农业跑步机理论:研究述评与中国实践
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摘要
农业跑步机理论指出,由于"农业跑步机"的存在,农业生产越来越集中在少数大农场主手中,农场更加商业化和资本化,农业结构也发生了根本变化,农村剩余人口大量流失,农民阶层逐渐分化。20世纪后半叶美国农业的发展经历了从农产品价格的"农业跑步机"到"土地跑步机"的转变。后继者既有对理论的经验验证,认为政策、种子、化肥等同样存在"跑步机"陷阱;也有理论批判,提出农业跑步机理论难以解释小家庭农业和兼业农民的生产状况。文章在对农业跑步机理论进行综述的基础上,利用该理论对河北定州市大西丈村的经验材料进行了分析和解释。
Willard Cochrane,a professor of the university of Minnesota,proposed "theory of the agricultural treadmill"based on his research of the process and results of farm technology adoption by American farmers in the 1950 s. Cochrane pointed out that the existence of"agricultural treadmill"had led to the increasing concentration of agricultural production on a small number of farmers,meanwhile,more commercialized and capitalized farms had fundamentally changed the agricultural structure of the United States. Furthermore,rural surplus population moved into city,and the farmer social stratum differentiation appeared. Cochrane argued that the process of American agriculture in the second half of the 20 th century had undergone a transition from the "agricultural treadmill"to the "land treadmill"of agricultural prices. Some scholars had empirically verified and theoretically criticized the theory,and believed that other elements like policies,seeds,fertilizers had"treadmill"traps too. It is difficult to explain small family agriculture and the production status of concurrent farmers by using the"theory of the agricultural treadmill". Basing on the reviews of the "theory of the agricultural treadmill",we analyzed and explained the empirical data of Daxizhang village in Dingzhou city Hebei province in this paper.
Willard Cochrane,a professor of the university of Minnesota,proposed "theory of the agricultural treadmill"based on his research of the process and results of farm technology adoption by American farmers in the 1950 s. Cochrane pointed out that the existence of"agricultural treadmill"had led to the increasing concentration of agricultural production on a small number of farmers,meanwhile,more commercialized and capitalized farms had fundamentally changed the agricultural structure of the United States. Furthermore,rural surplus population moved into city,and the farmer social stratum differentiation appeared. Cochrane argued that the process of American agriculture in the second half of the 20 th century had undergone a transition from the "agricultural treadmill"to the "land treadmill"of agricultural prices. Some scholars had empirically verified and theoretically criticized the theory,and believed that other elements like policies,seeds,fertilizers had"treadmill"traps too. It is difficult to explain small family agriculture and the production status of concurrent farmers by using the"theory of the agricultural treadmill". Basing on the reviews of the "theory of the agricultural treadmill",we analyzed and explained the empirical data of Daxizhang village in Dingzhou city Hebei province in this paper.
引文
[1]Frederick H Buttel,Olaf F Larson,Gilbert W Gillespie JR.The Sociology of Agriculture.Greenwood Press,1990
[2]Willard W Cochrane.The Development of American Agriculture:A Historical Analysis.Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press,1993
[3]Willard W Cochrane.Farm Prices:Myth and Reality.Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press,1958
[4]Schultz.Reflections on Agricultural Production,Output and Supply.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1956(3):748-762
[5]John Ellickson,John M Brewster.Technological Advance and the Structure of American Agriculture.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1947(4):827-847
[6]Levins,Richard A,Cochrane.The Treadmill Revisited.Land economics,1996(4):550
[7]Marsden,Munton,Whatmore,Little.Towards a Political Economy of Capitalist Agriculture:A British Perspective.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1986(10):498-521
[8]Goodman D,B Sorj,J Wilkinson.From Farming to Biotechnology:A Theory of Agro-Industrial Development.Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1987
[9]Whatmore S,R Munton,J.Little and T K Marsden.Towards a Typology of Farm Business in Contemporary British Agriculture.Sociofogia Ruralis,1987(27):21-37
[10]Hinrichs C Clare.Landscapes of Production,Landscapes for Consumption:A Comparative Study of the Vermont and Quebec Maple Syrup Industries.Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation.Ithaca,NY:Comell University.Hitchcock,1993
[11]Michael Carolan.The Sociology of Food and Agriculture.London:Routledge,2012
[12]Freshwater,David.The Development of American Agriculture:A Historical Analysis(Book Review).Journal of Economic Issues,1981(1):252-255
[13]Burton Hilary.The Development of American Agriculture(Book Review).Library Journal,1980(105):416
[14]Le Veen E Phillip.Enforcing the Reclamation Act and Rural-Development in California.Rural Sociology,1979(44):667-690
[15]Pile Steve.Securing the Future:‘Survival strategies’Amongst Somerset Dairy Farmers.Sociology,1991(25):255-274
[16]Clunies-Ross T,N.Hildyard.The Politics of Industrial Agriculture.London:Earthscan,1992
[17]Neil Ward.The Agriculture Treadmill and the Rural Environment in the Post-Productivist Era.Sociologia Ruralis,1993(33):348-364
[18]范德普勒格.新小农阶级帝国和全球化时代为了自主性和可持续性的斗争.潘璐,等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013
[19]Piore Michael J,Charles F Sabel.The Second Industrial Divide.New York:Basic,1984
[20]Le Veen E Phillip.The Prospects for Small-scale Farming in an Industrial Society:A Critical Appraisal of Small Is Beautiful//Richard C Dorf and Yvonne L.Hunter(eds.).Appropriate Visions.San Francisco:Boyd and Fraser,1978
[21]Lyson Thomas A,Charles C Geisler.Toward a Second Agricultural Divide:The Restructuring of American Agriculture.Socio Iogia Ruralis,1992(32):248-263
[22]Ahearn M,J Johnson R.Strickland.The Distribution of Income and Wealth of Farm Operator Households.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1985(67):1087-1094
[23]Clare Hinrichs.Off the Treadmill?Technology and Tourism in the North American Maple Syrup Industry.Agriculture and Human Values,1995(12):39-47
[24]Gasson R.Part-time Farming and Pluriactivity∥D Britton,ed.Agriculturein Britain:Changing Pressures and Policy.Wallingford:CAB International,1990
[25]关云龙,付少平.可持续生计框架下的农户生计资产分析---基于四省五县的调查.广东农业科学,2009(12):269-272
[26]贺雪峰.取消农业税后农村的阶层及其分析.社会科学,2011(3):70-79
[27]袁明宝.生计农业:中国小农的现实表达与发展转型.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013(6):21-24
[28]李庆,林光华,何军.农民兼业化与农业生产要素投入的相关性研究---基于农村固定观察点农户数据的分析.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013(3):27-32
[29]李小云,齐顾波,徐秀丽.普通发展学第2版.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012
(1)“福特主义”是以市场为导向,以分工和专业化为基础,以较低产品价格作为竞争手段的刚性生产模式,是通过生产方式的标准化来提高生产效率的农业工业化观念,也是从粗放型的资本积累战略,向以泰勒制劳动组织和大规模生产消费性商品为特征的资本密集型战略转变的过渡。
(1)亩为常用面积单位,1亩约为0. 067公顷,后同,本刊注。
[2]Willard W Cochrane.The Development of American Agriculture:A Historical Analysis.Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press,1993
[3]Willard W Cochrane.Farm Prices:Myth and Reality.Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press,1958
[4]Schultz.Reflections on Agricultural Production,Output and Supply.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1956(3):748-762
[5]John Ellickson,John M Brewster.Technological Advance and the Structure of American Agriculture.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1947(4):827-847
[6]Levins,Richard A,Cochrane.The Treadmill Revisited.Land economics,1996(4):550
[7]Marsden,Munton,Whatmore,Little.Towards a Political Economy of Capitalist Agriculture:A British Perspective.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1986(10):498-521
[8]Goodman D,B Sorj,J Wilkinson.From Farming to Biotechnology:A Theory of Agro-Industrial Development.Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1987
[9]Whatmore S,R Munton,J.Little and T K Marsden.Towards a Typology of Farm Business in Contemporary British Agriculture.Sociofogia Ruralis,1987(27):21-37
[10]Hinrichs C Clare.Landscapes of Production,Landscapes for Consumption:A Comparative Study of the Vermont and Quebec Maple Syrup Industries.Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation.Ithaca,NY:Comell University.Hitchcock,1993
[11]Michael Carolan.The Sociology of Food and Agriculture.London:Routledge,2012
[12]Freshwater,David.The Development of American Agriculture:A Historical Analysis(Book Review).Journal of Economic Issues,1981(1):252-255
[13]Burton Hilary.The Development of American Agriculture(Book Review).Library Journal,1980(105):416
[14]Le Veen E Phillip.Enforcing the Reclamation Act and Rural-Development in California.Rural Sociology,1979(44):667-690
[15]Pile Steve.Securing the Future:‘Survival strategies’Amongst Somerset Dairy Farmers.Sociology,1991(25):255-274
[16]Clunies-Ross T,N.Hildyard.The Politics of Industrial Agriculture.London:Earthscan,1992
[17]Neil Ward.The Agriculture Treadmill and the Rural Environment in the Post-Productivist Era.Sociologia Ruralis,1993(33):348-364
[18]范德普勒格.新小农阶级帝国和全球化时代为了自主性和可持续性的斗争.潘璐,等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013
[19]Piore Michael J,Charles F Sabel.The Second Industrial Divide.New York:Basic,1984
[20]Le Veen E Phillip.The Prospects for Small-scale Farming in an Industrial Society:A Critical Appraisal of Small Is Beautiful//Richard C Dorf and Yvonne L.Hunter(eds.).Appropriate Visions.San Francisco:Boyd and Fraser,1978
[21]Lyson Thomas A,Charles C Geisler.Toward a Second Agricultural Divide:The Restructuring of American Agriculture.Socio Iogia Ruralis,1992(32):248-263
[22]Ahearn M,J Johnson R.Strickland.The Distribution of Income and Wealth of Farm Operator Households.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1985(67):1087-1094
[23]Clare Hinrichs.Off the Treadmill?Technology and Tourism in the North American Maple Syrup Industry.Agriculture and Human Values,1995(12):39-47
[24]Gasson R.Part-time Farming and Pluriactivity∥D Britton,ed.Agriculturein Britain:Changing Pressures and Policy.Wallingford:CAB International,1990
[25]关云龙,付少平.可持续生计框架下的农户生计资产分析---基于四省五县的调查.广东农业科学,2009(12):269-272
[26]贺雪峰.取消农业税后农村的阶层及其分析.社会科学,2011(3):70-79
[27]袁明宝.生计农业:中国小农的现实表达与发展转型.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013(6):21-24
[28]李庆,林光华,何军.农民兼业化与农业生产要素投入的相关性研究---基于农村固定观察点农户数据的分析.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013(3):27-32
[29]李小云,齐顾波,徐秀丽.普通发展学第2版.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012
(1)“福特主义”是以市场为导向,以分工和专业化为基础,以较低产品价格作为竞争手段的刚性生产模式,是通过生产方式的标准化来提高生产效率的农业工业化观念,也是从粗放型的资本积累战略,向以泰勒制劳动组织和大规模生产消费性商品为特征的资本密集型战略转变的过渡。
(1)亩为常用面积单位,1亩约为0. 067公顷,后同,本刊注。