离心法制备稳定同位素综述
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摘要
稳定同位素被广泛应用于核能、公共安全、环境、工业、农业、医学以及基础研究等不同领域。稳定同位素分离方法有电磁法、气体扩散法、热扩散法、蒸馏法、化学交换法、激光法以及气体离心法等。随着离心分离技术的发展和成熟,越来越多的稳定同位素采用离心法来分离。本文首先对稳定同位素进行了统计和分析,然后对离心法分离稳定同位素的基本原理、技术特点、国内外主要研发情况进行了重点阐述,最后对离心分离稳定同位素技术国内外目前存在的差距进行了分析。
Stable isotopes are widely applied in different fields such as nuclear energy, public security, environment, industry, agriculture, medicine and fundamental research. Main methods of stable isotope separation include electromagnetic method, gas diffusion method, thermal diffusion method, distillation method, chemical exchange method, laser method and gas centrifugal method. With the development and mature of centrifugal separation technology, a growing number of stable isotopes are separated by centrifugal method. In this paper, stable isotope statistics and analysis are conducted, and then basic principle, technical features and research situation at home and abroad are especially described. The gap at home and abroad on centrifugal technology of stable isotope separation is analyzed in the end.
Stable isotopes are widely applied in different fields such as nuclear energy, public security, environment, industry, agriculture, medicine and fundamental research. Main methods of stable isotope separation include electromagnetic method, gas diffusion method, thermal diffusion method, distillation method, chemical exchange method, laser method and gas centrifugal method. With the development and mature of centrifugal separation technology, a growing number of stable isotopes are separated by centrifugal method. In this paper, stable isotope statistics and analysis are conducted, and then basic principle, technical features and research situation at home and abroad are especially described. The gap at home and abroad on centrifugal technology of stable isotope separation is analyzed in the end.
引文
[1] Borisevich V D.Physical foundation of isotope separation by gas centrifuge[M].Moscow:IzDAT,2011:209-217.
[2] Baranov V Y U.Isotopes:properties,production,application[M].2st ed.Мoscow:IzDAT,2005:155-167 .
[3] Cassianiga B,Giammarchi M G.Neutrinoless double beta decay with 136Xe in BOREXINO and the BOREXINO counting[J].Astropart Phys,2001,14(1):15-31.
[4] Ejin H,Engel J,Hazama R,et al.Spectroscopy of double-beta and inverse-beta decays form 100Mo for neutrinos[J].PhysRev Lett,2000,85(14):2 917-2 920.
[5] Zdesenko Yu G,Ponkratenko O A,Tretyak V I.High sensitivity GEM experiment on 2 βdecay of 76Ge[J].J Phys G,2001,27(6):2 129-2 146.
[6] Dafinei I,Nagorny S.Production of 82Se enriched Ainc Selenide(ZnSe) crystals for study of neutrionless double beta decay[J].Jouanal of Crystal Growth,2017,47(5):15-31.
[7] 肖华先,特气在离心法分离民用同位素中的应用[J].低温与特气,1992,3:200-203.Xiao Huaxian.The application of specialty gasess on civilian isotopes by centrifuge separation[J].Low Temperature and Specialty Gases,1992,3:200-203(in Chinese).
[8] Pavlov A V,Borisevich V D.Market of stable isotopes produced by gas centrifuges:Status and Prospects,The 9th International Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases[C].Beijing:[s.n.],2006:54-59.
[9] Wu Hongjiang,Ying Chuntong,Liu Guanjun.Calculation methods for determining the distribution of components in a separation cascade for multicomponent mixture[J].Separation Science and Technology,1998,33(6):887-898.
[10] Zeng Shi,Ying Chuntong.A second-order time-accurate method for determination of concentration distribution of multicomponent mixtures in separation cascades[J].Separation Science and Technology,2000,35(5):729-741.
[11] Zeng Shi,Ying Chuntong.A robust and efficient calculation procedure for determining concentration distribution of multicomponent mixtures[J].Separation Science and Technology,2000,35(4):613-622.
[12] Zeng Shi,Ying Chuntong.A method of separating a middle component in multicomponent isotope mixtures by gas centrifuge cascades[J].Separation Science and Technology,2000,35(14):2 173-2 186.
[13] 贾兴国,应纯同,曾实.附加供料离心净化级联的实现[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,46(3):371-373.Jia Xingguo,Ying Chuntong,Zeng Shi.Realization of centrifuge purge cascade with additional feed[J].Journal of Tsinghua University (Sci & Tech),2006,46 (3):371-373(in Chinese).
[14] 张龙,周明胜,聂玉刚,等.钨同位素离心分离的实验研究[J].同位素,2000,13(3):129-134.Zhang Long,Zhou Mingsheng,Nie Yuguang,et al.Experimental study of Tungsten isotopes separation by gas centrifuge[J].Journal of Isotopes,2000,13 (3):129-134(in Chinese).
[15] 周明胜,钟松,程维娜,等.高丰度硅-28同位素的分离技术[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,43(6):729-731.Zhou Mingsheng,Zhong Song,Cheng Weina,et al.Enrichment 28Si to high concentrations by a centrifuge[J].Journal of Tsinghua University (Sci & Tech),2003,43(6):729-731(in Chinese).
[16] 周明胜,梁雄文,张永刚,等.离心法生产氙同位素[J].同位素,2006,19(1):1-3.Zhou Mingsheng,Liang Xiongwen,Zhagn Yonggang,et al.Xenon isotopes production by gas centrifuge[J].Journal of Isotopes,2006,19(1):1-3(in Chinese).
[17] 潘建雄,周明胜,裴根,等.以三氯化硼为介质离心分离硼同位素[J].同位素,2018,31(2):77-83.Pan Jianxiong,Zhou Mingsheng,Pei Gen,et al.Centrifugal separation of Boron isotopes using Boron Trichloride as processing gas[J].Journal of Isotopes,2018,31(2):77-83(in Chinese).
[18] 裴根,潘建雄,周明胜,等.以四氯化钛为介质离心分离钛同位素[J].同位素,2018,31(4):208-215.Pei Gen,Pan Jianxiong,Zhou Mingsheng,et al.Centrifugal separation of Titanium isotopes using Titanium Tetrachloride as processing gas[J].Journal of Isotopes,2018,31(4):208-215(in Chinese).
[19] 李大勇,牟宏,李文泊,74Se同位素分离研究[J].同位素,2006,19(1):64-66.Li Dayong,Mou Hong,Li Wenbo.Study of 74Se isotope separation[J].Journal of Isotopes,2006,19(1):64-66(in Chinese).
[20] 牟宏,李大勇,李文泊.Si同位素分离单机供料流量的优化[J].同位素,2008,21(2):65-68.Mou Hong,Li Dayong,Li Wenbo.Optimization of the feed flow of single unit for Si isotope separation[J].Journal of Isotopes,2008,21(2):65-68(in Chinese).
[21] Xie Quanxin,Sulaberidze G A,Borisevich V D.Some properties of quasi-ideal cascades with losses at stages[C]//Proceedings of the XX International Symposium on Physical-Chemical Methods of the Mixtures Separation,“Ars Separatoria 2005”.Szklarska Poreba,Poland:[s.n.],2005:205-207.
[22] Xie Quanxin,Sulaberidze G A,Borisevich V D.Optimization of Model cascades for Multicomponent Isotope Mixtures[C]//Proceedings of XI All-Russia (International) Scientific Conference,“Physical and Chemical Processes on Selection of Atoms and Molecules”.Russian:[s.n.],2006:15-20.
[23] 谢全新,李大勇,李文泊,等.多组分同位素分离级联的优化[J].核科学与工程,2008,1:86-91.Xie Quanxin,Li Dayong,Li Wenbo,et al.Cascade optimization for multicomponent isotope separation[J].Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering,2008,1:86-91(in Chinese).
[24] 谢全新,Sulaberidze G A,吴建军,等.存在损耗的多组分级联的改进模型[J].原子能科学技术,2009,43(8):750-755.Xie Quanxin,Sulaberidze G A,Wu Jianjun,et al.An improved model of multicomponent cascade with losses[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2009,43(8):750-755(in Chinese).
[25] 谢全新,李大勇,吴建军.回收铀分离级联计算[J].核技术,2009,32(1):61-65.Xie Quanxin,Li Dayong,Wu Jianjun.Cascade calculations for separation of recycled uranium[J].Nuclear Techniques,2009,32(1):61-65(in Chinese).
[26] 谢全新,丛艺坤,吴建军.带附加供料的准理想级联模型及其在回收铀浓缩中的应用[J].核技术,2010,33(9):709-703.Xie Quanxin,Cong Yikun,Wu Jianjun.Model of quasi-ideal cascade with an additional feed flow and its applications to the enrichment of recycled uranium[J].Nuclear Techniques,2010,33(9):709-703(in Chinese).
[27] 谢全新,李文泊,吴建军,等.带附加流动多组分矩形级联的稳态算法[J].原子能科学技术,2010,44(4):385-390.Xie Quanxin,Li Wenbo,Wu Jianjun,et al.Stationary calculation method for multicomponent square cascades with additional flows[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2010,44(4):385-390(in Chinese).
[28] 谢全新,牟宏,吴建军,等.单纯形法在准理想级联优化中的应用[J].原子能科学技术,2012,46(5):520-523.Xie Quanxin,Mou Hong,Wu Jianjun,et al.Application of simplex method to optimization of quasi-ideal cascade[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2012,46(5):520-523(in Chinese).
[29] 谢全新,杨坤,周永胜,等.带附加供料的准理想级联的优化[J].核技术,2013,36(6):060602-1-060602-6.Xie Quanxin,Yang Kun,Zhou Yongsheng.Optimization of quasi-ideal cascade with an additional feed flow[J].Nuclear Techniques,2013,36(6):060602-1-060602-6(in Chinese).
[30] 谢全新,丛艺坤,邱志恒,等.带附加供料和存在损耗的准理想级联的模型[J].同位素,2013,26(3):180-185.Xie Quanxin,Cong Yikun,Qiu Zhiheng,et al.Model of quasi-ideal cascade with an additional feed flow and losses of working substances[J].Journal of Isotopes,2013,26(3):180-185(in Chinese).
[31] 丛艺坤.一种多组分分离级联的数值计算方法[J].同位素,2014,27(3):140-146.Cong Yikun.The numerical calculation method of multicomponent separation cascade[J].Journal of Isotopes,2014,27(3):140-146(in Chinese).
[2] Baranov V Y U.Isotopes:properties,production,application[M].2st ed.Мoscow:IzDAT,2005:155-167 .
[3] Cassianiga B,Giammarchi M G.Neutrinoless double beta decay with 136Xe in BOREXINO and the BOREXINO counting[J].Astropart Phys,2001,14(1):15-31.
[4] Ejin H,Engel J,Hazama R,et al.Spectroscopy of double-beta and inverse-beta decays form 100Mo for neutrinos[J].PhysRev Lett,2000,85(14):2 917-2 920.
[5] Zdesenko Yu G,Ponkratenko O A,Tretyak V I.High sensitivity GEM experiment on 2 βdecay of 76Ge[J].J Phys G,2001,27(6):2 129-2 146.
[6] Dafinei I,Nagorny S.Production of 82Se enriched Ainc Selenide(ZnSe) crystals for study of neutrionless double beta decay[J].Jouanal of Crystal Growth,2017,47(5):15-31.
[7] 肖华先,特气在离心法分离民用同位素中的应用[J].低温与特气,1992,3:200-203.Xiao Huaxian.The application of specialty gasess on civilian isotopes by centrifuge separation[J].Low Temperature and Specialty Gases,1992,3:200-203(in Chinese).
[8] Pavlov A V,Borisevich V D.Market of stable isotopes produced by gas centrifuges:Status and Prospects,The 9th International Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases[C].Beijing:[s.n.],2006:54-59.
[9] Wu Hongjiang,Ying Chuntong,Liu Guanjun.Calculation methods for determining the distribution of components in a separation cascade for multicomponent mixture[J].Separation Science and Technology,1998,33(6):887-898.
[10] Zeng Shi,Ying Chuntong.A second-order time-accurate method for determination of concentration distribution of multicomponent mixtures in separation cascades[J].Separation Science and Technology,2000,35(5):729-741.
[11] Zeng Shi,Ying Chuntong.A robust and efficient calculation procedure for determining concentration distribution of multicomponent mixtures[J].Separation Science and Technology,2000,35(4):613-622.
[12] Zeng Shi,Ying Chuntong.A method of separating a middle component in multicomponent isotope mixtures by gas centrifuge cascades[J].Separation Science and Technology,2000,35(14):2 173-2 186.
[13] 贾兴国,应纯同,曾实.附加供料离心净化级联的实现[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,46(3):371-373.Jia Xingguo,Ying Chuntong,Zeng Shi.Realization of centrifuge purge cascade with additional feed[J].Journal of Tsinghua University (Sci & Tech),2006,46 (3):371-373(in Chinese).
[14] 张龙,周明胜,聂玉刚,等.钨同位素离心分离的实验研究[J].同位素,2000,13(3):129-134.Zhang Long,Zhou Mingsheng,Nie Yuguang,et al.Experimental study of Tungsten isotopes separation by gas centrifuge[J].Journal of Isotopes,2000,13 (3):129-134(in Chinese).
[15] 周明胜,钟松,程维娜,等.高丰度硅-28同位素的分离技术[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,43(6):729-731.Zhou Mingsheng,Zhong Song,Cheng Weina,et al.Enrichment 28Si to high concentrations by a centrifuge[J].Journal of Tsinghua University (Sci & Tech),2003,43(6):729-731(in Chinese).
[16] 周明胜,梁雄文,张永刚,等.离心法生产氙同位素[J].同位素,2006,19(1):1-3.Zhou Mingsheng,Liang Xiongwen,Zhagn Yonggang,et al.Xenon isotopes production by gas centrifuge[J].Journal of Isotopes,2006,19(1):1-3(in Chinese).
[17] 潘建雄,周明胜,裴根,等.以三氯化硼为介质离心分离硼同位素[J].同位素,2018,31(2):77-83.Pan Jianxiong,Zhou Mingsheng,Pei Gen,et al.Centrifugal separation of Boron isotopes using Boron Trichloride as processing gas[J].Journal of Isotopes,2018,31(2):77-83(in Chinese).
[18] 裴根,潘建雄,周明胜,等.以四氯化钛为介质离心分离钛同位素[J].同位素,2018,31(4):208-215.Pei Gen,Pan Jianxiong,Zhou Mingsheng,et al.Centrifugal separation of Titanium isotopes using Titanium Tetrachloride as processing gas[J].Journal of Isotopes,2018,31(4):208-215(in Chinese).
[19] 李大勇,牟宏,李文泊,74Se同位素分离研究[J].同位素,2006,19(1):64-66.Li Dayong,Mou Hong,Li Wenbo.Study of 74Se isotope separation[J].Journal of Isotopes,2006,19(1):64-66(in Chinese).
[20] 牟宏,李大勇,李文泊.Si同位素分离单机供料流量的优化[J].同位素,2008,21(2):65-68.Mou Hong,Li Dayong,Li Wenbo.Optimization of the feed flow of single unit for Si isotope separation[J].Journal of Isotopes,2008,21(2):65-68(in Chinese).
[21] Xie Quanxin,Sulaberidze G A,Borisevich V D.Some properties of quasi-ideal cascades with losses at stages[C]//Proceedings of the XX International Symposium on Physical-Chemical Methods of the Mixtures Separation,“Ars Separatoria 2005”.Szklarska Poreba,Poland:[s.n.],2005:205-207.
[22] Xie Quanxin,Sulaberidze G A,Borisevich V D.Optimization of Model cascades for Multicomponent Isotope Mixtures[C]//Proceedings of XI All-Russia (International) Scientific Conference,“Physical and Chemical Processes on Selection of Atoms and Molecules”.Russian:[s.n.],2006:15-20.
[23] 谢全新,李大勇,李文泊,等.多组分同位素分离级联的优化[J].核科学与工程,2008,1:86-91.Xie Quanxin,Li Dayong,Li Wenbo,et al.Cascade optimization for multicomponent isotope separation[J].Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering,2008,1:86-91(in Chinese).
[24] 谢全新,Sulaberidze G A,吴建军,等.存在损耗的多组分级联的改进模型[J].原子能科学技术,2009,43(8):750-755.Xie Quanxin,Sulaberidze G A,Wu Jianjun,et al.An improved model of multicomponent cascade with losses[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2009,43(8):750-755(in Chinese).
[25] 谢全新,李大勇,吴建军.回收铀分离级联计算[J].核技术,2009,32(1):61-65.Xie Quanxin,Li Dayong,Wu Jianjun.Cascade calculations for separation of recycled uranium[J].Nuclear Techniques,2009,32(1):61-65(in Chinese).
[26] 谢全新,丛艺坤,吴建军.带附加供料的准理想级联模型及其在回收铀浓缩中的应用[J].核技术,2010,33(9):709-703.Xie Quanxin,Cong Yikun,Wu Jianjun.Model of quasi-ideal cascade with an additional feed flow and its applications to the enrichment of recycled uranium[J].Nuclear Techniques,2010,33(9):709-703(in Chinese).
[27] 谢全新,李文泊,吴建军,等.带附加流动多组分矩形级联的稳态算法[J].原子能科学技术,2010,44(4):385-390.Xie Quanxin,Li Wenbo,Wu Jianjun,et al.Stationary calculation method for multicomponent square cascades with additional flows[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2010,44(4):385-390(in Chinese).
[28] 谢全新,牟宏,吴建军,等.单纯形法在准理想级联优化中的应用[J].原子能科学技术,2012,46(5):520-523.Xie Quanxin,Mou Hong,Wu Jianjun,et al.Application of simplex method to optimization of quasi-ideal cascade[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2012,46(5):520-523(in Chinese).
[29] 谢全新,杨坤,周永胜,等.带附加供料的准理想级联的优化[J].核技术,2013,36(6):060602-1-060602-6.Xie Quanxin,Yang Kun,Zhou Yongsheng.Optimization of quasi-ideal cascade with an additional feed flow[J].Nuclear Techniques,2013,36(6):060602-1-060602-6(in Chinese).
[30] 谢全新,丛艺坤,邱志恒,等.带附加供料和存在损耗的准理想级联的模型[J].同位素,2013,26(3):180-185.Xie Quanxin,Cong Yikun,Qiu Zhiheng,et al.Model of quasi-ideal cascade with an additional feed flow and losses of working substances[J].Journal of Isotopes,2013,26(3):180-185(in Chinese).
[31] 丛艺坤.一种多组分分离级联的数值计算方法[J].同位素,2014,27(3):140-146.Cong Yikun.The numerical calculation method of multicomponent separation cascade[J].Journal of Isotopes,2014,27(3):140-146(in Chinese).