基于阻滞影响的隧道临界风速研究
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摘要
临界风速的研究对于隧道火灾时的烟气控制、消防救援、人员逃生等有重要意义。临界风速的计算受到火源和洞内车辆阻滞的影响,为了给出考虑上述阻塞的临界风速计算公式,建立了考虑隧道火灾时火源和洞内车辆阻塞数值计算模型,分析了火源处阻塞或上游车辆阻塞单一因素对临界风速的影响;修正了考虑火源处阻塞的临界风速计算公式;提出了一个新的同时考虑火源上游阻塞以及火源断面阻塞的无量纲临界风速计算公式,并与实验结果进行对比验证其准确性。研究表明:本文公式平均误差在10%以内,临界风速随阻塞比增大而减小,火源处阻塞对临界风速的影响显著于上游车辆阻塞。
Critical velocity has a great influence on tunnel fire smoke control,fire prevention,as well as human rescue. Critical velocity is mainly influenced by the fire source blockage and the car blockage. A numerical model considering the factors of the blockage of fire source and upstream car blockage is presented to establish the critical velocity calculating formula. The influence of the single factor on the critical ventilation velocity is analyzed through the numerical results. The formula of the critical velocity with section compression of fire is corrected. A new nondimensionalized formula considering the upstream car block and fire source is proposed. The precision of the formula is confirmed by comparing the results from the calculation and the experiments. The study shows that the average error of the formula is within 10% and the critical decreases with the increase of blockage ratio. The fire source blockage has a more significant influence on critical velocity.
Critical velocity has a great influence on tunnel fire smoke control,fire prevention,as well as human rescue. Critical velocity is mainly influenced by the fire source blockage and the car blockage. A numerical model considering the factors of the blockage of fire source and upstream car blockage is presented to establish the critical velocity calculating formula. The influence of the single factor on the critical ventilation velocity is analyzed through the numerical results. The formula of the critical velocity with section compression of fire is corrected. A new nondimensionalized formula considering the upstream car block and fire source is proposed. The precision of the formula is confirmed by comparing the results from the calculation and the experiments. The study shows that the average error of the formula is within 10% and the critical decreases with the increase of blockage ratio. The fire source blockage has a more significant influence on critical velocity.
引文
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[8]Wang F,Wang M N.A computational study on effects of fire location on smoke movement in a road tunnel[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2016,51(1):405-413.
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[20]Li Y Z,Lei B,Ingason H.Study of critical velocity and back layering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,2010,45(6-8):361-370.
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[23]Wu Y,Bakar M Z A.Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires using longitudinal ventilation systems-a study of the critical velocity[J].Fire Safety Journal,2000,35(4):363-390.
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[27]L9nnermark A.On the characteristics of fires in tunnels[D].Lund.Sweden:Lund University,2005.
[2]王君,赵蕾.阻塞效应下隧道火灾顶棚最高温度的实验分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2016,12(6):1524-1531.(Wang Jun,Zhao Lei.Experiment analysis on the maximum smoke temperature neartunnel ceiling in tunnel fire under the blocked condition[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2016,12(6):1524-1531.(in Chinese))
[3]沈奕,闫治国,沈安迪.火灾后RC及HFRC隧道管片破坏试验研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2017,13(2):531-537.(Shen Yi,Yan Zhiguo,Shen Andi.Experimental study on the post fire failure mode of RC and HFRC tunnel segments[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2017,13(2):531-537.(in Chinese))
[4]蒋树屏,张恩情,郭军,等.沉管隧道接头构件耐火试验研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2016,12(3):607-612.(Jiang Shuping,Zhang Enqing,Guo Jun,et al.Experimental research on fire protection for immersed tunnel joint[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2016,12(3):607-612.(in Chinese))
[5]黄有波,吕淑然,杨凯.火源功率与隧道阻塞比对临界风速变化规律影响研究[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2015,11(8):10-15.(Huang Youbo,LüShuran,Yang Kai.Study on influence law of fire power and blockage ration critical wind velocity in tunnel fire[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2015,11(8):10-15.(in Chinese))
[6]徐湃,蒋树屏,周健,等.沉管隧道火灾热释放速率试验研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2016,12(6):1516-1523.(Xu Pai,Jiang Shuping,Zhou Jian,et al.Experimental research on fire heat release rate in immersed tube tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2016,12(6):1516-1523.(in Chinese))
[7]Zhong W,Li Z Z,Wang T,et al.Experimental study on the influence of different transverse fire locations on the critical longitudinal ventilation velocity in tunnel fires[J].Fire Technology,2015,51(5):1217-1230.
[8]Wang F,Wang M N.A computational study on effects of fire location on smoke movement in a road tunnel[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2016,51(1):405-413.
[9]Kazemipour A,Afshin H,Farhanieh B.A Comprehensive study on the critical ventilation velocity in tunnels with different geometries[J].International Journal of Ventilation,2015,14(3):303-319.
[10]Weng M C,Lu X L,Liu F,et al.Study on the critical velocity in a sloping tunnel fire under longitudinal ventilation[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,94:422-434.
[11]陈海峰,周德闯,王浩波,等.隧道坡度对临界风速影响的数值研究[J].火灾科学,2009,18(3):148-153.(Chen Haifeng,Zhou Dechuang,Wang Haobo,et al.Numerical studies on the critical air velocity affected by tunnel slope[J].Fire Safety Science,2009,18(3):148-153.(in Chinese))
[12]王峰,董国海,王明年.曲线隧道火灾烟气控制临界风速的研究[J].现代隧道技术,2015,52(5):84-89.(Wang Feng,Dong Guohai,Wang Mingnian.On the critical air velocity for fire smoke control in a curved tunnel[J].Modern Tunneling Technology,2015,52(5):84-89.(in Chinese))
[13]张雪松,汪箭.水平弧形公路隧道临界风速研究[J].消防理论研究,2011,30(11):983-986.(Zhang Xuesong,Wang Jian.Study on the critical wind speed in horizontal arc-shape tunnel[J].Fire Science and Technology,2011,30(11):983-986.(in Chinese))
[14]Thomas P H.The movement of buoyant fluid against a stream and venting of underground fires.Fire Research Note,No.351[Z].Fire Research Station,Watford,UK,1958.
[15]Thomas P H.The movement of smoke in horizontal Passages against an air flow,Fire Research Note,No.723[Z].Fire Research Station,Watford,UK,1968.
[16]Urban M T A.Subway environmental design handbook,volume II.subway environment simulation computer program(SES)[M].1975.
[17]徐志胜,赵红莉,李洪,等.水平隧道火灾临界风速的理论模型[J].中南大学学报,2013,44(3):1138-1143.(Xu Zhisheng,Zhao Hongli,Li Hong,et al.Theoretical model of critical wind velocity in horizontal tunnel fires[J].Journal of Central South University,2013,44(3):1138-1143.(in Chinese))
[18]Saito N,Yamada T,Sekizawa A.Experimental study on fire behavior in a wind tunnel with a reduced scale model[A]//Second International Conference on Safety in Road and Rail Tunnels[C].Granada,Spain,April1995:303-310.
[19]Oka Y,Atkinson G T.Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,1995,25(4):305-322.
[20]Li Y Z,Lei B,Ingason H.Study of critical velocity and back layering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,2010,45(6-8):361-370.
[21]李立明.隧道火灾烟气的温度特征与纵向通风控制研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2012.(Li Liming.Temperature characteristic and longitudinal ventilation control of fire smoke in tunnels[D].Hefei:University of Science Technology of China,2012.(in Chinese))
[22]Tang W,Hu L H,Chen L F.Effect of blockage-fire distance on buoyancy driven back-layering length and critical velocity in a tunnel:An experimental investigation and global correlations[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2013,60(1-2):7-14.
[23]Wu Y,Bakar M Z A.Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires using longitudinal ventilation systems-a study of the critical velocity[J].Fire Safety Journal,2000,35(4):363-390.
[24]Bettis R J,Jagger S F,Macmillan A J R.Interim validation of tunnel fire consequence models,Summary of Phase 1 tests.HSL Report IR/L/FR/94/2[R],Health and Safety Laboratory,Buxton,UK,1994.
[25]Hwang C C,Edwards J C.The critical ventilation velocity in tunnel fires—a computer simulation[J].Fire Safety Journal,2005,40(3):213-244.
[26]Lea C J.Computational fluid dynamics simulations of fires in longitudinally-ventilated tunnels[R].Buxton,UK,Health and Safety Laboratory.HSL Report IR/L/FR/94/10,1995.
[27]L9nnermark A.On the characteristics of fires in tunnels[D].Lund.Sweden:Lund University,2005.