1947—1949年美国“公共图书馆调查”研究——方法、成果和历史影响
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摘要
1947—1949年的"公共图书馆调查"是美国公共图书馆在二战后最大规模、最客观、最彻底和最系统的一次公共图书馆调查活动。该调查采用当时最先进的社会科学研究方法,对美国公共图书馆的生存状况和存在的问题进行了摸底,并以大众传媒为背景,为公共图书馆的未来发展提出了众多具有历史意义的建设性意见,是美国现代公共图书馆发展史上具有深远影响的调查事件。本文就该次调查的方法、成果、历史影响分别进行阐述和评论,以填补国内对此重大调查事件的研究空白。
"The Public Library Inquiry" between 1947 and 1949 is the largest-scale, the most objective, and the most thorough and systematic inquiry about the American public libraries ever done after the Second World War. Applying the most advanced research methodology in social sciences and putting American public libraries on the background of the development of the mass media, the inquiry depicted their situations and their problems and brought forward many historic constructive recommendations and suggestions for their future development. It has been the most far-reaching inquiry in the modern history of the American public libraries. This article elaborates on its research methodology, findings, and historical influence, so as to introduce this fundamental inquiry to public library researchers in China and fill in such a gap.
"The Public Library Inquiry" between 1947 and 1949 is the largest-scale, the most objective, and the most thorough and systematic inquiry about the American public libraries ever done after the Second World War. Applying the most advanced research methodology in social sciences and putting American public libraries on the background of the development of the mass media, the inquiry depicted their situations and their problems and brought forward many historic constructive recommendations and suggestions for their future development. It has been the most far-reaching inquiry in the modern history of the American public libraries. This article elaborates on its research methodology, findings, and historical influence, so as to introduce this fundamental inquiry to public library researchers in China and fill in such a gap.
引文
1 D. Raber, M. N. Maack. Scope, Background, and Intellectual Context of the Public Library Inquiry[J]. Libraries & Culture,1994,29(1):26-48.
2 R. D. Leigh. The Public Library in the United States: The General Report of the Public Library Inquiry of the Social Science Research Council[M]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1950.
3 冈纳·缪尔达尔[EB/OL].[2018-01-26].https://baike.baidu.com/item/冈纳·缪尔达尔/4835876.
4 R. D. Leigh. Public Library Inquiry[J].ALA Bulletin,1948,42 (3):115-120.
5 C. B. Roden. Reviewed Work(s): The Public Library in the United States: The General Report of the Public Inquiry by Robert D. Leigh[J].The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy,1951,21 (2):129-133.
6 L. C. Merritt, R. D. Leigh. Research Methods of the Inquiry, and Areas for Possible Research Uncovered by the Inquiry, Report of Meeting, July 20, 1950, (Association of American Library Schools)[J].Association for Library and Information Science Education (ALISE), 1950:14-17.
7 The Public Library Inquiry[J].ALA Bulletin,1947,41(12):433-434.
8 R. D. Leigh. Selection of the Sample for the Public Library Inquiry[J].ALA Bulletin,1948,42(2):76-77.
9 The Public Library Inquiry[J].ALA Bulletin,1947,41(5):160.
10 V. L. Pungitore. Public Librarianship: An Issues-oriented Approach[M].New York: Greenwood Press,1989.
11 D. Raber. Inquiry as Ideology: The Politics of the Public Library Inquiry[J]. Libraries & Culture,1994,29(1):49-60.
12 L. R. Shull. Annotated Bibliography of the Public Library Inquiry[J].Libraries & Culture,1994,29 (1):95-127.
13 G. A. Marco. The American Library Handbook[M].Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO,LLC,2012.
14 R. D. Leigh. Changing Concepts of the Public Library's Role[J].The Library Quarterly,1957,27 (4):223-234.
15 J. W. Fry. LSA and LSCA, 1956-1973: A Legislative History[J].Library Trends, 1975(7):7-26.
16 M. N. Maack. Public Libraries in Transition: Ideals, Strategies, and Research[J]. Libraries & Culture,1994,29(1):75-94.
(1)1994年,为纪念公共图书馆调查的主要专家之一爱丽丝·布莱恩(1992年10月30日去世),美国图书馆史期刊《图书馆与文化》(Libraries and Culture)在第29卷第1期刊出公共图书馆调查论文专辑——“公共图书馆调查:回顾、反思和研究”(The Public Library Inquiry: Remniscences, Reflections, and Research)。这些专辑文章,除了本文在参考文献中列出的发表时间为1994年的4篇论文之外,还包括以下论文:1. Robert Leigh. The Public Library Inquiry(Chapter 1 from The Public Library in the United States); 2. Alice I. Bryan. The Public Library Inquiry: Purpose, Procedures, and Participants; 3. R. Kathleen Molz. The Public Library Inquiry as Public Policy Research; 4.Mary Niles Maack. Alice I. Bryan: Psychologist, Library Educator, and Feminist; 5.Phyllis Dain, et al. Appreciations and Memorial Tributes from Friends and Colleagues.
2 R. D. Leigh. The Public Library in the United States: The General Report of the Public Library Inquiry of the Social Science Research Council[M]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1950.
3 冈纳·缪尔达尔[EB/OL].[2018-01-26].https://baike.baidu.com/item/冈纳·缪尔达尔/4835876.
4 R. D. Leigh. Public Library Inquiry[J].ALA Bulletin,1948,42 (3):115-120.
5 C. B. Roden. Reviewed Work(s): The Public Library in the United States: The General Report of the Public Inquiry by Robert D. Leigh[J].The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy,1951,21 (2):129-133.
6 L. C. Merritt, R. D. Leigh. Research Methods of the Inquiry, and Areas for Possible Research Uncovered by the Inquiry, Report of Meeting, July 20, 1950, (Association of American Library Schools)[J].Association for Library and Information Science Education (ALISE), 1950:14-17.
7 The Public Library Inquiry[J].ALA Bulletin,1947,41(12):433-434.
8 R. D. Leigh. Selection of the Sample for the Public Library Inquiry[J].ALA Bulletin,1948,42(2):76-77.
9 The Public Library Inquiry[J].ALA Bulletin,1947,41(5):160.
10 V. L. Pungitore. Public Librarianship: An Issues-oriented Approach[M].New York: Greenwood Press,1989.
11 D. Raber. Inquiry as Ideology: The Politics of the Public Library Inquiry[J]. Libraries & Culture,1994,29(1):49-60.
12 L. R. Shull. Annotated Bibliography of the Public Library Inquiry[J].Libraries & Culture,1994,29 (1):95-127.
13 G. A. Marco. The American Library Handbook[M].Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO,LLC,2012.
14 R. D. Leigh. Changing Concepts of the Public Library's Role[J].The Library Quarterly,1957,27 (4):223-234.
15 J. W. Fry. LSA and LSCA, 1956-1973: A Legislative History[J].Library Trends, 1975(7):7-26.
16 M. N. Maack. Public Libraries in Transition: Ideals, Strategies, and Research[J]. Libraries & Culture,1994,29(1):75-94.
(1)1994年,为纪念公共图书馆调查的主要专家之一爱丽丝·布莱恩(1992年10月30日去世),美国图书馆史期刊《图书馆与文化》(Libraries and Culture)在第29卷第1期刊出公共图书馆调查论文专辑——“公共图书馆调查:回顾、反思和研究”(The Public Library Inquiry: Remniscences, Reflections, and Research)。这些专辑文章,除了本文在参考文献中列出的发表时间为1994年的4篇论文之外,还包括以下论文:1. Robert Leigh. The Public Library Inquiry(Chapter 1 from The Public Library in the United States); 2. Alice I. Bryan. The Public Library Inquiry: Purpose, Procedures, and Participants; 3. R. Kathleen Molz. The Public Library Inquiry as Public Policy Research; 4.Mary Niles Maack. Alice I. Bryan: Psychologist, Library Educator, and Feminist; 5.Phyllis Dain, et al. Appreciations and Memorial Tributes from Friends and Colleagues.