旋转状态下风机叶片雷击接闪特性的实验研究
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摘要
风机雷击事故频发,严重威胁风电场正常运行。现场观测数据表明,旋转风机更易遭受雷击。对此该文设计1:30缩比可旋转3MW风机模型,模拟真实风机旋转叶尖线速度,使用正负极性标准操作波,利用长间隙放电模拟真实雷电,开展旋转状态下风机叶片防雷装置接闪特性研究。实验结果表明,旋转会对接闪过程中叶片接闪点分布与接闪后放电通道产生影响,放电具有明显的极性效应。旋转使得正极性放电下叶片接闪器拦截效率下降;对负极性影响较小。正极性放电更易击中远离叶尖部位。成功接闪后,接闪点附近放电通道因叶片旋转发生偏移,产生"拉弧"现象,造成叶片损伤,并与实际风机受损情况相对应。所得结果为风机叶片防雷优化设计提供参考。
Lightning accidents happen frequently, which badly influences the operation of wind farms. Field observation shows that the rotating wind turbine is more vulnerable to the lightning strikes than the stationary one. A 1:30 scale 3 MW wind turbine was built and long air-gap experiments were conducted to study the attachment manner of rotation wind turbine blade under both positive and negative standard switching impulse. The speed of rotation blade is equal to the operating speed of real one. The results indicate that the rotation will influence the distribution of striking attachment points during the attachment process and the shape of discharge channel after attachment process. Dramatic polarity effect was also discovered. The interception efficiency of receptor under positive discharges decreased due to the rotation. However, neither does that of negative discharges. There is a tendency that positive discharges prefer to hit on the receptors or blade surface far from the tip. The rotation will cause arc shape discharge channel near the attachment points, which will cause damage on blade surface near the receptor. The real blade shows similar damage. The results provide a reference for the optimal design of lightning protection devices of wind turbine blade.
Lightning accidents happen frequently, which badly influences the operation of wind farms. Field observation shows that the rotating wind turbine is more vulnerable to the lightning strikes than the stationary one. A 1:30 scale 3 MW wind turbine was built and long air-gap experiments were conducted to study the attachment manner of rotation wind turbine blade under both positive and negative standard switching impulse. The speed of rotation blade is equal to the operating speed of real one. The results indicate that the rotation will influence the distribution of striking attachment points during the attachment process and the shape of discharge channel after attachment process. Dramatic polarity effect was also discovered. The interception efficiency of receptor under positive discharges decreased due to the rotation. However, neither does that of negative discharges. There is a tendency that positive discharges prefer to hit on the receptors or blade surface far from the tip. The rotation will cause arc shape discharge channel near the attachment points, which will cause damage on blade surface near the receptor. The real blade shows similar damage. The results provide a reference for the optimal design of lightning protection devices of wind turbine blade.
引文
[1]Yokoyama S,Yasuda Y,Minowa M,et al.Clarification of the mechanism of wind turbine blade damage taking lightning characteristics into consideration and relevant research project[C]//Proceedings of 2012 International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Vienna:IEEE,2012:1-6.
[2]郭子炘,李庆民,闫江燕,等.海上风电场雷击演化物理机制的研究综述[J].电气工程学报,2015,10(5):10-19.Guo Zixin,Li Qingmin,Yan Jiangyan,et al.Summary of research on physical evolution mechanism of lightning discharge of offshore wind farms[J].Journal of Electrical Engineering,2015,10(5):10-19(in Chinese).
[3]Garolera A C.Lightning protection of flap system for wind turbine blades[D].Lyngby,Denmark:Technical University of Denmark,2014.
[4]闫江燕,张黎,李庆民,等.风机桨叶用PVC和巴塞木雷击电弧损伤的分子模拟研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(1):292-300.Yan Jiangyan,Zhang Li,Li Qingmin,et al.Molecular simulation on the degradation characteristics of PVC and balsa wood used in wind turbine blade under lightning induced arc[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(1):292-301(in Chinese).
[5]IEC 61400-24:2010 Wind turbine generator systems-Part24:Lightning protection[S].IEC,2010.
[6]Yokoyama S.Lightning protection of wind turbine blades[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2013,94:3-9.
[7]Abd-Elhady A M,Sabiha N A,Izzularab M A.Experimental evaluation of air-termination systems for wind turbine blades[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2014,107:133-143.
[8]Arif Waqas,Li Qingmin,Guo Zixin,et al.Experimental study on interception failure of lightning protection system of wind turbine blade[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Emerging Technologies(ICET).Islamabad,Pakistan:ICET,2017:1-6.
[9]Vasa N J,Naka T,Yokoyama S,et al.Experimental study on lightning attachment manner considering various types of lightning protection measures on wind turbine blades[C]//International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Kanazawa,Japan:ICLP,2006:1483-1487.
[10]Arinaga S,Tsutsumi K,Murata N,et al.Experimental study on lightning protection methods for wind turbine blades[C]//International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Kanazawa,Japan:ICLP,2006:1493-1496.
[11]Muto A,Suzuki J,Ueda T.Performance comparison of wind turbine blade receptor for lightning protection[C]//International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Cagliari,Italy:ICLP,2010:1263.
[12]陈维江,贺恒鑫,何俊佳,等.输电线路雷电先导发展三维仿真模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(36):6601-6612.Chen Weijiang,He Hengxin,He Junjia,et al.On the3-dimentional leader progression model for the lightning shielding failure performance estimation of overhead transmission lines[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(36):6601-6612(in Chinese).
[13]司马文霞,范硕超,杨庆,等.超电晕对输电线路导线、避雷线雷电吸引能力的影响研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(1):292-300.Sima Wenxia,Fan Shuochao,Yang Qing,et al.Study on the influence of ultra-corona on the lightning attracting capability of power conductor and ground wire in transmission lines[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(1):292-300(in Chinese).
[14]李志钊,曾嵘,庄池杰,等.雷云下空间电荷对直流输电线路上行先导起始特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2014,40(5):1358-1364.Li Zhizhao,Zeng Rong,Zhuang Chijie,et al.Influence of space charge on the upward leader characteristics emerging from the DC transmission lines under lightning[J].High Voltage Engineering,2014,40(5):1358-1364(in Chinese).
[15]Wilson N,Myers J,Cummins K,et al.Lightning attachment to wind turbines in central Kansas:Video observations,correlation with the NLDN and in-situ peak current measurements[R].Vienna,Austria:The European Wind Energy Association,2013.
[16]MontanyàJ,van der Velde O,Williams E R.Lightning discharges produced by wind turbines[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2014,119(3):1455-1462.
[17]Ishii M,Saito M,Natsuno D,et al.Lightning incidence on wind turbines in winter[C]//Proceedings of 2014International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Shanghai,Beijing:IEEE,2014:1734-1738.
[18]Radi?evi?B M,Savi?M S,Badea I.Impact of wind turbine blade rotation on the lightning strike incidence[C]//Proceedings of 2012 International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Vienna,Austria:IEEE,2012:1-9.
[19]Radi?evi?B M,Savi?M S,Madsen S F,et al.Impact of wind turbine blade rotation on the lightning strike incidence–a theoretical and experimental study using a reduced-size model[J].Energy,2012,45(1):644-654.
[20]Alonso M A,Irastorza D C.Dynamic wind turbine lightning protection behaviour under strom conditions[C]//International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Uppsala,Sweden:ICLP,2008:9a-7-1-9a-7-6.
[21]Larsson A,Lalande P,Bondiou-Clergerie A,et al.The lightning swept stroke along an aircraft in flight.Part I:thermodynamic and electric properties of lightning arc channels[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2000,33(15):1866-1875.
[22]Peesapati V,Cotton I,Sorensen T,et al.Lightning protection of wind turbines–a comparison of measured data with required protection levels[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2011,5(1):48-57.
[23]Lu Weitao,Chen Luwen,Ma Ying,et al.Lightning attachment process involving connection of the downward negative leader to the lateral surface of the upward connecting leader[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2013,40(20):5531-5535.
[24]师伟,李庆民.基于先导放电理论的雷击上行先导起始研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(15):2470-2477.Shi Wei,Li Qingmin.Research on the lightning upward leader inception based on leader discharge theory[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(15):2470-2477(in Chinese).
[25]IEEE Working Group.IEEE guide for improving the lightning performance of transmission lines[M].New York:The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc,1997.
[26]Miki M,Miki T,Wada A,et al.Observation of lightning flashes to wind turbines[C]//Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Cagliari,Italy:ICLP,2010:1-1-1-7.
[27]Asakawa A,Shindo T,Yokoyama S,et al.Direct lightning hits on wind turbines in winter season lightning observation results for wind turbines at nikaho wind park in winter[J].IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering,2010,5(1):14-20.
[2]郭子炘,李庆民,闫江燕,等.海上风电场雷击演化物理机制的研究综述[J].电气工程学报,2015,10(5):10-19.Guo Zixin,Li Qingmin,Yan Jiangyan,et al.Summary of research on physical evolution mechanism of lightning discharge of offshore wind farms[J].Journal of Electrical Engineering,2015,10(5):10-19(in Chinese).
[3]Garolera A C.Lightning protection of flap system for wind turbine blades[D].Lyngby,Denmark:Technical University of Denmark,2014.
[4]闫江燕,张黎,李庆民,等.风机桨叶用PVC和巴塞木雷击电弧损伤的分子模拟研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(1):292-300.Yan Jiangyan,Zhang Li,Li Qingmin,et al.Molecular simulation on the degradation characteristics of PVC and balsa wood used in wind turbine blade under lightning induced arc[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(1):292-301(in Chinese).
[5]IEC 61400-24:2010 Wind turbine generator systems-Part24:Lightning protection[S].IEC,2010.
[6]Yokoyama S.Lightning protection of wind turbine blades[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2013,94:3-9.
[7]Abd-Elhady A M,Sabiha N A,Izzularab M A.Experimental evaluation of air-termination systems for wind turbine blades[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2014,107:133-143.
[8]Arif Waqas,Li Qingmin,Guo Zixin,et al.Experimental study on interception failure of lightning protection system of wind turbine blade[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Emerging Technologies(ICET).Islamabad,Pakistan:ICET,2017:1-6.
[9]Vasa N J,Naka T,Yokoyama S,et al.Experimental study on lightning attachment manner considering various types of lightning protection measures on wind turbine blades[C]//International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Kanazawa,Japan:ICLP,2006:1483-1487.
[10]Arinaga S,Tsutsumi K,Murata N,et al.Experimental study on lightning protection methods for wind turbine blades[C]//International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Kanazawa,Japan:ICLP,2006:1493-1496.
[11]Muto A,Suzuki J,Ueda T.Performance comparison of wind turbine blade receptor for lightning protection[C]//International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Cagliari,Italy:ICLP,2010:1263.
[12]陈维江,贺恒鑫,何俊佳,等.输电线路雷电先导发展三维仿真模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(36):6601-6612.Chen Weijiang,He Hengxin,He Junjia,et al.On the3-dimentional leader progression model for the lightning shielding failure performance estimation of overhead transmission lines[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(36):6601-6612(in Chinese).
[13]司马文霞,范硕超,杨庆,等.超电晕对输电线路导线、避雷线雷电吸引能力的影响研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(1):292-300.Sima Wenxia,Fan Shuochao,Yang Qing,et al.Study on the influence of ultra-corona on the lightning attracting capability of power conductor and ground wire in transmission lines[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(1):292-300(in Chinese).
[14]李志钊,曾嵘,庄池杰,等.雷云下空间电荷对直流输电线路上行先导起始特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2014,40(5):1358-1364.Li Zhizhao,Zeng Rong,Zhuang Chijie,et al.Influence of space charge on the upward leader characteristics emerging from the DC transmission lines under lightning[J].High Voltage Engineering,2014,40(5):1358-1364(in Chinese).
[15]Wilson N,Myers J,Cummins K,et al.Lightning attachment to wind turbines in central Kansas:Video observations,correlation with the NLDN and in-situ peak current measurements[R].Vienna,Austria:The European Wind Energy Association,2013.
[16]MontanyàJ,van der Velde O,Williams E R.Lightning discharges produced by wind turbines[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2014,119(3):1455-1462.
[17]Ishii M,Saito M,Natsuno D,et al.Lightning incidence on wind turbines in winter[C]//Proceedings of 2014International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Shanghai,Beijing:IEEE,2014:1734-1738.
[18]Radi?evi?B M,Savi?M S,Badea I.Impact of wind turbine blade rotation on the lightning strike incidence[C]//Proceedings of 2012 International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Vienna,Austria:IEEE,2012:1-9.
[19]Radi?evi?B M,Savi?M S,Madsen S F,et al.Impact of wind turbine blade rotation on the lightning strike incidence–a theoretical and experimental study using a reduced-size model[J].Energy,2012,45(1):644-654.
[20]Alonso M A,Irastorza D C.Dynamic wind turbine lightning protection behaviour under strom conditions[C]//International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Uppsala,Sweden:ICLP,2008:9a-7-1-9a-7-6.
[21]Larsson A,Lalande P,Bondiou-Clergerie A,et al.The lightning swept stroke along an aircraft in flight.Part I:thermodynamic and electric properties of lightning arc channels[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2000,33(15):1866-1875.
[22]Peesapati V,Cotton I,Sorensen T,et al.Lightning protection of wind turbines–a comparison of measured data with required protection levels[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2011,5(1):48-57.
[23]Lu Weitao,Chen Luwen,Ma Ying,et al.Lightning attachment process involving connection of the downward negative leader to the lateral surface of the upward connecting leader[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2013,40(20):5531-5535.
[24]师伟,李庆民.基于先导放电理论的雷击上行先导起始研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(15):2470-2477.Shi Wei,Li Qingmin.Research on the lightning upward leader inception based on leader discharge theory[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(15):2470-2477(in Chinese).
[25]IEEE Working Group.IEEE guide for improving the lightning performance of transmission lines[M].New York:The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc,1997.
[26]Miki M,Miki T,Wada A,et al.Observation of lightning flashes to wind turbines[C]//Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection(ICLP).Cagliari,Italy:ICLP,2010:1-1-1-7.
[27]Asakawa A,Shindo T,Yokoyama S,et al.Direct lightning hits on wind turbines in winter season lightning observation results for wind turbines at nikaho wind park in winter[J].IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering,2010,5(1):14-20.