黄河宁蒙河段近期水沙特性及冲淤过程研究
|
摘要
针对宁蒙河段近期水沙问题,以水力学及河流泥沙动力学为基础,研究河道水沙变化后河道冲淤临界指标.利用1952—2012年黄河宁蒙河段各水文站点实测资料,系统分析了河段水沙变化特性,点绘出河段汛期单位水量冲淤量与来沙系数关系,计算了不同河段河道临界冲淤条件.结果表明:宁夏下河沿-青铜峡河段河道基本能维持冲淤平衡,青铜峡-石嘴山河段河道呈微淤趋势,石嘴山-巴彦高勒河段冲淤调整量不大,内蒙三湖河口-头道拐河段随着进口流量的增加冲淤效率呈现淤积少—淤积多—淤积少—冲刷的变化特点;当平均流量小于1 000 m3/s时,宁蒙河道发生淤积,随着流量的增大,宁蒙河道处于冲刷的状态;当进口站含沙量小于7 kg/m3时,宁蒙河段基本表现为冲刷状态,当含沙量大于7 kg/m3时,宁夏青铜峡至石嘴山河段汛期冲淤平衡临界来沙系数为0.003 4 kg·s/m~6,内蒙古巴彦高勒至头道拐河段汛期临界来沙系数为0.004 5 kg·s/m~6,内蒙河道河道汛期冲淤平衡临界来沙系数大于宁夏河道.
In view of the recent water and sediment problems in the Ningxia and the Inner Mongolia Reach,the critical indicators of river erosion and siltation after river water and sediment variation are studied,which is based on hydraulics and river sediment dynamics. Measured data of hydrological stations in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River from 1952 to 2012 was used in the paper,the characteristics of water and sediment variation in the reach were systematically analyzed,and the relationship graph between incoming sediment coefficient and scouring and siltation amount per unit water during flood period was drawn in the paper. The results show the following:① the scouring and siltation amount of the Xiaheyan-Qingtongxia reach in Ningxia is basically balanced and ② the amount of the Qingtongxia-Shizuishan reach is slightly increased. As a result, the change of the ShizuishanBayangaole river sediment amount is not substantial. Furthermore,the siltation and siltation efficiency of Sanhuhekou-Tangdaoguai reach in Inner Mongolia has a new changing characteristics with the increase of the inlet flowrate,which is less sedimentation,less siltation,less sedimentation and erosion. When the average flow rate is less than 1 000 m3/s in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach,the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach will be silted and this reach will be scoured with the increase of discharge. When the sediment concentration is less than 7 kg/m~3,the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach will be scoured. When the sediment concentration is greater than 7 kg/m~3,critical sediment coefficient of the Qingtongxia-Shizuishan reach in the Ningxia during flood period is 0.003 4 kg·s/m~6 and critical sediment coefficient of the Bayangaole-Toudaoguaihekou reach in the Inner Mongolia during flood period is 0.004 5 kg·s/m~6.The critical sediment coefficient in the Inner Mongolia during flood period is bigger than this coefficient in the Ningxia during flood period.
In view of the recent water and sediment problems in the Ningxia and the Inner Mongolia Reach,the critical indicators of river erosion and siltation after river water and sediment variation are studied,which is based on hydraulics and river sediment dynamics. Measured data of hydrological stations in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River from 1952 to 2012 was used in the paper,the characteristics of water and sediment variation in the reach were systematically analyzed,and the relationship graph between incoming sediment coefficient and scouring and siltation amount per unit water during flood period was drawn in the paper. The results show the following:① the scouring and siltation amount of the Xiaheyan-Qingtongxia reach in Ningxia is basically balanced and ② the amount of the Qingtongxia-Shizuishan reach is slightly increased. As a result, the change of the ShizuishanBayangaole river sediment amount is not substantial. Furthermore,the siltation and siltation efficiency of Sanhuhekou-Tangdaoguai reach in Inner Mongolia has a new changing characteristics with the increase of the inlet flowrate,which is less sedimentation,less siltation,less sedimentation and erosion. When the average flow rate is less than 1 000 m3/s in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach,the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach will be silted and this reach will be scoured with the increase of discharge. When the sediment concentration is less than 7 kg/m~3,the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach will be scoured. When the sediment concentration is greater than 7 kg/m~3,critical sediment coefficient of the Qingtongxia-Shizuishan reach in the Ningxia during flood period is 0.003 4 kg·s/m~6 and critical sediment coefficient of the Bayangaole-Toudaoguaihekou reach in the Inner Mongolia during flood period is 0.004 5 kg·s/m~6.The critical sediment coefficient in the Inner Mongolia during flood period is bigger than this coefficient in the Ningxia during flood period.
引文
[1]孙赞盈,王育杰,郑艳爽,等.青铜峡水库排沙对下游河道冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2014,36(10):9-11.Sun Zanying,Wang Yujie,Zheng YanShuang,et al.Influence of desilting of Qingtongxia reservoir to the channel scour and fill of the lower reaches[J].Yellow River,2014,36(10):9-11(in Chinese).
[2]张晓华.基于龙刘水库的上游库群调控方式优化研究[R].郑州:黄河水利科学研究院,2007.Zhang Xiaohua.Study on Optimization of Regulation Mode of Upstream Reservoir based on Longliu Reservoir[R].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,2007(in Chinese).
[3]张兆华.三盛公水利枢纽保持有效库容的经验[J].水利水电技术,1979(9):24-27.Zhang Zhaohua.Experience of maintaining effective storage capacity in Sanshenggong water control project[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,1979(9):24-27(in Chinese).
[4]姚文艺,侯素珍,丁赟.龙羊峡、刘家峡水库运用对黄河上游水沙关系的调控机制[J].水科学进展,2017,28(1):1-13.Yao Wenyi,Hou Suzhen,Ding Yun.Effects on flow and sediment in the upper Yellow River by operation of Longyangxia reservior and Liujiaxia reservoir[J].Advances in Water Science,2017,28(1):1-13(in Chinese).
[5]李子文,秦毅,陈星星,等.2012年洪水对黄河内蒙古段冲淤影响[J].水科学进展,2016,27(5):687-695.Li Ziwen,Qin Yi,Chen Xingxing,et al.Effects of the coarse sediment movement in the flood on Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River in 2012[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(5):687-695(in Chinese).
[6]李二辉,穆兴民,赵广举.1919-2010年黄河上中游区径流量变化分析[J].水科学进展,2014,25(2):155-163.Li Erhui,Mu Xingmin,Zhao Guangju.Temporal changes in annual runoff and influential factors in the upper and middle reaches of Yellow River from 1919-2010[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(2):155-163(in Chinese).
[7]董占地,胡海华,吉祖稳,等.黄河上游宁蒙河段河道横断面形态对水沙变化的响应[J].泥沙研究,2015(4):36-39.Dong Zhandi,Hu Haihua,Ji Zuwen,et al.Responses of cross-section shapes to the variations of income water and sediment in Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2015(4):36-39(in Chinese).
[8]林秀芝,苏林山,李婷,等.黄河内蒙古河段洪水期冲淤临界条件分析[J].泥沙研究,2015(4):26-30.Lin Xiuzhi,Su Linshan,Li Ting,et al.Critical condition of erosion or deposition during flood season in Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2015(4):26-30(in Chinese).
[9]张厚军,鲁俊,周丽艳,等.黄河宁蒙河段洪水冲淤规律分析[J].人民黄河,2011,33(11):27-29.Zhang Houjun,Lu Jun,Zhou Liyan,et al.Analysis of law of scour and fill in Ning-Mong reach of the Yellow River during floods[J].Yellow River,2011,33(11):27-29(in Chinese).
[10]冉大川,姚文艺,申震洲,等.黄河头道拐水沙变化多元驱动因子贡献率分析[J].水科学进展,2015,26(6):769-778.Ran Dachuan,Yao Wenyi,Shen Zhenzhou,et al.Analysis on the contribution rate of driving factors for the annual water and sediment variations at the Toudaoguai hydrological station in the Yellow River[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(6):769-778(in Chinese).
[11]吴保生,申冠卿.来沙系数物理意义的探讨[J].人民黄河,2008,30(4):15-16.Wu Baosheng,Shen Guanqing.Approach to physical meaning of coming sediment coefficients[J].Yellow River,2008,30(4):15-16(in Chinese).
[12]史红玲,胡春宏,王延贵,等.黄河流域水沙变化趋势分析及原因探讨[J].人民黄河,2014,36(4):1-5.Shi Hongling,Hu Chunhong,Wang Yangui,et al.Analysis on variation trends of runoff and sediment of the Yellow River basin and reasons discussion[J].Yellow River,2014,36(4):1-5(in Chinese).
[13]凌虹霞,王新军,王永强,等.黄河宁夏段水沙变化特点及临界来沙系数研究[J].人民黄河,2015,37(2):19-23.Ling Hongxia,Wang Xinjun,Wang Yongqiang,et al.Research on the flow and sediment conditions and critical incoming sediment coefficient in Ningxia section of Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2015,37(2):19-23(in Chinese).
[14]岳志春,马晓阳.考虑2012年洪水后黄河宁夏段河道的计算水面线[J].泥沙研究,2016(1):36-39.Yue Zhichun,Ma Xiaoyang.Flow profile of the Ningxia reach in Yellow River with 2012 flood[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(1):36-39(in Chinese).
[15]王新军,岳志春.2012年黄河洪水对宁夏河道河势的影响分析[J].农业科学研究,2015,36(1):45-48.Wang Xinjun,Yue Zhichun.The impact of flood on the river regime of the Yellow River in 2012[J].Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,36(1):45-48(in Chinese).
[16]张俊华.黄河上游水库群调节对宁蒙河道水沙过程的影响研究报告[R].郑州:黄河水利科学研究院,2007.Zhang Junhua.A Study Report on the Effect of Adjustment of Upper Reaches of the Yellow River on Water and Sediment Processes of the Ningxia and Inner Mongolian Rivers[R].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,2007(in Chinese).
[17]周丽艳,崔振华,罗秋实.黄河宁蒙河道水沙变化及冲淤特性[J].人民黄河,2012,34(1):25-26.Zhou Liyan,Cui Zhenhua,Luo Qiushi.Water and sediment variation and characteristics of scouring and deposition of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2012,34(1):25-26(in Chinese).
[18]岳志春,马晓阳,田福昌.黄河宁夏段近期水沙变化及河势演变分析[J].水利水电技术,2018,49(2):106-112.Yue Zhichun,Ma Xiaoyang,Tian Fuchang.Analysis on the recent changes of water and sediment and the evolution of river regime in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2018,49(2):106-112(in Chinese).
[19]罗秋实,张厚军,周丽艳,等.引水引沙对黄河宁蒙河段冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2011,33(9):22-24.Luo Qiushi,Zhang Houjun,Zhou Liyan,et al.Effect of water diversion on scour and fill in Ning-Meng reach of Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2011,33(9):22-24(in Chinese).
[20]赵业安.黄河干流水库调水调沙关键技术研究与龙羊峡、刘家峡水库运用方式调整研究[R].郑州:黄河水利科学研究院,2008.Zhao Ye’an.Research on the Key Techniques for Water Diversion and Sediment Control of the Main Reservoirs of the Yellow River and the Adjustment of Longyangxia and Liujiaxia Reservoirs[R].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,2008(in Chinese).
[21]罗秋实,周丽艳,张厚军,等.支流来水来沙对黄河宁蒙河段冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2011,33(11):29-34.Luo Qiushi,Zhou Liyan,Zhang Houjun,et al.Influence of incoming flow and sediment from tributaries to the scour and fill of Ning-Mong reach of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2011,33(11):29-34(in Chinese).
[22]吴保生.内蒙古十大孔兑对黄河干流水沙及冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2014,36(10):5-8.Wu Baosheng.Effect of the ten major tributaries in the Inner Mongolia on runoff and sediment load as well as sedimentation in the main stream of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2014,36(10):5-8(in Chinese).
[23]郑艳爽,张晓华,尚红霞,等.黄河各冲积性河道输沙能力分析[J].人民黄河,2010,32(2):44-48.Zheng Yanshuang,Zhang Xiaohua,Shang Hongxia,et al.Analysis on sediment transporting capacity of each alluvial channel of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2010,32(2):44-48(in Chinese).
[24]罗秋实,张厚军,周丽艳,等.引水引沙对黄河宁蒙河段冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2011,33(9):22-24.Luo Qiushi,Zhang Houjun,Zhou Liyan,et al.Effect of water diversion on scour and fill in Ning-Meng reach of Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2011,33(9):22-24(in Chinese).
[25]赵业安,张红武,温善章.论黄河大柳树水利枢纽工程的战略地位与作用[J].人民黄河,2002(2):33-37.Zhao Ye’an,Zhang Hongwu,Wen Shanzhang.On its strategic status and roles of the Daliushu hydraulic complex on the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2002(2):33-37(in Chinese).
[26]Fan Xiaoli,Shi Changxing,Zhou Yuanyuang,et al.Sediment rating curves in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reaches of the upper Yellow River and their impilications[J].Quaternary International,2012,282(12):152-162.
[2]张晓华.基于龙刘水库的上游库群调控方式优化研究[R].郑州:黄河水利科学研究院,2007.Zhang Xiaohua.Study on Optimization of Regulation Mode of Upstream Reservoir based on Longliu Reservoir[R].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,2007(in Chinese).
[3]张兆华.三盛公水利枢纽保持有效库容的经验[J].水利水电技术,1979(9):24-27.Zhang Zhaohua.Experience of maintaining effective storage capacity in Sanshenggong water control project[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,1979(9):24-27(in Chinese).
[4]姚文艺,侯素珍,丁赟.龙羊峡、刘家峡水库运用对黄河上游水沙关系的调控机制[J].水科学进展,2017,28(1):1-13.Yao Wenyi,Hou Suzhen,Ding Yun.Effects on flow and sediment in the upper Yellow River by operation of Longyangxia reservior and Liujiaxia reservoir[J].Advances in Water Science,2017,28(1):1-13(in Chinese).
[5]李子文,秦毅,陈星星,等.2012年洪水对黄河内蒙古段冲淤影响[J].水科学进展,2016,27(5):687-695.Li Ziwen,Qin Yi,Chen Xingxing,et al.Effects of the coarse sediment movement in the flood on Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River in 2012[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(5):687-695(in Chinese).
[6]李二辉,穆兴民,赵广举.1919-2010年黄河上中游区径流量变化分析[J].水科学进展,2014,25(2):155-163.Li Erhui,Mu Xingmin,Zhao Guangju.Temporal changes in annual runoff and influential factors in the upper and middle reaches of Yellow River from 1919-2010[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(2):155-163(in Chinese).
[7]董占地,胡海华,吉祖稳,等.黄河上游宁蒙河段河道横断面形态对水沙变化的响应[J].泥沙研究,2015(4):36-39.Dong Zhandi,Hu Haihua,Ji Zuwen,et al.Responses of cross-section shapes to the variations of income water and sediment in Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2015(4):36-39(in Chinese).
[8]林秀芝,苏林山,李婷,等.黄河内蒙古河段洪水期冲淤临界条件分析[J].泥沙研究,2015(4):26-30.Lin Xiuzhi,Su Linshan,Li Ting,et al.Critical condition of erosion or deposition during flood season in Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2015(4):26-30(in Chinese).
[9]张厚军,鲁俊,周丽艳,等.黄河宁蒙河段洪水冲淤规律分析[J].人民黄河,2011,33(11):27-29.Zhang Houjun,Lu Jun,Zhou Liyan,et al.Analysis of law of scour and fill in Ning-Mong reach of the Yellow River during floods[J].Yellow River,2011,33(11):27-29(in Chinese).
[10]冉大川,姚文艺,申震洲,等.黄河头道拐水沙变化多元驱动因子贡献率分析[J].水科学进展,2015,26(6):769-778.Ran Dachuan,Yao Wenyi,Shen Zhenzhou,et al.Analysis on the contribution rate of driving factors for the annual water and sediment variations at the Toudaoguai hydrological station in the Yellow River[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(6):769-778(in Chinese).
[11]吴保生,申冠卿.来沙系数物理意义的探讨[J].人民黄河,2008,30(4):15-16.Wu Baosheng,Shen Guanqing.Approach to physical meaning of coming sediment coefficients[J].Yellow River,2008,30(4):15-16(in Chinese).
[12]史红玲,胡春宏,王延贵,等.黄河流域水沙变化趋势分析及原因探讨[J].人民黄河,2014,36(4):1-5.Shi Hongling,Hu Chunhong,Wang Yangui,et al.Analysis on variation trends of runoff and sediment of the Yellow River basin and reasons discussion[J].Yellow River,2014,36(4):1-5(in Chinese).
[13]凌虹霞,王新军,王永强,等.黄河宁夏段水沙变化特点及临界来沙系数研究[J].人民黄河,2015,37(2):19-23.Ling Hongxia,Wang Xinjun,Wang Yongqiang,et al.Research on the flow and sediment conditions and critical incoming sediment coefficient in Ningxia section of Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2015,37(2):19-23(in Chinese).
[14]岳志春,马晓阳.考虑2012年洪水后黄河宁夏段河道的计算水面线[J].泥沙研究,2016(1):36-39.Yue Zhichun,Ma Xiaoyang.Flow profile of the Ningxia reach in Yellow River with 2012 flood[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(1):36-39(in Chinese).
[15]王新军,岳志春.2012年黄河洪水对宁夏河道河势的影响分析[J].农业科学研究,2015,36(1):45-48.Wang Xinjun,Yue Zhichun.The impact of flood on the river regime of the Yellow River in 2012[J].Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,36(1):45-48(in Chinese).
[16]张俊华.黄河上游水库群调节对宁蒙河道水沙过程的影响研究报告[R].郑州:黄河水利科学研究院,2007.Zhang Junhua.A Study Report on the Effect of Adjustment of Upper Reaches of the Yellow River on Water and Sediment Processes of the Ningxia and Inner Mongolian Rivers[R].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,2007(in Chinese).
[17]周丽艳,崔振华,罗秋实.黄河宁蒙河道水沙变化及冲淤特性[J].人民黄河,2012,34(1):25-26.Zhou Liyan,Cui Zhenhua,Luo Qiushi.Water and sediment variation and characteristics of scouring and deposition of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2012,34(1):25-26(in Chinese).
[18]岳志春,马晓阳,田福昌.黄河宁夏段近期水沙变化及河势演变分析[J].水利水电技术,2018,49(2):106-112.Yue Zhichun,Ma Xiaoyang,Tian Fuchang.Analysis on the recent changes of water and sediment and the evolution of river regime in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2018,49(2):106-112(in Chinese).
[19]罗秋实,张厚军,周丽艳,等.引水引沙对黄河宁蒙河段冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2011,33(9):22-24.Luo Qiushi,Zhang Houjun,Zhou Liyan,et al.Effect of water diversion on scour and fill in Ning-Meng reach of Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2011,33(9):22-24(in Chinese).
[20]赵业安.黄河干流水库调水调沙关键技术研究与龙羊峡、刘家峡水库运用方式调整研究[R].郑州:黄河水利科学研究院,2008.Zhao Ye’an.Research on the Key Techniques for Water Diversion and Sediment Control of the Main Reservoirs of the Yellow River and the Adjustment of Longyangxia and Liujiaxia Reservoirs[R].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,2008(in Chinese).
[21]罗秋实,周丽艳,张厚军,等.支流来水来沙对黄河宁蒙河段冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2011,33(11):29-34.Luo Qiushi,Zhou Liyan,Zhang Houjun,et al.Influence of incoming flow and sediment from tributaries to the scour and fill of Ning-Mong reach of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2011,33(11):29-34(in Chinese).
[22]吴保生.内蒙古十大孔兑对黄河干流水沙及冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2014,36(10):5-8.Wu Baosheng.Effect of the ten major tributaries in the Inner Mongolia on runoff and sediment load as well as sedimentation in the main stream of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2014,36(10):5-8(in Chinese).
[23]郑艳爽,张晓华,尚红霞,等.黄河各冲积性河道输沙能力分析[J].人民黄河,2010,32(2):44-48.Zheng Yanshuang,Zhang Xiaohua,Shang Hongxia,et al.Analysis on sediment transporting capacity of each alluvial channel of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2010,32(2):44-48(in Chinese).
[24]罗秋实,张厚军,周丽艳,等.引水引沙对黄河宁蒙河段冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2011,33(9):22-24.Luo Qiushi,Zhang Houjun,Zhou Liyan,et al.Effect of water diversion on scour and fill in Ning-Meng reach of Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2011,33(9):22-24(in Chinese).
[25]赵业安,张红武,温善章.论黄河大柳树水利枢纽工程的战略地位与作用[J].人民黄河,2002(2):33-37.Zhao Ye’an,Zhang Hongwu,Wen Shanzhang.On its strategic status and roles of the Daliushu hydraulic complex on the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2002(2):33-37(in Chinese).
[26]Fan Xiaoli,Shi Changxing,Zhou Yuanyuang,et al.Sediment rating curves in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reaches of the upper Yellow River and their impilications[J].Quaternary International,2012,282(12):152-162.