控释氮肥不同运筹方式对油菜生长发育及产量的调控效应
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摘要
为简化油菜施肥方式,提高肥料利用效率,以油菜品种丰油10号为材料,采用田间试验研究了控释氮肥不同运筹方式对油菜生长发育、干物质积累、农艺经济性状和产量的影响。结果表明,与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理可显著增加油菜苗期绿叶数、苗高、单株干物质积累量和根冠比。植株干物质积累总量随着生育进程的推进呈现递增趋势,到成熟期达最大值;开花期-角果期是油菜干物质积累速率的高峰期,平均积累速率以分2次施用的CN5处理最高,为861.25 kg/(hm~2·d)。叶绿素含量随着生育进程的推进各处理间差异逐渐增大,开花期达到显著水平。施氮量210 kg/hm~2的处理产量均较高,且控释氮肥一次性基施(CN4处理)或分2次施用(CN5处理)均比普通氮肥分多次施用(N1处理)的油菜产量高,但CN4、CN5处理间产量差异不显著,分别比对照显著增产20.36%和22.39%,比N1处理增产2.16%和3.89%,单株角果数分别比对照显著增加94.4%和86.3%。黄淮区域油菜生产上可推行控释氮肥施用量210 kg/hm~2且采用一次性全量基施施肥方式,轻简高效,更有利于油菜高产、稳产。
In order to simplify fertilization methods and improve fertilizer use efficiency,a field experiment was conducted. The effects of controlled release N fertilizer on growth,development,dry matter accumulation,agronomic and economic characters and yield of Fengyou 10 were studied under field conditions. The results showed that compared with treatment N0,the different N fertilizer treatments could significantly increase green leaf number,seedling height,dry matter accumulation per plant and root shoot ratio at seedling stage. The total amount of dry matter accumulation increased with the progress of the growth process,and reached the maximum value at maturity. Dry matter accumulation rate of Fengyou 10 reached the peak during flowering stage to pod period,and the average accumulation rate of CN5 treatment was the highest,861. 25 kg/( ha ·d). The difference of chlorophyll spad reading increased gradually with the growth process among different treatments,and it reached a significant level at the flowering stage. At the same nitrogen rate of 210 kg/ha,the yield of the three treatments( CN5,CN4 and N1) were all high,when controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was applied either once( CN4) or two times( CN5),the yields were higher than conventional fertilization( N1). The difference of yield was not significant between CN4 and CN5 treat-ments,and yields were significantly higher respectively( with 20. 36% and 22. 39% increase) than control,and increased by 2. 16% and 3. 89% compared with N1. And there were significant increase of effective pod number than control with 94. 4% and 86. 3% respectively. This study proved that controlled release nitrogen fertilizer rate of 210 kg/ha and single basal application could benefit the rapeseed yield and simple and efficient in Huang-huai Area.
In order to simplify fertilization methods and improve fertilizer use efficiency,a field experiment was conducted. The effects of controlled release N fertilizer on growth,development,dry matter accumulation,agronomic and economic characters and yield of Fengyou 10 were studied under field conditions. The results showed that compared with treatment N0,the different N fertilizer treatments could significantly increase green leaf number,seedling height,dry matter accumulation per plant and root shoot ratio at seedling stage. The total amount of dry matter accumulation increased with the progress of the growth process,and reached the maximum value at maturity. Dry matter accumulation rate of Fengyou 10 reached the peak during flowering stage to pod period,and the average accumulation rate of CN5 treatment was the highest,861. 25 kg/( ha ·d). The difference of chlorophyll spad reading increased gradually with the growth process among different treatments,and it reached a significant level at the flowering stage. At the same nitrogen rate of 210 kg/ha,the yield of the three treatments( CN5,CN4 and N1) were all high,when controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was applied either once( CN4) or two times( CN5),the yields were higher than conventional fertilization( N1). The difference of yield was not significant between CN4 and CN5 treat-ments,and yields were significantly higher respectively( with 20. 36% and 22. 39% increase) than control,and increased by 2. 16% and 3. 89% compared with N1. And there were significant increase of effective pod number than control with 94. 4% and 86. 3% respectively. This study proved that controlled release nitrogen fertilizer rate of 210 kg/ha and single basal application could benefit the rapeseed yield and simple and efficient in Huang-huai Area.
引文
[1]李方敏,樊小林,陈文东.控释肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):494-500.
[2]杨相东,曹一平,江荣风,等.几种包膜控释肥氮素释放特性的评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):501-507.
[3]侯彦林,李红英,周永娟,等.中国农田氮面源污染研究:Ⅱ污染评价指标体系的初步制定[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1277-1282.
[4]徐华丽,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.湖南省油菜施肥状况调查[J].湖南农业科学,2011,43(17):55-59.
[5]傅寿仲,戚存扣,浦惠明,等.中国油菜栽培科学技术的发展[J].中国油料作物学报,2006,28(1):86-91.
[6]张小翠,戴其根,胡星星,等.不同质地土壤下缓释尿素与常规尿素配施对水稻产量及其生长发育的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(8):1494-1503.
[7]官春云.改变冬油菜栽培方式,提高和发展油菜生产[J].中国油料作物学报,2006,28(1):83-85.
[8]韩晓日.新型缓/控释肥料研究现状与展望[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(1):3-8.
[9]刘存宝,徐秋明,邹国元,等.缓控释肥料理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2009:1-8.
[10]赵秉强,张福锁,廖宗文,等.我国新型肥料发展战略研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(5):536-545.
[11]王艳,王小波,王小晶,等.包膜缓释肥料(CSFs)增产机理与氮肥利用率示踪研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(5):109-111.
[12]冯爱青,张民,李成亮,等.控释氮肥对土壤酶活性与土壤养分利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):177-184.
[13]孙云保,张民,郑文魁,等.控释氮肥对小麦-玉米轮作产量和土壤养分状况的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):115-121.
[14]徐明岗,孙小凤,邹长明,等.稻田控释氮肥的施用效果与合理施用技术[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):487-493.
[15]纪雄辉,郑圣先,聂军,等.稻田土壤上控释氮肥的氮素利用率与硝态氮的淋溶损失[J].土壤通报,2007,38(3):467-471.
[16]赵斌,董树亭,王空军,等.控释肥对夏玉米产量及田间氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(11):2678-2684.
[17]司东霞,崔振岭,陈新平,等.不同控释氮肥对夏玉米同化物积累及氮平衡的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(6):1745-1751.
[18]梁靖越,张敬昇,王昌全,等,控释尿素对小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].核农学报,2018,32(1):157-164.
[19]Haderlein L,Jensen T L,Dowbenko R E,et al.Controlled release urea as a nitrogen source for spring wheat in Western Canada:yield,grain N content,and N use efficiency[J].Scientific World Journal,2014,1:114-121.
[20]Yang Y C,Zhang M,Zheng L,et al.Controlled release urea improved nitrogen use efficiency,yield,and quality of wheat[J].Agronomy Journal,2011,103(2):479-485.
[21]张书芬,朱家成,王建平,等.河南省油菜遗传育种研究进展与主要成效[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(6):34-39.
[22]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(1):87-92.
[23]张运红,孙克刚,杜君,等.施氮水平对不同基因型优质小麦干物质积累、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(4):10-16.
[24]李志玉,郭庆元,廖星,等.不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(2):184-188.
[25]乔玉辉,宇振荣,Driessen P M.冬小麦干物质在各器官中的累积和分配规律研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(5):543-546.
[26]宋海星,官春云,刘强,等.施氮对“双低”油菜吸氮特性及氮素生理效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):106-109.
[27]王素萍,李小坤,鲁剑巍,等.施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1449-1456.
[28]尹彩侠,刘宏伟,孔丽丽,等.控释氮肥对春玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量的影响[J].玉米科学2014,22(6):108-113.
[29]侯雪坤,王鹏.控释氮肥对玉米生长发育及产量和品质的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2009(5):61-63.
[30]鲁艳红.廖育林谢坚等双季稻种植下洞庭湖区不同类型土壤连续施用控释氮肥的效应研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(7):170-176.
[31]宋付朋,张民,史衍玺,等.控释氮肥的氮素释放特征及其对水稻的增产效应[J].土壤学报,2005,4(4):619-627.
[32]李敏,武际,韩上,等.稻油轮作制下控释氮肥的施用效应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(1):105-113.
[33]袁卫红.不同施氮水平对两系杂交油菜两优586产量及经济性状的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2002,24(2):51-53.
[34]谢春生,唐拴虎,徐培智,等.一次性施用控释肥对水稻植株生长及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(2):2177-2182.
[35]鲁艳红,聂军,廖育林,等.不同控释氮肥减量施用对双季水稻产量和氮素利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):155-161,174.
[36]邹娟,鲁剑巍,刘锐林,等.4个双低甘蓝型油菜品种干物质积累及养分吸收动态[J].华中农业大学学报,2008,27(2):229-234.
[2]杨相东,曹一平,江荣风,等.几种包膜控释肥氮素释放特性的评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):501-507.
[3]侯彦林,李红英,周永娟,等.中国农田氮面源污染研究:Ⅱ污染评价指标体系的初步制定[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1277-1282.
[4]徐华丽,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.湖南省油菜施肥状况调查[J].湖南农业科学,2011,43(17):55-59.
[5]傅寿仲,戚存扣,浦惠明,等.中国油菜栽培科学技术的发展[J].中国油料作物学报,2006,28(1):86-91.
[6]张小翠,戴其根,胡星星,等.不同质地土壤下缓释尿素与常规尿素配施对水稻产量及其生长发育的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(8):1494-1503.
[7]官春云.改变冬油菜栽培方式,提高和发展油菜生产[J].中国油料作物学报,2006,28(1):83-85.
[8]韩晓日.新型缓/控释肥料研究现状与展望[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(1):3-8.
[9]刘存宝,徐秋明,邹国元,等.缓控释肥料理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2009:1-8.
[10]赵秉强,张福锁,廖宗文,等.我国新型肥料发展战略研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(5):536-545.
[11]王艳,王小波,王小晶,等.包膜缓释肥料(CSFs)增产机理与氮肥利用率示踪研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(5):109-111.
[12]冯爱青,张民,李成亮,等.控释氮肥对土壤酶活性与土壤养分利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):177-184.
[13]孙云保,张民,郑文魁,等.控释氮肥对小麦-玉米轮作产量和土壤养分状况的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):115-121.
[14]徐明岗,孙小凤,邹长明,等.稻田控释氮肥的施用效果与合理施用技术[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):487-493.
[15]纪雄辉,郑圣先,聂军,等.稻田土壤上控释氮肥的氮素利用率与硝态氮的淋溶损失[J].土壤通报,2007,38(3):467-471.
[16]赵斌,董树亭,王空军,等.控释肥对夏玉米产量及田间氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(11):2678-2684.
[17]司东霞,崔振岭,陈新平,等.不同控释氮肥对夏玉米同化物积累及氮平衡的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(6):1745-1751.
[18]梁靖越,张敬昇,王昌全,等,控释尿素对小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].核农学报,2018,32(1):157-164.
[19]Haderlein L,Jensen T L,Dowbenko R E,et al.Controlled release urea as a nitrogen source for spring wheat in Western Canada:yield,grain N content,and N use efficiency[J].Scientific World Journal,2014,1:114-121.
[20]Yang Y C,Zhang M,Zheng L,et al.Controlled release urea improved nitrogen use efficiency,yield,and quality of wheat[J].Agronomy Journal,2011,103(2):479-485.
[21]张书芬,朱家成,王建平,等.河南省油菜遗传育种研究进展与主要成效[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(6):34-39.
[22]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(1):87-92.
[23]张运红,孙克刚,杜君,等.施氮水平对不同基因型优质小麦干物质积累、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(4):10-16.
[24]李志玉,郭庆元,廖星,等.不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(2):184-188.
[25]乔玉辉,宇振荣,Driessen P M.冬小麦干物质在各器官中的累积和分配规律研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(5):543-546.
[26]宋海星,官春云,刘强,等.施氮对“双低”油菜吸氮特性及氮素生理效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):106-109.
[27]王素萍,李小坤,鲁剑巍,等.施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1449-1456.
[28]尹彩侠,刘宏伟,孔丽丽,等.控释氮肥对春玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量的影响[J].玉米科学2014,22(6):108-113.
[29]侯雪坤,王鹏.控释氮肥对玉米生长发育及产量和品质的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2009(5):61-63.
[30]鲁艳红.廖育林谢坚等双季稻种植下洞庭湖区不同类型土壤连续施用控释氮肥的效应研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(7):170-176.
[31]宋付朋,张民,史衍玺,等.控释氮肥的氮素释放特征及其对水稻的增产效应[J].土壤学报,2005,4(4):619-627.
[32]李敏,武际,韩上,等.稻油轮作制下控释氮肥的施用效应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(1):105-113.
[33]袁卫红.不同施氮水平对两系杂交油菜两优586产量及经济性状的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2002,24(2):51-53.
[34]谢春生,唐拴虎,徐培智,等.一次性施用控释肥对水稻植株生长及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(2):2177-2182.
[35]鲁艳红,聂军,廖育林,等.不同控释氮肥减量施用对双季水稻产量和氮素利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):155-161,174.
[36]邹娟,鲁剑巍,刘锐林,等.4个双低甘蓝型油菜品种干物质积累及养分吸收动态[J].华中农业大学学报,2008,27(2):229-234.