基于围岩浸水的黄土公路隧道衬砌开裂分析
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摘要
针对甘肃省境内某黄土公路隧道的衬砌开裂现状,采用统计分析的方法对隧道衬砌裂缝的分布特征进行了系统研究;通过有限元数值模拟,详细分析了多种围岩浸水工况下隧道结构的变形规律和应力特征,并将数值模拟结果与隧道现场裂缝分布特征进行对比,给出了围岩浸水恶化条件下衬砌结构开裂的原因、规律和特征。研究结果表明:地表水通过土体裂缝入渗是衬砌开裂的主要原因,衬砌裂缝主要分布于拱部和边墙;围岩发生浸水后,浸水范围内的土体强度降低,失去承载力,隧道上部围岩下沉,挤压衬砌结构;随着围岩浸水范围的扩大,隧道结构的受力与变形状态逐渐恶化,结构呈压扁趋势且产生偏压,引起拱部内表面被拉裂,边墙内表面由于局部压应力过大产生开裂;拱部开裂先于边墙且开裂情况最为严重,隧道上下行线相邻两边墙衬砌开裂情况较另外两边墙严重,数值模拟结果与现场衬砌裂缝特征基本吻合;在相似工程条件的黄土隧道设计时,应加强隧道拱部结构的抗拉性能和边墙结构的抗压性能。
Based on the current state of lining cracking of an existing loess highway tunnel in Gansu province,the distribution characteristics of lining cracks were studied systematically through a statistical analysis.Based on a finite-element numerical simulation,the deformation rules and stress characteristics of the tunnel structure under various flooding cases of the surrounding rock were investigated in detail.Through a comparison between the numerical simulation results and the distribution characteristics of the in-situ cracks,the underlying causes,rules,and characteristics of the lining cracking were determined.The research results show that surface water infiltration through ground cracks may be the main cause of lining cracking.The lining cracks are mainly distributed in the parts of the vault and sidewall.After the surrounding rock is flooded,the strength of the soil mass within the flooding scope is decreased,and the surrounding rock gradually loses its bearing capacity.The sinking of the surrounding rock presses the lining struc-ture.With the increasing flooding scope of the surrounding rock,the stress and deformation behaviors of the tunnel structure gradually deteriorate.The structure is under unsymmetrical pressure conditions and shows a squashed deformation.The internal surface of the vault undergoes cracking from excessive tension,and the internal surface of the sidewall cracks from high localized compression.The vault experiences cracking prior to the sidewall and more seriously than the same;in addition,the two adjacent sidewalls of the uplink and downlink crack more severely.The simulation results are basically consistent with the characteristics of the in-situ lining cracks.In the design of loess tunnels under similar engineering conditions,the tensile resistance of the vault and the compressive resistance of the sidewall should be strengthened.
Based on the current state of lining cracking of an existing loess highway tunnel in Gansu province,the distribution characteristics of lining cracks were studied systematically through a statistical analysis.Based on a finite-element numerical simulation,the deformation rules and stress characteristics of the tunnel structure under various flooding cases of the surrounding rock were investigated in detail.Through a comparison between the numerical simulation results and the distribution characteristics of the in-situ cracks,the underlying causes,rules,and characteristics of the lining cracking were determined.The research results show that surface water infiltration through ground cracks may be the main cause of lining cracking.The lining cracks are mainly distributed in the parts of the vault and sidewall.After the surrounding rock is flooded,the strength of the soil mass within the flooding scope is decreased,and the surrounding rock gradually loses its bearing capacity.The sinking of the surrounding rock presses the lining struc-ture.With the increasing flooding scope of the surrounding rock,the stress and deformation behaviors of the tunnel structure gradually deteriorate.The structure is under unsymmetrical pressure conditions and shows a squashed deformation.The internal surface of the vault undergoes cracking from excessive tension,and the internal surface of the sidewall cracks from high localized compression.The vault experiences cracking prior to the sidewall and more seriously than the same;in addition,the two adjacent sidewalls of the uplink and downlink crack more severely.The simulation results are basically consistent with the characteristics of the in-situ lining cracks.In the design of loess tunnels under similar engineering conditions,the tensile resistance of the vault and the compressive resistance of the sidewall should be strengthened.
引文
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[12]刘庭金,朱合华,夏才初,等.云南省连拱隧道衬砌开裂和渗漏水调查结果及分析[J].中国公路学报,2004,17(2):65-68.LIU Ting-jin,ZHU He-hua,XIA Cai-chu,et al.Analysis of Site Investigation of Cracking and Leakage on Arcade Tunnel Lining of Yunnan Province[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2004,17(2):65-68.
[13]赵占厂.黄土公路隧道结构工程性状研究[D].西安:长安大学,2004.ZHAO Zhan-chang.Study of Structure Engineering Characters of Highway Tunnel in Loess[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2004.
[14]XIAO J Z,DAI F C,WEI Y Q.Cracking Mechanism of Secondary Lining for a Shallow and Asymmetrically-loaded Tunnel in Loose Deposits[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2014,43:232-240.
[15]徐伟增,郭志.浸水对湿陷性黄土工程性质影响的试验研究[J].四川建筑科学研究,2015,41(2):162-165.XU Wei-zeng,GUO Zhi.Experimental Study on the Impact of Engineering Properties of Collapsible Loess Under Soaking Conditions[J].Sichuan Building Science,2015,41(2):162-165.
[16]党进谦,李靖.非饱和黄土的结构强度与抗剪强度[J].水利学报,2001,32(7):79-83.DANG Jin-qian,LI Qing.The Structural Strength and Shear Strength of Unsaturated Loess[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001,32(7):79-83.
[17]刘保健,谢永利,于友成.黄土非饱和入渗规律原位试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(24):4156-4160.LIU Bao-jian,XIE Yong-li,YU You-cheng.In-situ Testing Study on Infiltration in Unsaturated Loess[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(24):4156-4160.
[18]刘永涛.降雨入渗对黄土边坡稳定性影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.LIU Yong-tao.Effect of Rainfall Infiltration on Stability of Loess Slope[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2010.
[19]张建丰.黄土区层状土入渗特性及其指流的试验研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2004.ZHANG Jian-feng.Experimental Study on Infiltration Characteristics and Finger Flow in Layer Soils of the Loess Area[D].Yanglin:Northwest A&F University,2004.
[20]罗宇生,汪国烈.湿陷性黄土研究与工程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.LUO Yu-sheng,WANG Guo-lie.Research and Engineering of Collapsed Loess[M].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2001.
[2]王文良,王晓谋,马溪.地下水对黄土群桩基础影响的试验研究[J].中国公路学报,2015,28(9):16-23.WANG Wen-liang,WANG Xiao-mou,MA Xi.Experimental Study on Effect of Groundwater on Composite Loess Pile Foundation[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2015,28(9):16-23.
[3]李喜安,洪勃,李林翠,等.黄土湿陷对渗透系数影响的试验研究[J].中国公路学报,2017,30(6):198-208.LI Xi-an,HONG Bo,LI Lin-cui,et al.Experimental Research on Permeability Coefficient Under Influence of Loess Collapsibility[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2017,30(6):198-208.
[4]苗天德,刘忠玉,任九生.湿陷性黄土的变形机理与本构关系[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(4):383-387.MIAO Tian-de,LIU Zhong-yu,REN Jiu-sheng.Deformation Mechanism and Constitutive Relation of Collapsible Loess[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1999,21(4):383-387.
[5]赵法锁,戚炜,王艳婷,等.三向应力及湿度状态改变对非饱和黄土力学特征的影响[J].地球科学与环境学报,2007,29(1):80-84.ZHAO Fa-suo,QI Wei,WANG Yan-ting,et al.Influence of Spherical Stress and Humidity State on Mechanical Property of Unsaturated Loess[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2007,29(1):80-84.
[6]马闫,王家鼎,彭淑君,等.大厚度黄土自重湿陷性场地浸水湿陷变形特征研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(3):537-546.MA Yan,WANG Jia-ding,PENG Shu-jun,et al.Immersion Tests on Characteristics of Deformation of Self-weight Collapsible Loess Under Overburden Pressure[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(3):537-546.
[7]MCADAMS M,WANG J.Gunnison Tunnel:Engineering History of an Early American Reclamation Project[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2013,27(6):826-835.
[8]潘洪科,杨林德,黄慷.公路隧道偏压效应与衬砌裂缝的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(18):3311-3315.PAN Hong-ke,YANG Lin-de,HUANG Kang.Research on Unsymmetrical Load Effect and Lining Cracks of a Highway Tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(18):3311-3315.
[9]AZARI H,NAZARIAN S,YUAN D.Validation of Strengths and Limitations of Seismic Methods in Quality Management and Assessment of Shotcrete Liners[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2015,29(2):04014048.
[10]叶飞,何川,夏永旭.公路隧道衬砌裂缝的跟踪监测与分析研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(7):97-104.YE Fei,HE Chuan,XIA Yong-xu.Post Construction Monitoring and Analysis for Highway Tunnel Lining Cracks[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2010,43(7):97-104.
[11]李治国,张玉军.衬砌开裂隧道的稳定性分析及治理技术[J].现代隧道技术,2004,41(1):26-31.LI Zhi-guo,ZHANG Yu-jun.Stability Analysis for Tunnels with Cracked Linings and the Techniques for Repairing the Cracked Linings[J].Modern Tunneling Technology,2004,41(1):26-31.
[12]刘庭金,朱合华,夏才初,等.云南省连拱隧道衬砌开裂和渗漏水调查结果及分析[J].中国公路学报,2004,17(2):65-68.LIU Ting-jin,ZHU He-hua,XIA Cai-chu,et al.Analysis of Site Investigation of Cracking and Leakage on Arcade Tunnel Lining of Yunnan Province[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2004,17(2):65-68.
[13]赵占厂.黄土公路隧道结构工程性状研究[D].西安:长安大学,2004.ZHAO Zhan-chang.Study of Structure Engineering Characters of Highway Tunnel in Loess[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2004.
[14]XIAO J Z,DAI F C,WEI Y Q.Cracking Mechanism of Secondary Lining for a Shallow and Asymmetrically-loaded Tunnel in Loose Deposits[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2014,43:232-240.
[15]徐伟增,郭志.浸水对湿陷性黄土工程性质影响的试验研究[J].四川建筑科学研究,2015,41(2):162-165.XU Wei-zeng,GUO Zhi.Experimental Study on the Impact of Engineering Properties of Collapsible Loess Under Soaking Conditions[J].Sichuan Building Science,2015,41(2):162-165.
[16]党进谦,李靖.非饱和黄土的结构强度与抗剪强度[J].水利学报,2001,32(7):79-83.DANG Jin-qian,LI Qing.The Structural Strength and Shear Strength of Unsaturated Loess[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001,32(7):79-83.
[17]刘保健,谢永利,于友成.黄土非饱和入渗规律原位试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(24):4156-4160.LIU Bao-jian,XIE Yong-li,YU You-cheng.In-situ Testing Study on Infiltration in Unsaturated Loess[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(24):4156-4160.
[18]刘永涛.降雨入渗对黄土边坡稳定性影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.LIU Yong-tao.Effect of Rainfall Infiltration on Stability of Loess Slope[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2010.
[19]张建丰.黄土区层状土入渗特性及其指流的试验研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2004.ZHANG Jian-feng.Experimental Study on Infiltration Characteristics and Finger Flow in Layer Soils of the Loess Area[D].Yanglin:Northwest A&F University,2004.
[20]罗宇生,汪国烈.湿陷性黄土研究与工程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.LUO Yu-sheng,WANG Guo-lie.Research and Engineering of Collapsed Loess[M].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2001.