社会—生态系统体制转换视角下的黄土高原乡村转型发展——以长武县洪家镇为例
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摘要
社会—生态系统理论为中国乡村转型发展的过程格局研究提供了新的分析思路,运用体制转化理论及其研究框架,选取陕西省长武县洪家镇为案例地,从村域尺度社会—生态系统体制变化为切入点揭示了当地乡村转型的背景和环境因素,重点探讨农户尺度的社会—生态系统体制转换影响因素及其稳健性,从微观角度审视西北乡村转型的基本特征,主要结论包括:1当地乡村社会—生态系统体制已由传统农业体制转变为新型农业体制,其中某些家庭体制正在向非农体制转换。2家庭特征是农户体制发生转换的客观条件;耕地质量、劳动力数量与质量是农户体制转换的内在动因;户主年龄、文化水平及社会网络是农户体制转换方向的决定因素。3农户家庭体制转换呈现出发散和聚合并存现象,且不同家庭的稳健性存在明显差异,基于种植业结构和收入对农户家庭进行分类,不同类型农户家庭体制的稳健型依次表现为其:苹果非农均衡型>非农收入主导型>粮食非农均衡型>苹果收入主导型>传统收入主导型。最后基于农户视角对乡村转型的微观研究进行探讨,并提出后续深化研究的方向和实践启示。
Socio-ecological systems theory offers a conceptual model that has not been applied in analyses of the process and evolution of rural transformation in China. Drawing on a system transformation theoretical framework, we selected the town of Hongjia in Changwu County as a case study to explore the context of local rural transformation and associated environmental factors. We examined village-level socio-ecological system changes, with a particular emphasis on influencing factors associated with regime shifts and the robustness of rural socio-ecological systems. Our findings were as follows. First, the local rural socio- ecological regime has evolved through the transformation of the traditional agricultural regime, with some of the household regimes shifting to a non- agricultural system. Second, family characteristics constitute the objective conditions for the transformation of household regimes. Internal factors driving the transformation process include: the quantity of the household's cultivated land as well as labor quality and quality. Furthermore, householders' ages, culture level, and social networks are major determinants of the direction of transformation of the household regime.Third, the shift in household regimes presents a scattered and aggregated pattern, with evident differences in the robustness of households. Rural households are classified according to the planting structure and households' incomes. Differences in the robustness of different types of rural households can, in turn, be expressed as follows: apple+non-agricultural production > nonagricultural production > grain + non-agricultural production > apple production > agricultural production. Lastly, we discuss the findings of this microstudy of rural transformation, and its practical implications, proposing future research directions.
Socio-ecological systems theory offers a conceptual model that has not been applied in analyses of the process and evolution of rural transformation in China. Drawing on a system transformation theoretical framework, we selected the town of Hongjia in Changwu County as a case study to explore the context of local rural transformation and associated environmental factors. We examined village-level socio-ecological system changes, with a particular emphasis on influencing factors associated with regime shifts and the robustness of rural socio-ecological systems. Our findings were as follows. First, the local rural socio- ecological regime has evolved through the transformation of the traditional agricultural regime, with some of the household regimes shifting to a non- agricultural system. Second, family characteristics constitute the objective conditions for the transformation of household regimes. Internal factors driving the transformation process include: the quantity of the household's cultivated land as well as labor quality and quality. Furthermore, householders' ages, culture level, and social networks are major determinants of the direction of transformation of the household regime.Third, the shift in household regimes presents a scattered and aggregated pattern, with evident differences in the robustness of households. Rural households are classified according to the planting structure and households' incomes. Differences in the robustness of different types of rural households can, in turn, be expressed as follows: apple+non-agricultural production > nonagricultural production > grain + non-agricultural production > apple production > agricultural production. Lastly, we discuss the findings of this microstudy of rural transformation, and its practical implications, proposing future research directions.
引文
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[8]海贝贝,李小建,许家伟.巩义市农村居民点空间格局演变及其影响因素.地理研究,2013,32(12):2257-2269.[Hai Beibei,Li Xiaojian,Xu Jiawei.Spatio-temporal evolutionof rural settlements in Gongyi.Geographical Research,2013,32(12):2257-2269.]
[9]李裕瑞,刘彦随,龙花楼.黄淮海地区乡村发展格局与类型.地理研究,2011,30(9):1637-1647.[Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou.Study on the pattern and types of rural development in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.Geographical Research,2011,30(9):1637-1647.]
[10]李平星,陈雯,孙伟.经济发达地区乡村地域多功能空间分异及影响因素:以江苏省为例.地理学报,2014,69(6):797-807.[Li Pingxing,Chen Wen,Sun Wei.Spatial differentiationand influencing factors of rural territorial multifunctionsin developed regions:A case study of Jiangsu province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):797-807.]
[11]李婷婷,龙花楼.山东省乡村转型发展时空格局.地理研究,2014,33(3):490-500.[Li Tingting,Long Hualou.Study on the spatio-temporal pattern of rural transformation development in Shandong province.Geographical Research,2014,33(3):490-500.]
[12]马世骏,王如松.社会—经济—自然复合生态系统生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.[Ma Shijun,Wang Rusong.Thesocialeconomic-natural complex ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1984,4(1):1-9.]
[13]Crépin A S,Biggs R,Polasky S,et al.Regime shifts and management.Ecological Economics,2012,84(7):15-22.
[14]石翠萍,杨新军,王子侨,等.基于干旱脆弱性的农户系统体制转换及其影响机制:以榆中县中连川乡为例.人文地理,2015,30(6):77-82+39.[Shi Cuiping,Yang Xinjun,Wang Ziqiao,et al.Peasant household systems regimes shift and its influence mechanism based on drought vulnearability:A case study of Zhonglianchuan township in Yuzhong county.Human Geography,2015,30(6):77-82+39.]
[15]Lansing J S,Cheong S A,Chew L Y.Regime shifts in balinese subaks.Current Anthropology,2014,55(2):232-239.
[16]Scheffer M,Carpenter S,Foley J A,et al.Catastrophic shifts in ecosystem.Nature,2001,11(413):591-596.
[17]Muradian R.Ecological thresholds:A survey.Ecological Economics,2001,38(1):7-24.
[18]Weijerman M,Lindeboom H,Zuur AF.Regime shifts in marine ecosystems of the North Sea and Wadden Sea.Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,298(1):21-39.
[19]Zurlini G,Jones K B,Riitters K H,et al.Early warning signals of regime shifts from cross-scale connectivity of landcover patterns.Ecological Indicators,2014,45(5):549-560.
[20]Wouters N,Dakos V,Edwards M,et al.Evidencing a regime shift in the North Sea using early-warning signalsas indicators of critical transitions.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2015,152:65-72.
[21]?sterblom H,G?rdmark A,Bergstr?m L,et al.Making the ecosystem approach operational:Can regime shifts in ecological-and governance systems facilitate the transition?.Marine Policy,2010,34(6):1290-1299.
[22]Park J,Rao PS.Regime shifts under forcing of non-stationary attractors:Conceptual model and case studies in hydrologic systems.Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2014,169:112-122.
[23]李玉照,刘永,赵磊,等.浅水湖泊生态系统稳态转换的阈值判定方法.生态学报,2013,33(11):3280-3290.[Li Yuzhao,Liu Yong,Zhao Lei,et al.Survey on threshold detection methods of regime shift in shallow lake ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(11):3280-3290.]
[24]Dakos V,Hastings A.Editorial:Special issue on regime shifts and tipping points in ecology.Theoretical Ecology,2013,6(3):253-254.
[25]蒋维.黄土高原乡村社会—生态系统体制转换研究.西安:西北大学硕士学位论文,2011.[Jiang Wei.Regime shift research on typical rural social-ecological system in Loess Plateau.Xi'an:Master Dissertation of Northwest University,2011.]
[26]韩锋,王昌海,赵正,等.农户对自然保护区综合影响的认知研究:以陕西省国家级自然保护区为例.资源科学,2015,37(1):102-111.[Han Feng,Wang Changhai,Zhao Zheng,et al.The combined influence of nature reserves fromthe perspective of farmer households in Shaanxi.Resources Science,2015,37(1):102-111.]
[27]Tittonell P.Livelihood strategies,resilience and transformability in African agro-ecosystems.Agricultural Systems,2014,126(3):3-14.
[28]Crépin A S,Biggs R,Polasky S,et al.Regime shifts and management.Ecological Economics,2012,84:15-22.
[29]李小建.农户地理论.北京:科学出版社,2009.[Li Xiaojian.Geography of Rural Households,Beijing:Science Press,2009.]
[30]Holtz G,Brugnach M,Pahl-Wostl C.Specifying"regime":A framework for defining and describing regimes in transition research.Technological Forecasting&Social Change,2008,75(5):623-643.
[31]Walker B,Salt D.Resilience thinking sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world.London:Island Press,2006.
[32]蒋维,王俊,杨新军,等.黄土高原农村社会—生态系统体制转换初探:以陕西省长武县洪家镇为例.人文地理,2011,26(1):56-60.[Jiang Wei,Wang Jun,Yang Xing-jun,et al.A study of regimen shift of rural social-ecological system in Loess Plateau:A case study of Hongjia town of Changwu county,Shaanxi province.Human Geography,2011,26(1):56-60.]
[33]邰秀军,李树茁.中国农户贫困脆弱性的测度研究.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012.[Tai Xiujun,Li Shuzhuo.A Study of Vulnerability Measurement for Chinese Rural Households.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2012.]
[34]Speranza C I,Wiesmann U,Rist S.An indicator framework for assessing livelihood resilience in the context of socialecological dynamics.Global Environmental Change,2014,28:109-119.
[35]DFID.Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets.London:Department for International Development Press,2000.
[2]张小林.乡村概念辨析.地理学报,1998,53(4):365-371.[Zhang Xiaolin.On discrimination of rural definitions.ActaGeographica Sinica,1998,53(4):365-371.]
[3]杨忍,刘彦随,龙花楼,等.中国乡村转型重构研究进展与展望:逻辑主线与内容框架.地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1019-1030.[Yang Ren,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou,et al.Research progress and prospect of rural transformation andreconstruction in China:paradigms and main content.Progressin Geography,2015,34(8):1019-1030.]
[4]Long H L,Li Y R,Liu Y S,et al.Accelerated restructuringin rural China fueled by'increasing vs.decreasing balance'land-use policy for dealing with hollowed villages.Land Use Policy,2012,29(1):11-22.
[5]郭焕成,陆翔兴,卢丽君,等.黄淮海地区乡村发展研究.地理研究,1990,9(2):130-137.[Guo Huancheng,Lu Xiangxing,Lu Lijun,et al.A research on the rural development in Huang-Huai-Hai region.Geographical Research,1990,9(2):130-137.]
[6]于正松,李同昇,龙冬平,等.陕、甘、宁三省(区)农业现代化水平格局演变及其动因分析.地理科学,2014,34(4):411-419.[Yu Zhengsong,Li Tongsheng,Long Dongping,et al.The patternevolution and its reasons about the agricultural modernizationin Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(4):411-419.]
[7]何深静,钱俊希,徐雨璇,等.快速城市化背景下乡村绅士化的时空演变特征.地理学报,2012,67(8):1044-1056.[He Shenjing,Qian Junxi,Xu Yunxuan,et al.Spatial-temporalevolution of rural gentrification amidst rapid urbanization:A case study of Xiaozhou village,Guangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1044-1056.]
[8]海贝贝,李小建,许家伟.巩义市农村居民点空间格局演变及其影响因素.地理研究,2013,32(12):2257-2269.[Hai Beibei,Li Xiaojian,Xu Jiawei.Spatio-temporal evolutionof rural settlements in Gongyi.Geographical Research,2013,32(12):2257-2269.]
[9]李裕瑞,刘彦随,龙花楼.黄淮海地区乡村发展格局与类型.地理研究,2011,30(9):1637-1647.[Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou.Study on the pattern and types of rural development in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.Geographical Research,2011,30(9):1637-1647.]
[10]李平星,陈雯,孙伟.经济发达地区乡村地域多功能空间分异及影响因素:以江苏省为例.地理学报,2014,69(6):797-807.[Li Pingxing,Chen Wen,Sun Wei.Spatial differentiationand influencing factors of rural territorial multifunctionsin developed regions:A case study of Jiangsu province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):797-807.]
[11]李婷婷,龙花楼.山东省乡村转型发展时空格局.地理研究,2014,33(3):490-500.[Li Tingting,Long Hualou.Study on the spatio-temporal pattern of rural transformation development in Shandong province.Geographical Research,2014,33(3):490-500.]
[12]马世骏,王如松.社会—经济—自然复合生态系统生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.[Ma Shijun,Wang Rusong.Thesocialeconomic-natural complex ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1984,4(1):1-9.]
[13]Crépin A S,Biggs R,Polasky S,et al.Regime shifts and management.Ecological Economics,2012,84(7):15-22.
[14]石翠萍,杨新军,王子侨,等.基于干旱脆弱性的农户系统体制转换及其影响机制:以榆中县中连川乡为例.人文地理,2015,30(6):77-82+39.[Shi Cuiping,Yang Xinjun,Wang Ziqiao,et al.Peasant household systems regimes shift and its influence mechanism based on drought vulnearability:A case study of Zhonglianchuan township in Yuzhong county.Human Geography,2015,30(6):77-82+39.]
[15]Lansing J S,Cheong S A,Chew L Y.Regime shifts in balinese subaks.Current Anthropology,2014,55(2):232-239.
[16]Scheffer M,Carpenter S,Foley J A,et al.Catastrophic shifts in ecosystem.Nature,2001,11(413):591-596.
[17]Muradian R.Ecological thresholds:A survey.Ecological Economics,2001,38(1):7-24.
[18]Weijerman M,Lindeboom H,Zuur AF.Regime shifts in marine ecosystems of the North Sea and Wadden Sea.Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,298(1):21-39.
[19]Zurlini G,Jones K B,Riitters K H,et al.Early warning signals of regime shifts from cross-scale connectivity of landcover patterns.Ecological Indicators,2014,45(5):549-560.
[20]Wouters N,Dakos V,Edwards M,et al.Evidencing a regime shift in the North Sea using early-warning signalsas indicators of critical transitions.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2015,152:65-72.
[21]?sterblom H,G?rdmark A,Bergstr?m L,et al.Making the ecosystem approach operational:Can regime shifts in ecological-and governance systems facilitate the transition?.Marine Policy,2010,34(6):1290-1299.
[22]Park J,Rao PS.Regime shifts under forcing of non-stationary attractors:Conceptual model and case studies in hydrologic systems.Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2014,169:112-122.
[23]李玉照,刘永,赵磊,等.浅水湖泊生态系统稳态转换的阈值判定方法.生态学报,2013,33(11):3280-3290.[Li Yuzhao,Liu Yong,Zhao Lei,et al.Survey on threshold detection methods of regime shift in shallow lake ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(11):3280-3290.]
[24]Dakos V,Hastings A.Editorial:Special issue on regime shifts and tipping points in ecology.Theoretical Ecology,2013,6(3):253-254.
[25]蒋维.黄土高原乡村社会—生态系统体制转换研究.西安:西北大学硕士学位论文,2011.[Jiang Wei.Regime shift research on typical rural social-ecological system in Loess Plateau.Xi'an:Master Dissertation of Northwest University,2011.]
[26]韩锋,王昌海,赵正,等.农户对自然保护区综合影响的认知研究:以陕西省国家级自然保护区为例.资源科学,2015,37(1):102-111.[Han Feng,Wang Changhai,Zhao Zheng,et al.The combined influence of nature reserves fromthe perspective of farmer households in Shaanxi.Resources Science,2015,37(1):102-111.]
[27]Tittonell P.Livelihood strategies,resilience and transformability in African agro-ecosystems.Agricultural Systems,2014,126(3):3-14.
[28]Crépin A S,Biggs R,Polasky S,et al.Regime shifts and management.Ecological Economics,2012,84:15-22.
[29]李小建.农户地理论.北京:科学出版社,2009.[Li Xiaojian.Geography of Rural Households,Beijing:Science Press,2009.]
[30]Holtz G,Brugnach M,Pahl-Wostl C.Specifying"regime":A framework for defining and describing regimes in transition research.Technological Forecasting&Social Change,2008,75(5):623-643.
[31]Walker B,Salt D.Resilience thinking sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world.London:Island Press,2006.
[32]蒋维,王俊,杨新军,等.黄土高原农村社会—生态系统体制转换初探:以陕西省长武县洪家镇为例.人文地理,2011,26(1):56-60.[Jiang Wei,Wang Jun,Yang Xing-jun,et al.A study of regimen shift of rural social-ecological system in Loess Plateau:A case study of Hongjia town of Changwu county,Shaanxi province.Human Geography,2011,26(1):56-60.]
[33]邰秀军,李树茁.中国农户贫困脆弱性的测度研究.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012.[Tai Xiujun,Li Shuzhuo.A Study of Vulnerability Measurement for Chinese Rural Households.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2012.]
[34]Speranza C I,Wiesmann U,Rist S.An indicator framework for assessing livelihood resilience in the context of socialecological dynamics.Global Environmental Change,2014,28:109-119.
[35]DFID.Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets.London:Department for International Development Press,2000.