自然风对射流风机临界风速的影响
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摘要
临界风速是隧道排烟设计的重要参数,而自然风速与风向均对隧道排烟有显著影响。为研究自然风速与风向对射流风机临界风速的影响,根据π定理和相似理论,对影响射流风机临界风速的相关因素进行量纲分析,推导出射流风机临界风速与火源功率、自然风速这2个影响参数的无量纲函数关系式。采用1∶20隧道模型和5种不同火源功率,设计了11种模拟自然风,并对数据结果进行拟合,确定了射流风机临界风速与这2个影响参数的关系。结果表明:在射流风机与火源纵向间距不小于4 m情况下,其临界风速与火源纵向间距无关。自然风对射流风机临界风速有较大影响,且不同自然风时影响也有所不同:当自然风向与射流风机风向同向时,其临界风速与火源功率的1/3次方成正比,这虽与Oka等模型、Wu等模型和Li等模型相似,但实际隧道断面送风是不均匀的且隧道出入口具有自然风,自然风速越大,临界风速越小;当自然风向与射流风机风向反向时,其临界风速与火源功率的1/5次方成正比,且自然风速越大,临界风速越大。根据这些拟合结果确定了无量纲函数关系式中各未知系数的取值,进而得到了自然风速与风向的射流风机临界风速模型,并将模拟结果进行了验证,取得了较好的一致性。
Critical velocity is the important parameter in tunnel ventilation design. Natural wind velocity and wind direction have significant influence on the smoke exhaust. In order to study the influence of natural wind velocity and wind direction on the critical velocity of jet fan,according to the π theorem and similarity theory,the dimension analysis of the relevant factors affecting the critical velocity of jet fan is carried out,and the dimensionless function relationship of the critical velocity of jet fan with fire source power and natural wind is derived. Using a 1∶ 20 tunnel model and 5 fire source powers,the numerical simulation conditions of11 kinds of natural wind are designed,the data result is fitted,and the relationship of the critical wind velocity of the jet fan with the 2 influencing parameters are determined. The result shows that( 1) The critical velocity of jet fan is not related to the longitudinal distance of the fire source when the longitudinal distance between the jet fan and the fire source is not less than 4 m.( 2) The natural wind has a great influence on the critical velocity of jet fan,and the influence of different natural winds is different: When thedirections of natural wind and jet fan wind are same,the critical velocity of jet fan is proportional to the cubic root of fire source powers. Although this is similar to the Oka model,the Wu model,and the Li model,the actual tunnel section air supply is uneven and the tunnel entrance and exit have natural wind. Along with the increase of natural wind velocity,the critical velocity of jet fan decreases. When the directions of natural wind and jet fan wind are reverse,the critical velocity of jet fan is proportional to the 5th root of fire source powers. With the increase of natural wind velocity,the critical velocity of jet fan increases. According to these fitting results,the values of unknown coefficients in the dimensionless function relation are determined,the critical velocity model of jet fan with natural wind velocity and wind direction is obtained,and the simulation results are verified to obtain a good consistency.
Critical velocity is the important parameter in tunnel ventilation design. Natural wind velocity and wind direction have significant influence on the smoke exhaust. In order to study the influence of natural wind velocity and wind direction on the critical velocity of jet fan,according to the π theorem and similarity theory,the dimension analysis of the relevant factors affecting the critical velocity of jet fan is carried out,and the dimensionless function relationship of the critical velocity of jet fan with fire source power and natural wind is derived. Using a 1∶ 20 tunnel model and 5 fire source powers,the numerical simulation conditions of11 kinds of natural wind are designed,the data result is fitted,and the relationship of the critical wind velocity of the jet fan with the 2 influencing parameters are determined. The result shows that( 1) The critical velocity of jet fan is not related to the longitudinal distance of the fire source when the longitudinal distance between the jet fan and the fire source is not less than 4 m.( 2) The natural wind has a great influence on the critical velocity of jet fan,and the influence of different natural winds is different: When thedirections of natural wind and jet fan wind are same,the critical velocity of jet fan is proportional to the cubic root of fire source powers. Although this is similar to the Oka model,the Wu model,and the Li model,the actual tunnel section air supply is uneven and the tunnel entrance and exit have natural wind. Along with the increase of natural wind velocity,the critical velocity of jet fan decreases. When the directions of natural wind and jet fan wind are reverse,the critical velocity of jet fan is proportional to the 5th root of fire source powers. With the increase of natural wind velocity,the critical velocity of jet fan increases. According to these fitting results,the values of unknown coefficients in the dimensionless function relation are determined,the critical velocity model of jet fan with natural wind velocity and wind direction is obtained,and the simulation results are verified to obtain a good consistency.
引文
[1]姜学鹏,张剑高,丁玉洁.隧道阻塞比对临界风速影响的模型试验研究[J].中国铁道科学,2015,36(4):80-86.JIANG Xue-peng,ZHANG Jian-gao,DING Yu-jie.Model Test Study on Effect of Blockage Ratio on Critical Wind Velocity in Tunnel[J].China Railway Science,2015,36(4):80-86.
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[3]WU Y,BAKAR M Z A.Control of Smoke Flow in Tunnel Fires Using Longitudinal Ventilation Systems:A Study of the Critical Velocity[J].Fire Safety Journal,2000,35(4):363-390.
[4]LI Y Z,INGASON H.Effect of Cross Section on Critical Velocity in Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnel Fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,2017,91:303-311.
[5]YI L,XU Q,XU Z,et al.An Experimental Study on Critical Velocity in Sloping Tunnel with Longitudinal Ventilation under Fire[J].Tunnelling&Underground Space Technology,2014,43(1):198-203.
[6]WENG M C,LU X L,LIU F,et al.Study on the Critical Velocity in a Sloping Tunnel Fire under Longitudinal Ventilation[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,94:422-434.
[7]LEE Y P,TSAI K C.Effect of Vehicular Blockage on Critical Ventilation Velocity and Tunnel Fire Behavior in Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnels[J].Fire Safety Journal,2012,53(10):35-42.
[8]ALVA W U R,JOMAAS G,DEDERICHS A S.The Influence of Vehicular Obstacles on Longitudinal Ventilation Control in Tunnel Fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,2017,87:25-36.
[9]JTG/T D70/2-02-2014,公路隧道通风设计细则[S].JTG/T D70/2-02-2014,Guidelines for Design of Ventilation of Highway Tunnels[S].
[10]LI Y Z,LEI B,INGASON H.Study of Critical Velocity and Backlayering Length in Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnel Fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,2010,45(6):361-370.
[11]JI J,GAO Z H,FAN C G,et al.A Study of the Effect of Plug-holing and Boundary Layer Separation on Natural Ventilation with Vertical Shaft in Urban Road Tunnel Fires[J].International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2012,55(21/22):6032-6041.
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[13]MCGRATTAN K,HOSTIKKA S,MCDERMOTT R,et al.Fire Dynamics Simulator,User's Guide[R].Gaithersburg:NIST,2014:1-268.
[14]COSTANTINO A,MUSTO M,ROTONDO G,et al.Numerical Analysis for Reduced-scale Road Tunnel Model Equipped with Axial Jet Fan Ventilation System[J].Energy Procedia,2014,45:1146-1154.
[15]MUSTO M,ROTONDO G.CFD Analysis of a Realistic Reduced-scale Modeling Equipped with Axial Jet Fan[J].Fire Safety Journal,2015,74:11-24.
[16]袁建平,方正,黄海峰,等.水平隧道火灾通风纵向临界风速模型[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2009,31(6):66-70.YUAN Jian-ping,FANG Zheng,HUANG Hai-feng,et al.Model of Critical Velocity for Fire Ventilation in Horizontal Tunnels[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural&Environmental Engineering,2009,31(6):66-70.
[17]孙三祥,高孟理,武金明,等.双向行车公路隧道射流通风系统优化分析[J].公路交通科技,2006,23(12):106-110.SUN San-xiang,GAO Meng-li,WU Jin-ming,et al.Optimization Analysis of Two-direction Road Tunnel Ventilation System with Jet Fan[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2006,23(12):106-110.
[18]王峰,王明年,邓园也.曲线公路隧道射流风机布置方式优化研究[J].公路交通科技,2009,26(5):86-90.WANG Feng,WANG Ming-nian,DENG Yuan-ye.Research on Optimal Distribution of Jet Fans in Curvy Tunnel[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2009,26(5):86-90.
[19]方勇,兰宇,曾艳华,等.三车道公路隧道射流风机设置位置研究[J].现代隧道技术,2009,46(2):90-93.FANG Yong,LAN Yu,ZENG Yan-hua,et al.Study on the Installation of Jet Fans in a Three-lane Highway Tunnel[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2009,46(2):90-93.
[20]NFPA 502-2004,Standard for Road Tunnels,Bridges,and Other Limited Access Highways[S].
[21]DG/TJ08-2033-2008,道路隧道设计规范[S].DG/TJ08-2033-2008,Road Tunnel Design Code[S].
[22]MCGRATTAN K B,HOSTIKKA S,FLOYD J E.Fire Dynamics Simulator(Version 5):User's Guide[R].Gaithersburg:NIST,2007:206-207.
[23]李颖臻,雷波.隧道火灾模型试验中列车对烟气控制的影响[J].铁道学报,2010,32(5):136-139.LI Ying-zhen,LEI Bo.Influence of Train on Control of Smoke Flow in Small-scale Tunnel Fire Experiment[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2010,32(5):136-139.
[24]YI L,XU Q,XU Z,et al.An Experimental Study on Critical Velocity in Sloping Tunnel with Longitudinal Ventilation under Fire[J].Tunnelling&Underground Space Technology,2014,43(1):198-203.
[25]DBJ 53-14-2005,公路隧道消防设计施工管理技术规程[S].DBJ 53-14-2005,Highway Tunnel Fire Protection Design and Construction Management Technical Regulations[S].
[26]江平.移动风机距离对隧道排烟效果的影响研究[J].武警学院学报,2016,32(8):28-31.JIANG Ping.A Numerical Study on the Effect of Smoke Ventilation in Tunnel Fires by a Movable Fan[J].Journal of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy,2016,32(8):28-31.
[27]KIM J Y,YOON S W,YOO J O,et al.A Study on the Smoke Control Characteristic of the Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnel Fire Using PIV[J].Tunnelling&Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research,2006,21(3/4):302-302.
[28]SE C M K,LEE E W M,LAI A C K.Impact of Location of Jet Fan on Airflow Structure in Tunnel Fire[J].Tunnelling&Underground Space Technology,2012,27(1):30-40.
[2]OKA Y,ATKINSON G T.Control of Smoke Flow in Tunnel Fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,1995,25(4):305-322.
[3]WU Y,BAKAR M Z A.Control of Smoke Flow in Tunnel Fires Using Longitudinal Ventilation Systems:A Study of the Critical Velocity[J].Fire Safety Journal,2000,35(4):363-390.
[4]LI Y Z,INGASON H.Effect of Cross Section on Critical Velocity in Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnel Fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,2017,91:303-311.
[5]YI L,XU Q,XU Z,et al.An Experimental Study on Critical Velocity in Sloping Tunnel with Longitudinal Ventilation under Fire[J].Tunnelling&Underground Space Technology,2014,43(1):198-203.
[6]WENG M C,LU X L,LIU F,et al.Study on the Critical Velocity in a Sloping Tunnel Fire under Longitudinal Ventilation[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,94:422-434.
[7]LEE Y P,TSAI K C.Effect of Vehicular Blockage on Critical Ventilation Velocity and Tunnel Fire Behavior in Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnels[J].Fire Safety Journal,2012,53(10):35-42.
[8]ALVA W U R,JOMAAS G,DEDERICHS A S.The Influence of Vehicular Obstacles on Longitudinal Ventilation Control in Tunnel Fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,2017,87:25-36.
[9]JTG/T D70/2-02-2014,公路隧道通风设计细则[S].JTG/T D70/2-02-2014,Guidelines for Design of Ventilation of Highway Tunnels[S].
[10]LI Y Z,LEI B,INGASON H.Study of Critical Velocity and Backlayering Length in Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnel Fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,2010,45(6):361-370.
[11]JI J,GAO Z H,FAN C G,et al.A Study of the Effect of Plug-holing and Boundary Layer Separation on Natural Ventilation with Vertical Shaft in Urban Road Tunnel Fires[J].International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2012,55(21/22):6032-6041.
[12]李颖臻.含救援站特长隧道火灾特性及烟气控制研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2010.LI Ying-zhen.Research on Fire Characteristics and Smoke Control of Extra Long Tunnel with Rescue Station[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2010.
[13]MCGRATTAN K,HOSTIKKA S,MCDERMOTT R,et al.Fire Dynamics Simulator,User's Guide[R].Gaithersburg:NIST,2014:1-268.
[14]COSTANTINO A,MUSTO M,ROTONDO G,et al.Numerical Analysis for Reduced-scale Road Tunnel Model Equipped with Axial Jet Fan Ventilation System[J].Energy Procedia,2014,45:1146-1154.
[15]MUSTO M,ROTONDO G.CFD Analysis of a Realistic Reduced-scale Modeling Equipped with Axial Jet Fan[J].Fire Safety Journal,2015,74:11-24.
[16]袁建平,方正,黄海峰,等.水平隧道火灾通风纵向临界风速模型[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2009,31(6):66-70.YUAN Jian-ping,FANG Zheng,HUANG Hai-feng,et al.Model of Critical Velocity for Fire Ventilation in Horizontal Tunnels[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural&Environmental Engineering,2009,31(6):66-70.
[17]孙三祥,高孟理,武金明,等.双向行车公路隧道射流通风系统优化分析[J].公路交通科技,2006,23(12):106-110.SUN San-xiang,GAO Meng-li,WU Jin-ming,et al.Optimization Analysis of Two-direction Road Tunnel Ventilation System with Jet Fan[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2006,23(12):106-110.
[18]王峰,王明年,邓园也.曲线公路隧道射流风机布置方式优化研究[J].公路交通科技,2009,26(5):86-90.WANG Feng,WANG Ming-nian,DENG Yuan-ye.Research on Optimal Distribution of Jet Fans in Curvy Tunnel[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2009,26(5):86-90.
[19]方勇,兰宇,曾艳华,等.三车道公路隧道射流风机设置位置研究[J].现代隧道技术,2009,46(2):90-93.FANG Yong,LAN Yu,ZENG Yan-hua,et al.Study on the Installation of Jet Fans in a Three-lane Highway Tunnel[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2009,46(2):90-93.
[20]NFPA 502-2004,Standard for Road Tunnels,Bridges,and Other Limited Access Highways[S].
[21]DG/TJ08-2033-2008,道路隧道设计规范[S].DG/TJ08-2033-2008,Road Tunnel Design Code[S].
[22]MCGRATTAN K B,HOSTIKKA S,FLOYD J E.Fire Dynamics Simulator(Version 5):User's Guide[R].Gaithersburg:NIST,2007:206-207.
[23]李颖臻,雷波.隧道火灾模型试验中列车对烟气控制的影响[J].铁道学报,2010,32(5):136-139.LI Ying-zhen,LEI Bo.Influence of Train on Control of Smoke Flow in Small-scale Tunnel Fire Experiment[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2010,32(5):136-139.
[24]YI L,XU Q,XU Z,et al.An Experimental Study on Critical Velocity in Sloping Tunnel with Longitudinal Ventilation under Fire[J].Tunnelling&Underground Space Technology,2014,43(1):198-203.
[25]DBJ 53-14-2005,公路隧道消防设计施工管理技术规程[S].DBJ 53-14-2005,Highway Tunnel Fire Protection Design and Construction Management Technical Regulations[S].
[26]江平.移动风机距离对隧道排烟效果的影响研究[J].武警学院学报,2016,32(8):28-31.JIANG Ping.A Numerical Study on the Effect of Smoke Ventilation in Tunnel Fires by a Movable Fan[J].Journal of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy,2016,32(8):28-31.
[27]KIM J Y,YOON S W,YOO J O,et al.A Study on the Smoke Control Characteristic of the Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnel Fire Using PIV[J].Tunnelling&Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research,2006,21(3/4):302-302.
[28]SE C M K,LEE E W M,LAI A C K.Impact of Location of Jet Fan on Airflow Structure in Tunnel Fire[J].Tunnelling&Underground Space Technology,2012,27(1):30-40.