渤海沙垒田地区新近系明下段多河型地震地貌学特征
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摘要
渤海沙垒田地区新近系明化镇组下段主要发育河流相沉积,是渤海地区浅层油气勘探的重点。利用地震地貌学方法结合现代河流体系卫星照片,在重点区的若干典型地层切片中识别出顺直河、中—低弯度曲流河(弯曲度1.2～1.8)及辫状河等多种河流地貌类型,并在明下上亚段沉积阶段发现了辫状河、曲流河共存现象。古沉积坡降分析表明,在整体宽缓的沉积背景下,顺直河、曲流河坡降整体偏小,辫状河坡降相对较大。利用地貌—水动力关系进行古流量估算,认为辫状河满岸流量最大可达3 942 m~3/s,曲流河满岸流量最小为145 m~3/s,顺直河满岸流量一般小于300 m~3/s。基于坡降—流量进行河流类型的判别,可增进对研究区不同河型发育特征、多河型地貌、辫曲共存现象及复杂河道砂体空间展布的认识。
Fluvial deposits are well developed in the lower member of Neogene Minghuazhen Formation in the Shaleitian area, Bohai Sea, which are perceived as the main targets of hydrocarbon exploration for shallow-buried reservoirs in the offshore Bohai Bay Basin. Combined with seismic geomorphological approach and satellites photographs of modern fluvial systems, straight river, low-to medium-sinuosity meandering river(sinuosity 1.2-1.8) and braided river can be well recognized from several typical slices in the study area. And the coexistence of braided and meandering rivers can be well interpreted during the deposition of the upper submember of the Lower Minghuazhen Member. According to the reconstruction of paleoslope gradient, the slope gradients of straight and meandering rivers are relatively lower, while they are particularly larger in braided rivers on a gentle-dipping slope. Within the paleodischarge estimation from the geomorphology-hydraulics relation, the bankfull discharge of braided rivers can reach 3 942 m~3/s, while meandering rivers can be as low as 145 m~3/s. The bankfull discharges of straight rivers are usually less than 300 m~3/s. The discrimination of fluvial patterns based on slope gradient and discharge will enhance the understanding of different fluvial patterns, and will provide an important guidance of the geomorphological characteristics of multiple fluvial patterns, the coexistence of braided and meandering rivers and spatial distribution of composite fluvial sandbodies.
Fluvial deposits are well developed in the lower member of Neogene Minghuazhen Formation in the Shaleitian area, Bohai Sea, which are perceived as the main targets of hydrocarbon exploration for shallow-buried reservoirs in the offshore Bohai Bay Basin. Combined with seismic geomorphological approach and satellites photographs of modern fluvial systems, straight river, low-to medium-sinuosity meandering river(sinuosity 1.2-1.8) and braided river can be well recognized from several typical slices in the study area. And the coexistence of braided and meandering rivers can be well interpreted during the deposition of the upper submember of the Lower Minghuazhen Member. According to the reconstruction of paleoslope gradient, the slope gradients of straight and meandering rivers are relatively lower, while they are particularly larger in braided rivers on a gentle-dipping slope. Within the paleodischarge estimation from the geomorphology-hydraulics relation, the bankfull discharge of braided rivers can reach 3 942 m~3/s, while meandering rivers can be as low as 145 m~3/s. The bankfull discharges of straight rivers are usually less than 300 m~3/s. The discrimination of fluvial patterns based on slope gradient and discharge will enhance the understanding of different fluvial patterns, and will provide an important guidance of the geomorphological characteristics of multiple fluvial patterns, the coexistence of braided and meandering rivers and spatial distribution of composite fluvial sandbodies.
引文
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[12] 黄雷.走滑作用对渤海凸起区油气聚集的控制作用:以沙垒田凸起为例[J].地学前缘,2015,22(3):68-76.HUANG Lei.The control of hydrocarbon accumulation by strike-slip motion within the Bohai Sea Rise:a case study from Shaleitian Uplift[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2015,22(3):68-76.
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[15] 朱伟林,李建平,周心怀,等.渤海新近系浅水三角洲沉积体系与大型油气田勘探[J].沉积学报,2008,26(4):575-582.ZHU Weilin,LI Jianping,ZHOU Xinhuai,et al.Neogene shallow water deltaic system and large hydrocarbon accumulations in Bohai Bay,China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2008,26(4):575-582.
[16] ZHU Hongtao,YANG Xianghua,LIU Keyu,et al.Seismic-based sediment provenance analysis in continental lacustrine rift basins:an example from the Bohai Bay Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2014,98(10):1995-2018.
[17] XIE Xinong,CUI Tao,DIETMAR M R,et al.Subsi-dence history and forming mechanism of anomalous tectonic subsidence in the Bozhong Depression,Bohaiwan Basin[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2007,50(9):1310-1318.
[18] 彭文绪,张如才,樊建华,等.渤海海域西部凸起区大型雁列断层特征[J].石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(5):795-801.PENG Wenxu,ZHANG Rucai,FAN Jianhua,et al.Large scale en echelon faults on the west uplift in Bohai Gulf,China[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2011,46(5):795-801.
[19] DONG Yanlei,ZHU Xiaomin,XIAN Benzhong,et al.Mapping sediment-dispersal characteristics using seismic geomorphology:late Paleogene to Neogene,Qinan Sag,Huanghua Depression,China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,54:180-197.
[20] ZHANG Xianguo,LIN Chengyan,ZHANG Tao.Seismic sedimento-logy and its application in shallow sea area,gentle slope belt of Chengning Uplift[J].Journal of Earth Science,2010,21(4):471-479.
[21] SARKER M H,THORNE C R,AKTAR,M N,et al.Morpho-dynamics of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna river,Bangladesh[J].Geomorphology,2014,215:45-59.
[22] ETHRIDGE F G,SCHUMM S A.Reconstructing paleochannel morphologic and flow characteristics:methodology,limitations,and assessment[M]//MIALL A D.Fluvial Sedimentology.Calgary,Alberta:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Memoir,1978:703-721.
[23] SCHUMM S A,KHAN H R.Experimental study of channel patterns[J].GSA Bulletin,1972,83(6):1755-1770.
[24] BHATTACHARYA J P,COPELAND P,LAWTON T F,et al.Estimation of source area,river paleo-discharge,paleoslope,and sediment budgets of linked deep-time depositional systems and implications for hydrocarbon potential[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2016,153:77-110.
[25] HARMAN C,STEWARDSON M,DEROSE R.Variability and uncertainty in reach bankfull hydraulic geometry[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,351(1/2):13-25.
[26] 王礼鑫.涠西南凹陷西南部河流于始新统流沙港组流一段时期的古河流量[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.WANG Lixin.The ancient flow of Weixi’nan Depression southwest river in the Eocene period Liushagang[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences (Beijing),2014.
[27] COWAN W L.Estimating hydraulic roughness coefficients[J].Agricultural Engineering,1956,37(7):473-475.
[28] SCHALL J D,RICHARDSON E V,MORRIS J L.Hydraulic design series No.4:introduction to highway hydraulics[M].Honolulu:U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,2008.
[29] 唐领余,毛礼米,吕新苗,等.第四纪沉积物中重要蕨类孢子和微体藻类的古生态环境指示意义[J].科学通报,2013,58(20):1969-1983.TANG Lingyu,MAO Limi,Lü Xinmiao,et al.Palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental significance of some important spores and micro-algae in quaternary deposits[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(25):3125-3139.
[30] LEOPOLD L B,WOLMAN M G.River channel patterns:braided,meandering,and straight[R].Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1957:39-85.
[31] LATRUBESSE E M.Patterns of anabranching channels:the ultimate end-member adjustment of mega rivers[J].Geomorphology,2008,101(1/2):130-145.
[32] ACKERS P,CHARLTON F G.The slope and resistance of small meandering channels[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,1970,47(3):349-370.
[33] BILLI P,DEMISSIE B,NYSSEN J.Meander hydromorphology of ephemeral streams:similarities and diffe-rences with perennial rivers[J].Geomorphology,2018,319:35-46.
[2] POSAMENTIER H W,KOLLA V.Seismic geomorphology and stratigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2003,73(3):367-388.
[3] ZHU Xiaomin,ZENG Hongliu,LI Shunli,et al.Sedimentary characteristics and seismic geomorphologic responses of a shallow-water delta in the Qingshankou Formation from the Songliao Basin,China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2017,79:131-148.
[4] 曾洪流,赵贤正,朱筱敏,等.隐性前积浅水曲流河三角洲地震沉积学特征:以渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷肃宁地区为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(5):566-576.ZENG Hongliu,ZHAO Xianzheng,ZHU Xiaomin,et al.Seismic sedimentology characteristics of sub-clinoformal shallow-water meandering river delta:a case from the Suning area of Raoyang Sag in Jizhong Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,NE China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(5):566-576.
[5] HANDFORD C R,BARIA L R.Geometry and seismic geomorphology of carbonate shoreface clinoforms,Jurassic Smackover Formation,North Louisiana[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2007,277(1):171-185.
[6] SULLIVAN E C,MARFURT K J,BLUMENTRITT C,et al.Seismic geomorphology of Palaeozoic collapse features in the Fort Worth Basin (USA)[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2011,277(1):187-203.
[7] WOOD L J.Quantitative seismic geomorphology of Pliocene and Miocene fluvial systems in the Northern Gulf of Mexico,U.S.A.[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2007,77(9):713-730.
[8] 王治国,尹成.地震地貌学的发展及应用前景[J].石油地球物理勘探,2014,49(2):410-420.WANG Zhiguo,YIN Cheng.Progress and prospects of seismic geomorphology[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2014,49(2):410-420.
[9] MUSIAL G,REYNAUD J Y,GINGRAS M K,et al.Subsurface and outcrop characterization of large tidally influenced point bars of the Cretaceous McMurray Formation (Alberta,Canada)[J].Sedimentary Geology,2012,279:156-172.
[10] ZHUO Haiteng,WANG Yingmin,SHI Hesheng,et al.Contrasting fluvial styles across the mid-Pleistocene climate transition in the northern shelf of the South China Sea:evidence from 3D seismic data[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2015,129:128-146.
[11] 刘强虎,朱筱敏,李顺利,等.沙垒田凸起前古近系基岩分布及源—汇过程[J].地球科学,2016,41(11):1935-1949.LIU Qianghu,ZHU Xiaomin,LI Shunli,et al.Pre-palaeogene bedrock distribution and source-to-sink system analysis in the Shaleitian Uplift[J].Earth Science,2016,41(11):1935-1949.
[12] 黄雷.走滑作用对渤海凸起区油气聚集的控制作用:以沙垒田凸起为例[J].地学前缘,2015,22(3):68-76.HUANG Lei.The control of hydrocarbon accumulation by strike-slip motion within the Bohai Sea Rise:a case study from Shaleitian Uplift[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2015,22(3):68-76.
[13] 彭文绪,张志强,姜利群,等.渤海西部沙垒田凸起区走滑断层演化及其对油气的控制作用[J].石油学报,2012,33(2):204-212.PENG Wenxu,ZHANG Zhiqiang,JIANG Liqun,et al.Evolution of strike-slip faults in the Shaleitian bulge of the western Bohai offshore and their control on hydrocarbons[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(2):204-212.
[14] 徐长贵,姜培海,武法东,等.渤中坳陷上第三系三角洲的发现、沉积特征及其油气勘探意义[J].沉积学报,2002,20(4):588-594.XU Changgui,JIANG Peihai,WU Fadong,et al.Discovery and sedimentary characteristics of the Neogene Delta in Bozhong Depression and its significance for oil and gas exploration[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2002,20(4):588-594.
[15] 朱伟林,李建平,周心怀,等.渤海新近系浅水三角洲沉积体系与大型油气田勘探[J].沉积学报,2008,26(4):575-582.ZHU Weilin,LI Jianping,ZHOU Xinhuai,et al.Neogene shallow water deltaic system and large hydrocarbon accumulations in Bohai Bay,China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2008,26(4):575-582.
[16] ZHU Hongtao,YANG Xianghua,LIU Keyu,et al.Seismic-based sediment provenance analysis in continental lacustrine rift basins:an example from the Bohai Bay Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2014,98(10):1995-2018.
[17] XIE Xinong,CUI Tao,DIETMAR M R,et al.Subsi-dence history and forming mechanism of anomalous tectonic subsidence in the Bozhong Depression,Bohaiwan Basin[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2007,50(9):1310-1318.
[18] 彭文绪,张如才,樊建华,等.渤海海域西部凸起区大型雁列断层特征[J].石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(5):795-801.PENG Wenxu,ZHANG Rucai,FAN Jianhua,et al.Large scale en echelon faults on the west uplift in Bohai Gulf,China[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2011,46(5):795-801.
[19] DONG Yanlei,ZHU Xiaomin,XIAN Benzhong,et al.Mapping sediment-dispersal characteristics using seismic geomorphology:late Paleogene to Neogene,Qinan Sag,Huanghua Depression,China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,54:180-197.
[20] ZHANG Xianguo,LIN Chengyan,ZHANG Tao.Seismic sedimento-logy and its application in shallow sea area,gentle slope belt of Chengning Uplift[J].Journal of Earth Science,2010,21(4):471-479.
[21] SARKER M H,THORNE C R,AKTAR,M N,et al.Morpho-dynamics of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna river,Bangladesh[J].Geomorphology,2014,215:45-59.
[22] ETHRIDGE F G,SCHUMM S A.Reconstructing paleochannel morphologic and flow characteristics:methodology,limitations,and assessment[M]//MIALL A D.Fluvial Sedimentology.Calgary,Alberta:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Memoir,1978:703-721.
[23] SCHUMM S A,KHAN H R.Experimental study of channel patterns[J].GSA Bulletin,1972,83(6):1755-1770.
[24] BHATTACHARYA J P,COPELAND P,LAWTON T F,et al.Estimation of source area,river paleo-discharge,paleoslope,and sediment budgets of linked deep-time depositional systems and implications for hydrocarbon potential[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2016,153:77-110.
[25] HARMAN C,STEWARDSON M,DEROSE R.Variability and uncertainty in reach bankfull hydraulic geometry[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,351(1/2):13-25.
[26] 王礼鑫.涠西南凹陷西南部河流于始新统流沙港组流一段时期的古河流量[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.WANG Lixin.The ancient flow of Weixi’nan Depression southwest river in the Eocene period Liushagang[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences (Beijing),2014.
[27] COWAN W L.Estimating hydraulic roughness coefficients[J].Agricultural Engineering,1956,37(7):473-475.
[28] SCHALL J D,RICHARDSON E V,MORRIS J L.Hydraulic design series No.4:introduction to highway hydraulics[M].Honolulu:U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,2008.
[29] 唐领余,毛礼米,吕新苗,等.第四纪沉积物中重要蕨类孢子和微体藻类的古生态环境指示意义[J].科学通报,2013,58(20):1969-1983.TANG Lingyu,MAO Limi,Lü Xinmiao,et al.Palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental significance of some important spores and micro-algae in quaternary deposits[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(25):3125-3139.
[30] LEOPOLD L B,WOLMAN M G.River channel patterns:braided,meandering,and straight[R].Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1957:39-85.
[31] LATRUBESSE E M.Patterns of anabranching channels:the ultimate end-member adjustment of mega rivers[J].Geomorphology,2008,101(1/2):130-145.
[32] ACKERS P,CHARLTON F G.The slope and resistance of small meandering channels[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,1970,47(3):349-370.
[33] BILLI P,DEMISSIE B,NYSSEN J.Meander hydromorphology of ephemeral streams:similarities and diffe-rences with perennial rivers[J].Geomorphology,2018,319:35-46.