大学女性从政策边缘走向中心——乌干达马克雷雷大学社会性别主流化的案例解读
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摘要
社会性别主流化有助于女性从教育政策的边缘走向政策的中心,它也被誉为促进教育性别平等的一种有效方式。乌干达马克雷雷大学的社会性别主流化项目是历史最悠久和最成功的项目之一。为有效实施社会性别主流化项目,马克雷雷大学采取了四条主要措施:制定性别政策;成立性别事务机构;实施"1.5分计划"与女性奖学金项目以及开展女性领导力项目、导师计划和能力建设项目。该项目取得了较为显著的成效:确立了主流地位,提升了女性的"可视性",提高了接受程度;但在积极推动者数量和可持续性上却面临着挑战。为更好推进社会性别主流化项目,马克雷雷大学需要从指导理念、实施路径和执行层面对该项目进行深入的反思。
Gender mainstreaming could facilitate university women coming to the policy centre from the periphery,and it has also been regarded as an effective way to promote gender equality in education. Gender mainstreaming programme(GMP)in Makerere University is one of the oldest and most successful programmes. To effectively implement of the GMP,Makerere University has conducted four actions:enacting gender equality policies,establishing gender issues organs,practicing"1.5 point scheme"and female scholarship initiative as well as conducting women and leadership project,mentoring initiative and capacity building programme. Then,it has proved that the GMP has been effective in legitimating the mainstreaming of gender in the university,improving the visibility of women and in enhancing the acceptance of the GMP in the university and beyond. However,the GMP has encountered such challenges as lacks of enough active promoters and of sustainability in its experts and fund. Finally,it argues that to further improve the implementation of the GMP,Makerere University would need to engage an in-depth reflection on the guiding ideology,implementation approach and practical model of the programme.
Gender mainstreaming could facilitate university women coming to the policy centre from the periphery,and it has also been regarded as an effective way to promote gender equality in education. Gender mainstreaming programme(GMP)in Makerere University is one of the oldest and most successful programmes. To effectively implement of the GMP,Makerere University has conducted four actions:enacting gender equality policies,establishing gender issues organs,practicing"1.5 point scheme"and female scholarship initiative as well as conducting women and leadership project,mentoring initiative and capacity building programme. Then,it has proved that the GMP has been effective in legitimating the mainstreaming of gender in the university,improving the visibility of women and in enhancing the acceptance of the GMP in the university and beyond. However,the GMP has encountered such challenges as lacks of enough active promoters and of sustainability in its experts and fund. Finally,it argues that to further improve the implementation of the GMP,Makerere University would need to engage an in-depth reflection on the guiding ideology,implementation approach and practical model of the programme.
引文
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[39]Makerere University,Gender Mainstreaming Directorate. Our staff[EB/OL].[2017-05-17].http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/2016-06-14-19-09-53/our-staff.html.
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[41]Ferreira Virginia. Gender mainstreaming against the stream of state reformism:An analysis ofthe equality policies in Portugal[R]. Paper presented to ESRC Gender Mainstreaming Seminar,Leeds,2004:1-15.
[42]Woodward Alison. Diversity? The Europeanization of difference and the influence of the UnitedStates on conceptualizations of equality policy[R]. Background paper for Inclusion and Exclusion in Con-temporary European Societies IUC,Dubrovnik,Croatia,2004:19-23.
[43]Booth Christine and Cinnamon Bennett. Gender mainstreaming in the European Union[J]. Euro-pean Journal of Women's Studies,2002,9(4):430-446.
[46][47]Hankivsky Olena. Gender mainstreaming vs diversity mainstreaming:A preliminary exami-nation of the role and transformative potential of feminist theory[EB/OL].[2017-05-16]. https://www.cp-sa-acsp.ca/papers-2004/Hankivsky.pdf.
[48]Morley Louise. Gender mainstreaming:myths and measurement in higher education in Ghanaand Tanzania[J]. Compare,2010,40(4):533-550.
[49][50][53]Jahan Rounaq. The elusive agenda:mainstreaming women in development[J]. ThePakistan Development Review,1996,35(4):825-834.
[51]Verloo Mieke. Another Velvet Revolution? Gender Mainstreaming and the Politics of Implemen-tation[R]. Vienna:IWM,2001:1-25.
[52]Lombardo Emanuela. Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the EuropeanConstitution Making Process[J]. Social Politics,2005,12(3):412-432.
[56][57][58]Fiona Beveridge,Sue Nott&Kylie Stephen. Mainstreaming and the engendering of policy-making:a means to an end?[J]. Journal of European Public Policy,2000,7(3):385-405.
[60]University of Alberta. The Africa Society profile of Dr Joy Kwesiga[EB/OL].[2017-05-18].https://sites.ualberta.ca/~afso/documents/kwesiga.pdf.
(1)马克雷雷大学女性与性别研究系在发展过程中曾多次遭遇认同危机。该系是应该作为一个独立的机构还是应融入到其他人文社会学科当中始终困扰着相关人士。如果仅作为一个独立系存在,它的影响力非常有限,但融入到其他人文社会科学之中,则比较有利于扩大其影响范围。
(1)乔伊·克维塞加(Joy Kwesiga)曾于1995-1998年担任马克雷雷大学女性与性别研究系主任,随后于1998-2001年担任该校社会科学学部部长。但自2001年以后,她开始在卡巴莱大学(KabaleUniversity)担任校长。
[2]World Declaration on Higher Education for Twenty-first Century:Vision and Mission[EB/OL].[2017-04-13]. http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/wche/declaration_eng.htm.
[3]UNESCO. Gender and EFA 2000-2015:achievements and challenges[R/OL].[2017-05-01].http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002348/234809E.pdf.
[4]Winslow Donna. Gender mainstreaming:lessons for diversity[J]. Commonwealth and Compara-tive Politics,2009,47(4):539-558.
[5]Association of African Universities. A Toolkit for Gender Mainstreaming in Higher Education inAfrica[R/OL].[2017-05-02]. http://www.ungei.org/resources/files/Toolkit_complete.pdf.
[6]World Economic Forum. Global Gender Gap Report 2016[EB/OL].[2017-10-20]. http://www.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf.
[7][12][13][18]Makerere University Gender Equality Policy[EB/OL].[2017-05-07]. https://pol-icies.mak.ac.ug/sites/default/files/policies/Makerere-University-Gender-Equality-Policy-2009.pdf.
[8]Muhwezi K. Doris. Gender sensitive educational policy and practice:a Uganda case study[R/OL].[2017-05-10]. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146783e.pdf.
[9][14][16][17][38][45][54][59][61]Kwesiga C. Joy and Ssendiwala N. Elizabeth. Gendermainstreaming in the university context:prospects and challenges at Makerere University,Uganda[J].Women's Studies International Forum,2006,29:592-605.
[10]Makerere University strategica plan 2008/09-2018/19[EB/OL].[2017-05-10]. https://pdd.mak.ac.ug/images/PDD_Docs/Makerere-University-Strategic-Plan 2008-09-2018-19.pdf.
[11] Makerere University Policy and Regulations on Sexual Harassment Prevention[EB/OL].[2017-05-08]. https://policies.mak.ac.ug/sites/default/files/policies/Sexual_Harrassment_Policy.pdf.
[15]School of Women and Gender Studies,Makerere University[EB/OL].[2017-05-10]. http://chuss.mak.ac.ug/schools/swgs.
[19]Welcome Message from the Director,the Gender Mainstreaming Directorate,Makerere Universi-ty[EB/OL].[2017-05-10]. http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/2-general/137-welcome-message-from-the-director.html#.
[20][21][22][23]Kwesiga C. Joy and Ahikire Josephine. On Student Access and Equity in a Re-forming University Makerere in the 1990s and Beyond[J]. Journal of Higher Education in Africa,2006,4(2):1-46.
[24]Womakuyu Frederick. Has 1.5 points scheme served its purpose?[EB/OL].[2017-05-10].http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1212912/15point-scheme-served-purpose.
[25][26]Makerere University Female Scholarship Foundation[EB/OL].[2017-05-10]. http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/scholars/female-scholarship-foundation-fsf.html.
[27]Focus Magazine 2015[EB/OL].[2017-05-10]. http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/docs/focus-maga-zines/Focus_2015.pdf.
[28]Makerere University,Women and Leadership Project[EB/OL].[2017-05-11]. http://www.gen-der.mak.ac.ug/programmes/women-and-leadership-project.html.
[29]Focus Magazine 2011[EB/OL].[2017-05-10]. http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/docs/focus-magazines/Focus_2011.pdf.
[30]HERS-EA"Services"[EB/OL].[2017-05-11]. http://www.hers-ea.org/our-services.
[31]Makerere University,Mentoring Initiative[EB/OL].[2017-05-11]. http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/programmes/mentoring-initiative.html.
[32]Makerere University,Capacity Building[EB/OL].[2017-05-11]. http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/programmes/capacity-building.html.
[33][55]Makerere University,university-management[EB/OL].[2017-05-11]. https://mak.ac.ug/governance/university-management.
[34]Kagoda A Merab. Assessing the effectiveness of affirmative action on women's leadership andparticipation in Uganda[R].[2017-05-11]. http://doc. iiep. unesco. org/wwwisis/repdoc/SEM313/SEM313_20_eng.pdf.
[35]Makerere University Annual Report 2013[R].[2017-05-11]. http://www.muwrp.org/wp-con-tent/files/Makerere-University-Annual-Report-2014x.pdf.
[36][37]History of Gender Mainstreaming Directorate,Makerere University[EB/OL].[2017-04-13]. http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/2016-06-14-19-09-53/history-of-gmd.html.
[39]Makerere University,Gender Mainstreaming Directorate. Our staff[EB/OL].[2017-05-17].http://www.gender.mak.ac.ug/2016-06-14-19-09-53/our-staff.html.
[40][44]Walby Sylvia. Gender mainstreaming:Productive tensions in theory and practice[J]. SocialPolitic,2004,12(3):321-343.
[41]Ferreira Virginia. Gender mainstreaming against the stream of state reformism:An analysis ofthe equality policies in Portugal[R]. Paper presented to ESRC Gender Mainstreaming Seminar,Leeds,2004:1-15.
[42]Woodward Alison. Diversity? The Europeanization of difference and the influence of the UnitedStates on conceptualizations of equality policy[R]. Background paper for Inclusion and Exclusion in Con-temporary European Societies IUC,Dubrovnik,Croatia,2004:19-23.
[43]Booth Christine and Cinnamon Bennett. Gender mainstreaming in the European Union[J]. Euro-pean Journal of Women's Studies,2002,9(4):430-446.
[46][47]Hankivsky Olena. Gender mainstreaming vs diversity mainstreaming:A preliminary exami-nation of the role and transformative potential of feminist theory[EB/OL].[2017-05-16]. https://www.cp-sa-acsp.ca/papers-2004/Hankivsky.pdf.
[48]Morley Louise. Gender mainstreaming:myths and measurement in higher education in Ghanaand Tanzania[J]. Compare,2010,40(4):533-550.
[49][50][53]Jahan Rounaq. The elusive agenda:mainstreaming women in development[J]. ThePakistan Development Review,1996,35(4):825-834.
[51]Verloo Mieke. Another Velvet Revolution? Gender Mainstreaming and the Politics of Implemen-tation[R]. Vienna:IWM,2001:1-25.
[52]Lombardo Emanuela. Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the EuropeanConstitution Making Process[J]. Social Politics,2005,12(3):412-432.
[56][57][58]Fiona Beveridge,Sue Nott&Kylie Stephen. Mainstreaming and the engendering of policy-making:a means to an end?[J]. Journal of European Public Policy,2000,7(3):385-405.
[60]University of Alberta. The Africa Society profile of Dr Joy Kwesiga[EB/OL].[2017-05-18].https://sites.ualberta.ca/~afso/documents/kwesiga.pdf.
(1)马克雷雷大学女性与性别研究系在发展过程中曾多次遭遇认同危机。该系是应该作为一个独立的机构还是应融入到其他人文社会学科当中始终困扰着相关人士。如果仅作为一个独立系存在,它的影响力非常有限,但融入到其他人文社会科学之中,则比较有利于扩大其影响范围。
(1)乔伊·克维塞加(Joy Kwesiga)曾于1995-1998年担任马克雷雷大学女性与性别研究系主任,随后于1998-2001年担任该校社会科学学部部长。但自2001年以后,她开始在卡巴莱大学(KabaleUniversity)担任校长。