云南鹤庆天华洞旧石器遗址石制品研究
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摘要
天华洞旧石器遗址是金沙江中游地区财丰河流域旧石器地点群的代表性遗址之一。本文研究的材料来源于该遗址2010、2013和2016三年度的野外调查和试掘。天华洞遗址试掘位置为洞前缓坡区域,地层堆积可划分为5层,其中2-5层为遗址文化层,属红色亚黏土沉积。遗址文化层沉积结构稳定,年代数据分布在距今9.5-5万年之间。遗址共发现石制品1122件,以玄武岩为主要原料。石制品组合的内涵丰富,剥片技术和工具类型多样,一些特殊类型的石制品标本如预制石核、长石片、似-勒瓦娄哇石片、盘状石核石片、似-基纳型刮削器等代表了天华洞遗址石工业独特的技术文化面貌,也表现出西方旧石器时代中期文化的一些技术特点和因素。
The Tianhuadong Paleolithic site is representative of a number of Late Pleistocene sites in the Caifeng River Paleolithic localities,which are located in the middle valley of the Jinshajiang River,Yunnan Province.The materials studied in this paper were found during field surveys and test excavations at Tianhuadong conducted in 2010,2013 and 2016.Test excavation at the Tianhuadong site is located at the slope area in front of the cave,and five geological layers can be divided throughout the sequence.Among them,layers 2 to 5 belong to the cultural deposits that characterized by red silty clay.Dating results for each cultural layer are in stratigraphically consistent order and are between 95-50 kaBP.In total,1122 stone artifacts have been found at the site,with basalt being the predominantly exploited raw material.The lithic assemblage at Tianhuadong possesses a diverse cultural appearance,as shown in various flaking technologies and tool types.Some specialized specimens,including prepared cores,elongated flakes,Levallois-like flakes,flakes produced from classic discoidal cores and Quina-like scrapers represent the unusual technological characteristics of the Tianhuadong site,which are similar to some Middle Paleolithic technological elements in the West.
The Tianhuadong Paleolithic site is representative of a number of Late Pleistocene sites in the Caifeng River Paleolithic localities,which are located in the middle valley of the Jinshajiang River,Yunnan Province.The materials studied in this paper were found during field surveys and test excavations at Tianhuadong conducted in 2010,2013 and 2016.Test excavation at the Tianhuadong site is located at the slope area in front of the cave,and five geological layers can be divided throughout the sequence.Among them,layers 2 to 5 belong to the cultural deposits that characterized by red silty clay.Dating results for each cultural layer are in stratigraphically consistent order and are between 95-50 kaBP.In total,1122 stone artifacts have been found at the site,with basalt being the predominantly exploited raw material.The lithic assemblage at Tianhuadong possesses a diverse cultural appearance,as shown in various flaking technologies and tool types.Some specialized specimens,including prepared cores,elongated flakes,Levallois-like flakes,flakes produced from classic discoidal cores and Quina-like scrapers represent the unusual technological characteristics of the Tianhuadong site,which are similar to some Middle Paleolithic technological elements in the West.
引文
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[22]高峰,闵锐,李秉涛,等.怒江首次考古发掘兰坪玉水坪遗址的重要意义[A],见:张跃等:峡谷中的怒族社会[C].昆明:云南大学出版社,2012:387-402
[23]朱之勇,吉学平.云南保山老虎洞旧石器遗址石器研究[J].边疆考古研究,2011,9(4):1-8
[24]邱中郎,张银运,胡绍锦.昆明呈贡龙潭山第2地点的人化石和旧石器[J].人类学学报,1985(3):233-242
[25]Klein RG.Out of Africa and evolution of human behavior[J].Evolutionary Anthropology,2008(17):267-281
[26]Oppenheimer S.The great arc of dispersal of modern humans:Africa to Australia[J].Quaternary International,2009(202):2-13
[27]Bar-Yosef O,Belfer-Cohen A.Following Pleistocene road signs of human dispersals across Eurasia[J].Quaternary International,2013(285):30-43
[2]Akhilesh K,Pappu S,Rajapara HM,et al.Early Middle Palaeolithic culture in India around 385-172 kareframes Out of Africa models[J].Nature,2018(554):97-101
[3]Richter D,Grün R,Joannes-Boyau R,et al.The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud,Morocco,and the origins of the Middle Stone Age[J].Nature,2017(546):293-296
[4]Adler DS,Wilkinson KN,Blockley S,et al.Early Levallois technology and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in the Southern Caucasus[J].Science,2014(345):1609-1613.
[5]王幼平.石器研究:旧石器时代考古方法初探[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006,78
[6]Van Peer P.The Levallois Reduction Strategy[M].Madison:Prehistory Press,1992
[7]Bo?da E.Le débitage disco?de et le débitage Levallois récurrent centripède[J].Bulletin de la SociétéPréhistorique Fran?aise,1993(90):392-404
[8]Otte M.The nature of Levallois[A].Dibble HL,Bar-Yosef O(eds).The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology[C].Madison:Prehistory Press,1995:117-143
[9]Toth N.The Stone Technologies of Early Hominids at Koobi Fora,Kenya:An Experimental Approach.Dissertation[D].For the degree of doctor of philosophy in the University of California,Berkeley,1982
[10]卫奇.石制品观察格式讨论[A].见:邓涛,王原.第八届中国古脊椎动物学术年会论文集[C].北京:海洋出版社,2001,209-218
[11]Faivre JP,Gravina B,Bourguignon L,et al.Late Middle Palaeolithic lithic technocomplexes(MIS 5-3)in the northeastern Aquitaine Basin:Advances and challenges[J].Quaternary International,2017(433):116-131
[12]Peter H,Turq A,Faivre J-Ph,et al.Quina procurement and tool production[A].eds Adams B,Blades B:Lithic Materials and Paleolithic Societies[C].West Sussex,2009:232-246
[13]Faivre J-Ph,Discamps E,Gravina B,et al.The contribution of lithic production systems to the interpretation of Mousterian industrial variability in south-western France:The example of Combe-Grenal(Dordogne,France)[J].Quaternary International,2014(350):227-240
[14]李炎贤,蔡回阳.贵州白岩脚洞石器的第二步加工[J].江汉考古,1986(2):56-64
[15]云南省文物考古研究所.探寻历史足迹,保护文化遗产--纪念云南省文物考古研究所成立50年[M].昆明:云南教育出版社,2009:22-26
[16]吉学平.大河洞穴之魅--富源大河旧石器遗址揭秘[J].中国文化遗产,2008,28(6):78-83
[17]王志浩,侯亚梅,杨泽蒙,等.内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌兰木伦旧石器时代中期遗址[J].考古,2012,579(7):3-13
[18]贾兰坡,卫奇.阳高许家窑旧石器时代文化遗址[J].考古学报,1976(2):97-114
[19]Li F,Kuhn SL,Chen FY,et al.The easternmost Middle Paleolithic(Mousterian)from Jinsitai Cave,North China[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2018(114):76-84
[20]Ji XP,Kuman K,Clarke RJ,et al.The oldest Hoabinhian technocomplex in Asia(43.5 ka)at Xiaodong rockshelter,Yunnan Province,Southwest China[J].Quaternary International,2016(400):166-174
[21]大理白族自治州文物管理所,云南省文物考古研究所,剑川县文物管理所.剑川象鼻洞旧石器遗址研究[M].北京:文物出版社,2015:108-115
[22]高峰,闵锐,李秉涛,等.怒江首次考古发掘兰坪玉水坪遗址的重要意义[A],见:张跃等:峡谷中的怒族社会[C].昆明:云南大学出版社,2012:387-402
[23]朱之勇,吉学平.云南保山老虎洞旧石器遗址石器研究[J].边疆考古研究,2011,9(4):1-8
[24]邱中郎,张银运,胡绍锦.昆明呈贡龙潭山第2地点的人化石和旧石器[J].人类学学报,1985(3):233-242
[25]Klein RG.Out of Africa and evolution of human behavior[J].Evolutionary Anthropology,2008(17):267-281
[26]Oppenheimer S.The great arc of dispersal of modern humans:Africa to Australia[J].Quaternary International,2009(202):2-13
[27]Bar-Yosef O,Belfer-Cohen A.Following Pleistocene road signs of human dispersals across Eurasia[J].Quaternary International,2013(285):30-43