施用生物炭对膜下滴灌玉米土壤水肥热状况及产量的影响
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摘要
为探究生物炭在河套灌区滴灌玉米种植过程中的适用性,试验设置不施用生物炭(CK)、生物炭施用量为15 t/hm~2(ST1)、30 t/hm~2(ST2)、45 t/hm~2(ST3)和60 t/hm~2(ST4)共5个处理,研究了不同施炭量对土壤含水率、温度、养分含量和玉米产量指标的影响。结果表明:随生物炭施用量的增加,玉米耕层土壤含水率呈先增加后减小的趋势,但均明显高于CK,且当施炭量达到45 t/hm~2,效果最为显著,各生育期0~20 cm平均含水率较CK高15.01%、19.60%、13.12%、11.06%和3.38%。施用生物炭显著提高了耕层土壤养分含量,玉米全生育期内,各施用生物炭处理土壤有机碳含量平均较CK高37.48%~56.09%,差异性显著,以处理ST4增幅最大;速效磷平均较CK高51.26%~69.75%,差异性显著,且处理ST3增幅最大;速效钾平均较CK高25.97%~49.37%,差异性显著;碱解氮含量平均较CK高29.91%~51.88%,差异性显著,以处理ST3增幅最大。施用生物炭显著提高了耕层土壤温度,且随施炭量的增加呈增加趋势,但当施炭量达到45 t/hm~2后,增温效果减弱。施用生物炭显著提高了玉米产量,处理ST1、ST2、ST3和ST4分别较CK增产11.05%、18.56%、22.46%和18.72%,差异性显著。综上所述,施用生物炭显著改善了耕层土壤的水肥热条件,且增产效果显著,较适宜在河套灌区膜下滴灌玉米种植过程中应用推广。
In order to discuss the applicability of biological carbon for maize planting in Hetao Irrigation District. Five treatments,including non biological carbon( CK),biological carbon application amount of 15 t/hm~2( ST1),30 t/hm~2( ST2),45 t/hm~2( ST3) and 60 t/hm~2( ST4),are used to study the effects of biological carbon amount on soil moisture,soil temperature,soil nutrient content and yield of maize. The results show that: with the increase of the biological carbon amount,the soil moisture content of the maize plough layer increases first and then decreases,but all of the other treatments are significantly higher than that of CK; when the carbon application amount reaches 45 t/hm~2,the effect is the most significant,and the average moisture content of 0~20 cm depth layer in each growth period is higher than that of CK by 15.01%,19.60%,13.12%,11.06% and 3.38%,respectively; the application of biological carbon significantly increases soil nutrient content of the maize plough layer,the soil organic carbon content in the whole growth period is higher than that of CK; in the whole growth period of maize,the average content of soil organic carbon of each biological carbon treatment is higher than that of CK by 37.48% ~ 56.09%,the difference is significant,and the increase of ST4 is the greatest; the average amount of available phosphorus is higher than that of CK by51.26% ~ 69.75%,the difference is significant,and the increase of ST3 is the greatest; the average amount of available potassium is higher than that of CK by 25.97% ~ 49.37%,the difference is significant; the average content of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen is higher than that of CK by 29.91% ~ 51.88%,the difference is significant,and the increase of ST3 is the largest; the application of biological carbon significantly increases the soil temperature of the plough layer,and it increases with the increase of carbon application,but when the carbon amount reaches 45 t/hm~2,the temperature increasing effect is weakened; the yield of maize is significantly increased by biological carbon application,the yield of ST1,ST2,ST3 and ST4 is increased by 11.05%,18.56%,22.46% and 18.72%,respectively,compared with CK,and the difference is significant. In summary,the application of biological carbon significantly improves the moisture-fertilizer-heat condition of the plough layer and the yield increasing effect is significant. So it is suitable for application in the drip irrigation maize planting process in Hetao Irrigation District.
In order to discuss the applicability of biological carbon for maize planting in Hetao Irrigation District. Five treatments,including non biological carbon( CK),biological carbon application amount of 15 t/hm~2( ST1),30 t/hm~2( ST2),45 t/hm~2( ST3) and 60 t/hm~2( ST4),are used to study the effects of biological carbon amount on soil moisture,soil temperature,soil nutrient content and yield of maize. The results show that: with the increase of the biological carbon amount,the soil moisture content of the maize plough layer increases first and then decreases,but all of the other treatments are significantly higher than that of CK; when the carbon application amount reaches 45 t/hm~2,the effect is the most significant,and the average moisture content of 0~20 cm depth layer in each growth period is higher than that of CK by 15.01%,19.60%,13.12%,11.06% and 3.38%,respectively; the application of biological carbon significantly increases soil nutrient content of the maize plough layer,the soil organic carbon content in the whole growth period is higher than that of CK; in the whole growth period of maize,the average content of soil organic carbon of each biological carbon treatment is higher than that of CK by 37.48% ~ 56.09%,the difference is significant,and the increase of ST4 is the greatest; the average amount of available phosphorus is higher than that of CK by51.26% ~ 69.75%,the difference is significant,and the increase of ST3 is the greatest; the average amount of available potassium is higher than that of CK by 25.97% ~ 49.37%,the difference is significant; the average content of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen is higher than that of CK by 29.91% ~ 51.88%,the difference is significant,and the increase of ST3 is the largest; the application of biological carbon significantly increases the soil temperature of the plough layer,and it increases with the increase of carbon application,but when the carbon amount reaches 45 t/hm~2,the temperature increasing effect is weakened; the yield of maize is significantly increased by biological carbon application,the yield of ST1,ST2,ST3 and ST4 is increased by 11.05%,18.56%,22.46% and 18.72%,respectively,compared with CK,and the difference is significant. In summary,the application of biological carbon significantly improves the moisture-fertilizer-heat condition of the plough layer and the yield increasing effect is significant. So it is suitable for application in the drip irrigation maize planting process in Hetao Irrigation District.
引文
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[4]陈红霞,杜章留,郭伟,等.施用生物炭对华北平原农田土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2 930-2 934.
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[7]李昌见.生物炭对砂壤土理化性质及番茄生长性状的影响及其关键应用技术研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2015.
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[9]张晓伟,黄占斌,李秧秧,等.滴灌条件下玉米的产量和WUE效应研究[J].水土保持研究,1993,6(1):72-75.
[10]田德龙,李熙婷,郭克贞,等.河套灌区地下滴灌对紫花苜蓿生长特性的影响[J].节水灌溉,2015,(5):16-19.
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[14]Ramakrishna A,Tam H M,Wani S P,et al.Effect of mulch on soil temperature,moisture,weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam[J].Field Crops Research,2006,95(2/3):115-125.
[15]吕一甲.生物炭肥对土壤性质、玉米生长及水肥利用效率影响试验研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2014.
[16]尚杰,耿增超,赵军,等.生物炭对土壤水热特性及团聚体稳定性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(7):1 969-1 976.
[17]高海英,何绪生,耿增超,等.生物炭及炭基氮肥对土壤持水性能影响的研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(24):207-213.
[18]高利华,屈忠义.膜下滴灌条件下生物质炭对土壤水热肥效应的影响[J].土壤,2017,49(3):614-620.
[19]勾芒芒,屈忠义,杨晓,等.生物炭对砂壤土节水保肥及番茄产量的影响研究[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(1):137-142.
[20]周桂红,窦森,刘世杰,等.生物质炭结构性质及其对土壤有效养分和腐殖质组成的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(10):2 075-2 080.
[21]张文玲,李桂花,高卫东.生物质炭对土壤性状和作物产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(17):153-157.
[22]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2014,(1):68-79.
[23]乐章燕,刘晶淼,廖荣伟,等.土壤温湿度对玉米根系的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,(6):68-72.
[24]朱冬梅,霍轶珍,韩翠莲.生物炭对土壤水热及玉米生长发育的影响[J].节水灌溉,2017,(7):94-97.
[25]Post D F,Fimbres A,Matthias A D,et al.Predicting Soil Albedo From Soil Color and Spectral Reflectance Date[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64(3):1 027-1 034.
[26]Glaser B,Kukulska Z,Kalaitzidis S,et al.Relations between environmental black carbon sorption and geochemical sorbent characteristics[J].Environmental science&technology,2004,38(13):3 632-3 640.
[27]陈敏,杜相革.生物炭对土壤特性及烟草产量和品质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015,(1):80-83.
[2]Busscher W J,Novak J M,Evans D E,et al.Influence of pecan biochar on physical properties of a norfolk loamy sand[J].Soil Science,2010,175(1):10-14
[3]李昌见,屈忠义,勾芒芒,等.生物炭对土壤水肥热效应的影响试验研究[J].生态环境学报,2014,(7):1 141-1 147.
[4]陈红霞,杜章留,郭伟,等.施用生物炭对华北平原农田土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2 930-2 934.
[5]Glaser B,Kukulska Z,Kalaitzidis S,et al.Relations between environmental black carbon sorption and geochemical sorbent characteristics[J].Environmental science&technology,2004,38(13):3 632-3 640.
[6]房彬,李心清,赵斌,等.生物炭对旱作农田土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014,(8):1 292-1 297.
[7]李昌见.生物炭对砂壤土理化性质及番茄生长性状的影响及其关键应用技术研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2015.
[8]王雯,张雄.不同灌溉方式对榆林沙区马铃薯生长和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(4):153-159.
[9]张晓伟,黄占斌,李秧秧,等.滴灌条件下玉米的产量和WUE效应研究[J].水土保持研究,1993,6(1):72-75.
[10]田德龙,李熙婷,郭克贞,等.河套灌区地下滴灌对紫花苜蓿生长特性的影响[J].节水灌溉,2015,(5):16-19.
[11]Janat M.Effciency of nitrogen fertilizer for potato under fertigation utilizing a nitrogen tracer technique[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2007,38(17):2 401-2 422.
[12]李炳文.山东玉米[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001:60-61,300-302.
[13]张世贵,刘冬青,曲道明.玉米早衰与土壤养分的关系[J].中国玉米,1996,23(1):19.
[14]Ramakrishna A,Tam H M,Wani S P,et al.Effect of mulch on soil temperature,moisture,weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam[J].Field Crops Research,2006,95(2/3):115-125.
[15]吕一甲.生物炭肥对土壤性质、玉米生长及水肥利用效率影响试验研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2014.
[16]尚杰,耿增超,赵军,等.生物炭对土壤水热特性及团聚体稳定性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(7):1 969-1 976.
[17]高海英,何绪生,耿增超,等.生物炭及炭基氮肥对土壤持水性能影响的研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(24):207-213.
[18]高利华,屈忠义.膜下滴灌条件下生物质炭对土壤水热肥效应的影响[J].土壤,2017,49(3):614-620.
[19]勾芒芒,屈忠义,杨晓,等.生物炭对砂壤土节水保肥及番茄产量的影响研究[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(1):137-142.
[20]周桂红,窦森,刘世杰,等.生物质炭结构性质及其对土壤有效养分和腐殖质组成的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(10):2 075-2 080.
[21]张文玲,李桂花,高卫东.生物质炭对土壤性状和作物产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(17):153-157.
[22]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2014,(1):68-79.
[23]乐章燕,刘晶淼,廖荣伟,等.土壤温湿度对玉米根系的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,(6):68-72.
[24]朱冬梅,霍轶珍,韩翠莲.生物炭对土壤水热及玉米生长发育的影响[J].节水灌溉,2017,(7):94-97.
[25]Post D F,Fimbres A,Matthias A D,et al.Predicting Soil Albedo From Soil Color and Spectral Reflectance Date[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64(3):1 027-1 034.
[26]Glaser B,Kukulska Z,Kalaitzidis S,et al.Relations between environmental black carbon sorption and geochemical sorbent characteristics[J].Environmental science&technology,2004,38(13):3 632-3 640.
[27]陈敏,杜相革.生物炭对土壤特性及烟草产量和品质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015,(1):80-83.