04-26]http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1513.
[26]Lawrence J M.Sea urchins:biology and ecology[M].Amsterdam,Netherlands:Elsevier B V,2013.
[27]Sheppard Brennand H,Soars N,Dworjanyn S A,et al.Impact of ocean warming and ocean acidification on larval development and calcification in the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla[J].PloS One,2010,5(6):e11372.
[28]Matson P G,Yu P C,Sewell M A,et al.Development under elevated pCO2 conditions does not affect lipid utilization and protein content in early life-history stages of the purple sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus[J].Biol Bull,2012,223(3):312-327.
[29]Raup D M.The endoskeleton[G]//Boolootian R A.Physiology of Echinodermata,New York:John Wiley and Sons,1996:379-395.
[30]Wilt F H.Biomineralization of the spicules of sea urchin embryos[J].Zoolog Sci,2002,19(3):253-261.
[31]Wilt F H.Developmental biology meets materials science:morphogenesis of biomineralized structures[J].Dev Biol,2005,280(1):15-25.
[32]Feely R A,Sabine C L,Lee K,et al.Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3systems in the oceans[J].Science,2004,305(5682):362-366.
[33]Talmage S C,Gobler C J.Effects of past,present,and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2010,107(40):17246-17251.