当前西方社会新自由主义意识形态的危机及其启示
摘要
近年来,恐怖主义、移民问题、极右主义等种种危机征兆在欧美地区以井喷的态势不断涌现。这些现象的产生并不是偶然的,而是当代资本主义社会意识形态深层危机的外在表现。20世纪80年代以来逐步壮大的新自由主义正在丧失其曾经所具有的凝聚共识和鼓舞人心的力量,面临来自全社会方方面面的挑战和不满。具体而言,多元文化主义所主张的"宽容"暴露出难以解决的悖论。普世主义对国家和国家认同的压制,正引发越来越多的反对之声。不断蔓延的恐怖袭击背后,则透露出青年一代对新自由主义主流文化的抵触和对抗。深刻认识当代西方社会的意识形态困境,对于我们合理看待自身在意识形态领域的优势与不足,也有着重要的借鉴意义。
引文
(1)参见刘擎《2016西方思想年度述评》,载于《学海》2017年第2期。
(2)“nationalism”通常译为“民族主义”,且一般带有贬义。但学界已逐渐认识到,民族主义并非一无是处,其中也包含了一种正当的家国情怀,而且此种情怀无论对于个人还是对于国家,都具有重要的积极意义。因此,本文主要将“nationalism”译为“国族主义”。
(3)从市场经济角度对该问题的分析,参见[英]卡尔·波兰尼《大转型---我们时代的政治与经济起源》浙江人民出版社2007年版;从思想状况方面对该问题的分析,参见[美]列奥·施特劳斯《苏格拉底问题与现代性》华夏出版社2008年版第88-118页。
(1)John Gray,“The Closing of the Liberal Mind:The Folly of the Masses Has Replaced the Wisdom of Crowds as the Dominant Theme of Our Politics”,see from http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/11/closing-liberal-mind,注:括号内文字系笔者所加。
(1)Zygmunt Bauman,“The Charlie Hebdo Attack and What It Reveals about Society”,see from https://www.socialeurope.eu/2015/01/charlie-hebdo/.
(2)Stanley Fish,“Boutique Multiculturalism,or Why Liberals Are Incapable of Thinking about Hate Speech”,in Critical Inquiry,Vol.23,No.2,1997,pp.378-395.
(3)Stanley Fish,“Boutique Multiculturalism,or Why Liberals Are Incapable of Thinking about Hate Speech”,in Critical Inquiry,Vol.23,No.2,1997,pp.382-383.
(4)Karl Polanyi,The Great Transformation:The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time,Boston:Beacon Press,2001,p.145.
(1)[英]阿尔弗雷多·萨德-费洛、黛博拉·约翰斯顿编《新自由主义批判读本》江苏人民出版社2006年版第78页。
(2)关于“市场社会”的概念参见[英]卡尔·波兰尼《大转型---我们时代的政治与经济起源》浙江人民出版社2007年版第62页。
(3)“Theresa May's Keynote Speech at Tory Conference in Full”,see from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-speech-tory-conference-2016-in-full-tr9anscript-a7346171.html.
(4)Jeremy Adler,“Theresa May's Rejection of Enlightenment Values”,see from https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/09/theresa-may-rejection-of-enlightenment-values.
(5)Jonathan Haid,t“The Ethics of Globalism,Nationalism,and Patriotism”,see from http://www.humansandnature.org/theethics-of-globalism-nationalism-and-patriotism.
(6)Richard Rorty,Achieving Our Country:Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America,Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press,1998,pp.3-4.
(1)Richard Rorty,Achieving Our Country:Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America,Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press,1998,p.10.
(2)See Alasdair MacI ntyre,Is Patriotism a Virtue?,Lawrence:University of Kansas,1984.
(3)John Gray,“The Closing of the Liberal Mind:The Folly of the Masses Has Replaced the Wisdom of Crowds as the Dominant Theme of Our Politics”,see from http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/11/closing-liberal-mind.
(4)Stephen Holmes and Cass R.Sunstein,The Cost of Rights:Why Liberty Depends on Taxation,New York:Norton,1999.
(5)参见亚里士多德《政治学》商务印书馆1983年版第9页。
(6)参见[美]列奥·施特劳斯《德国虚无主义》,载于刘小枫编《苏格拉底问题与现代性》华夏出版社2008年版第88-92页。
(1)[美]列奥·施特劳斯《什么是政治哲学》华夏出版社2011年版第230页。
(2)《马克思恩格斯文集》第1卷2009年版第40-41页。
(1)Olivier Roy,“Who Becomes a Terrorist,and Why?”,see from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/10/who-becomes-a-terrorist-and-why/?utm_term=.3335a5618c6c.
(2)Olivier Roy,“Who Becomes a Terrorist,and Why?”,see from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/10/who-becomes-a-terrorist-and-why/?utm_term=.3335a5618c6c.
(3)Olivier Roy,“Jihadism as Nihilism”,see from http://www.realclearworld.com/2015/12/03/jihadism_as_nihilism_171724.html.
(4)Olivier Roy,“Jihadism:A Generational and Nihilist Revolt”,see from http://logosjournal.com/2016/roy/.
(5)Zygmunt Bauman,“A Few Comments on the Misimagined War on Terrorism”,see from https://www.socialeurope.eu/2016/03/comments-mis-imagined-war-terrorism/.
(6)Omer Aziz,“The Soul of a Jihadist:The Radical Evil Behind the Terrorist Attacks on Paris”,November 18,2015,see from https://newrepublic.com/article/124050/soul-jihadist.
(1)[美]列奥·施特劳斯《自然权利与历史》三联书店2003年版第5-6页。
(2)《习近平谈治国理政》外文出版社2014年版第168页。
(3)《习近平谈治国理政》外文出版社2014年版第164页。
(1)John Gray,“The Closing of the Liberal Mind:The Folly of the Masses Has Replaced the Wisdom of Crowds as the Dominant Theme of Our Politics”,see from http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/11/closing-liberal-mind.
(2)中共中央文献研究室编《十八大以来重要文献选编》(中)中央文献出版社2016年版第119页。
(3)《习近平谈治国理政》外文出版社2014年版第172页。
(2)“nationalism”通常译为“民族主义”,且一般带有贬义。但学界已逐渐认识到,民族主义并非一无是处,其中也包含了一种正当的家国情怀,而且此种情怀无论对于个人还是对于国家,都具有重要的积极意义。因此,本文主要将“nationalism”译为“国族主义”。
(3)从市场经济角度对该问题的分析,参见[英]卡尔·波兰尼《大转型---我们时代的政治与经济起源》浙江人民出版社2007年版;从思想状况方面对该问题的分析,参见[美]列奥·施特劳斯《苏格拉底问题与现代性》华夏出版社2008年版第88-118页。
(1)John Gray,“The Closing of the Liberal Mind:The Folly of the Masses Has Replaced the Wisdom of Crowds as the Dominant Theme of Our Politics”,see from http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/11/closing-liberal-mind,注:括号内文字系笔者所加。
(1)Zygmunt Bauman,“The Charlie Hebdo Attack and What It Reveals about Society”,see from https://www.socialeurope.eu/2015/01/charlie-hebdo/.
(2)Stanley Fish,“Boutique Multiculturalism,or Why Liberals Are Incapable of Thinking about Hate Speech”,in Critical Inquiry,Vol.23,No.2,1997,pp.378-395.
(3)Stanley Fish,“Boutique Multiculturalism,or Why Liberals Are Incapable of Thinking about Hate Speech”,in Critical Inquiry,Vol.23,No.2,1997,pp.382-383.
(4)Karl Polanyi,The Great Transformation:The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time,Boston:Beacon Press,2001,p.145.
(1)[英]阿尔弗雷多·萨德-费洛、黛博拉·约翰斯顿编《新自由主义批判读本》江苏人民出版社2006年版第78页。
(2)关于“市场社会”的概念参见[英]卡尔·波兰尼《大转型---我们时代的政治与经济起源》浙江人民出版社2007年版第62页。
(3)“Theresa May's Keynote Speech at Tory Conference in Full”,see from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-speech-tory-conference-2016-in-full-tr9anscript-a7346171.html.
(4)Jeremy Adler,“Theresa May's Rejection of Enlightenment Values”,see from https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/09/theresa-may-rejection-of-enlightenment-values.
(5)Jonathan Haid,t“The Ethics of Globalism,Nationalism,and Patriotism”,see from http://www.humansandnature.org/theethics-of-globalism-nationalism-and-patriotism.
(6)Richard Rorty,Achieving Our Country:Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America,Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press,1998,pp.3-4.
(1)Richard Rorty,Achieving Our Country:Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America,Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press,1998,p.10.
(2)See Alasdair MacI ntyre,Is Patriotism a Virtue?,Lawrence:University of Kansas,1984.
(3)John Gray,“The Closing of the Liberal Mind:The Folly of the Masses Has Replaced the Wisdom of Crowds as the Dominant Theme of Our Politics”,see from http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/11/closing-liberal-mind.
(4)Stephen Holmes and Cass R.Sunstein,The Cost of Rights:Why Liberty Depends on Taxation,New York:Norton,1999.
(5)参见亚里士多德《政治学》商务印书馆1983年版第9页。
(6)参见[美]列奥·施特劳斯《德国虚无主义》,载于刘小枫编《苏格拉底问题与现代性》华夏出版社2008年版第88-92页。
(1)[美]列奥·施特劳斯《什么是政治哲学》华夏出版社2011年版第230页。
(2)《马克思恩格斯文集》第1卷2009年版第40-41页。
(1)Olivier Roy,“Who Becomes a Terrorist,and Why?”,see from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/10/who-becomes-a-terrorist-and-why/?utm_term=.3335a5618c6c.
(2)Olivier Roy,“Who Becomes a Terrorist,and Why?”,see from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/10/who-becomes-a-terrorist-and-why/?utm_term=.3335a5618c6c.
(3)Olivier Roy,“Jihadism as Nihilism”,see from http://www.realclearworld.com/2015/12/03/jihadism_as_nihilism_171724.html.
(4)Olivier Roy,“Jihadism:A Generational and Nihilist Revolt”,see from http://logosjournal.com/2016/roy/.
(5)Zygmunt Bauman,“A Few Comments on the Misimagined War on Terrorism”,see from https://www.socialeurope.eu/2016/03/comments-mis-imagined-war-terrorism/.
(6)Omer Aziz,“The Soul of a Jihadist:The Radical Evil Behind the Terrorist Attacks on Paris”,November 18,2015,see from https://newrepublic.com/article/124050/soul-jihadist.
(1)[美]列奥·施特劳斯《自然权利与历史》三联书店2003年版第5-6页。
(2)《习近平谈治国理政》外文出版社2014年版第168页。
(3)《习近平谈治国理政》外文出版社2014年版第164页。
(1)John Gray,“The Closing of the Liberal Mind:The Folly of the Masses Has Replaced the Wisdom of Crowds as the Dominant Theme of Our Politics”,see from http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/11/closing-liberal-mind.
(2)中共中央文献研究室编《十八大以来重要文献选编》(中)中央文献出版社2016年版第119页。
(3)《习近平谈治国理政》外文出版社2014年版第172页。