提示现实因素对乐观偏差的影响机制初探
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摘要
乐观偏差现象已被广泛证实,为了探讨认知因素和非认知因素在乐观偏差产生中的相对作用,本研究在提示将来事件相关的保护因素和风险因素的基础上,通过指导语操纵判断目标,要求被试分别客观理性和凭借直觉对将来事件发生在自己身上的可能性和时间距离做出判断。结果显示:与无提示条件的控制组被试相比较,提示条件的两组被试(直觉判断组、理性判断组)自我风险知觉显著提高,而直觉判断组和理性判断组的自我风险知觉没有显著差异。结论:提示风险性现实因素增加自我风险知觉,且不受判断目标的影响。这表明提示现实因素对乐观偏差的影响是认知因素与非认知因素综合作用的结果。
Optimism bias is a most robust and widely replicated phenomenon. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect mechanism of protect and risk factors on optimistic bias. Participants in two experimental groups required to judgment the possibility and temporal distance on the basis of objective rationality and intuition respectively. Whereas participants in the control group were only asked to evaluate the possibility and subjective temporal distance of future events which maybe happen to them. The results found that compared to subjects in the control group,judgment of self-risk perception in the two groups of subjects( intuitive judgment group and rational judgment group) significantly improved,but judgment of self-risk perception between groups of intuitive judgment and rational judgment had no significant difference. This results indicate that the effect of cuing realistic factors on optimistic bias is the result of the comprehensive effect of various kinds of factors.
Optimism bias is a most robust and widely replicated phenomenon. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect mechanism of protect and risk factors on optimistic bias. Participants in two experimental groups required to judgment the possibility and temporal distance on the basis of objective rationality and intuition respectively. Whereas participants in the control group were only asked to evaluate the possibility and subjective temporal distance of future events which maybe happen to them. The results found that compared to subjects in the control group,judgment of self-risk perception in the two groups of subjects( intuitive judgment group and rational judgment group) significantly improved,but judgment of self-risk perception between groups of intuitive judgment and rational judgment had no significant difference. This results indicate that the effect of cuing realistic factors on optimistic bias is the result of the comprehensive effect of various kinds of factors.
引文
[1]CHAMBERS J R,WINDSCHITL P D.Biases in social comparative judgments:The role of nonmotivated factors in above-average and comparative-optimism effects[J].Psychological Bulletin,2004,130:813-838.
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[3]PRICE P C,PENTECOST H C,VOTH R D.Perceived event frequency and the optimistic bias:Evidence for a two-process model of personal risk judgments[J].Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2002,38:242-252.
[4]SHAROT T,RICCARDI A M,RAIO C M,et al.Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias[J].Nature,2007,450:102-105.
[5]SHARTO T,KORN C W,DOLAN R J.How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality[J].Nature Neuroscience,2011,14:1475-1479.
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[7]LENCH H C.Automatic optimism:The affective basis of judgments about the likelihood of future events[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,2009,138:187-200.
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[11]KANTEN A B,TEIGEN K H.Better than average and better with time:Relative evaluations of self and others in the past,present,and future[J].European Journal of social Psychology,2008,38(2):343-353.
[12]尹天子,黄希庭.保护因素和风险因素提示对乐观偏差的影响[J].心理学探新,2017,37(5):416-422.
[13]尹天子,黄希庭.提示现实因素影响乐观偏差的有限性:自我-他人判断差异[J].西南大学学报(社会科学版)录用.
[14]FERREIRA M B,GARCIA M L,SHERMAN S J,et al.Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2006,91(5):797-813.
[15]SCHEIER M,CARVER C,BRIDGES M.Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism(and trait anxiety,self-mastery and self-esteem):A re-evaluation of the life orientation test[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1994,67:1063-1078.
[16]KLEIN W M P,MONIN M M.When focusing on negative and positive attributes of the self elicits more inductive self-judgment[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2009,35(3):376-384.
[17]OETTINGEN G,MAYER D.The motivating function of thinking about the future:Expectations versus fantasies[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2002,83(5):1198-1212.
[18]陈瑞君,秦启文,王晓刚,等.乐观偏差的内隐效应[J].心理科学,2013,36(2):453-457.
[19]尹天子.将来自我认知的乐观偏向---ERP研究的证据[J].心理学探新,2016,36(5):427-432.
[2]CHAMBERS J R,WINDSCHITL P D,SULS J.Egocentrism,event frequency,and comparative optimism:When what happens frequently is more likely to happen to me?[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2003,29:1343-1356.
[3]PRICE P C,PENTECOST H C,VOTH R D.Perceived event frequency and the optimistic bias:Evidence for a two-process model of personal risk judgments[J].Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2002,38:242-252.
[4]SHAROT T,RICCARDI A M,RAIO C M,et al.Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias[J].Nature,2007,450:102-105.
[5]SHARTO T,KORN C W,DOLAN R J.How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality[J].Nature Neuroscience,2011,14:1475-1479.
[6]陈瑞君,秦启文.乐观偏差的研究概况[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(11):1822-1827.
[7]LENCH H C.Automatic optimism:The affective basis of judgments about the likelihood of future events[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,2009,138:187-200.
[8]LENCH H C,BENCH S W.Automatic optimism:Why people assume their futures will be bright[J].Social and Personality Psychology Compass,2012,6:347-360.
[9]LENCH H C,DITTO P H.Automatic optimism:Biased use of base rate information for positive and negative events[J].Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2008,44:631-639.
[10]HELWEG L M,SHEPPERD J A.Do moderators of the optimistic bias affect personal or target risk estimates?Areview of the literature[J].Personality and Social Psychology Review,2001,5(1):74-95.
[11]KANTEN A B,TEIGEN K H.Better than average and better with time:Relative evaluations of self and others in the past,present,and future[J].European Journal of social Psychology,2008,38(2):343-353.
[12]尹天子,黄希庭.保护因素和风险因素提示对乐观偏差的影响[J].心理学探新,2017,37(5):416-422.
[13]尹天子,黄希庭.提示现实因素影响乐观偏差的有限性:自我-他人判断差异[J].西南大学学报(社会科学版)录用.
[14]FERREIRA M B,GARCIA M L,SHERMAN S J,et al.Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2006,91(5):797-813.
[15]SCHEIER M,CARVER C,BRIDGES M.Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism(and trait anxiety,self-mastery and self-esteem):A re-evaluation of the life orientation test[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1994,67:1063-1078.
[16]KLEIN W M P,MONIN M M.When focusing on negative and positive attributes of the self elicits more inductive self-judgment[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2009,35(3):376-384.
[17]OETTINGEN G,MAYER D.The motivating function of thinking about the future:Expectations versus fantasies[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2002,83(5):1198-1212.
[18]陈瑞君,秦启文,王晓刚,等.乐观偏差的内隐效应[J].心理科学,2013,36(2):453-457.
[19]尹天子.将来自我认知的乐观偏向---ERP研究的证据[J].心理学探新,2016,36(5):427-432.