华北晚古生代陆表海盆地海侵事件微观沉积特征及成煤探讨
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摘要
采用沉积学、煤地质学、古生物学、地层学及地球化学等多技术手段,结合比较分析法的思路,分析了事件型海侵的特点和海侵事件沉积组合特征,研究发现:海侵事件沉积组合为区域对比性强、具沉积时间连续性与相序间断性的暴露沉积—煤层—灰岩组合,其关键沉积学特征是煤层底板的暴露沉积。海侵事件组合灰岩的古生化石个体小、破碎强烈等特征表现为高能量水体运动等环境,孢粉表现为低含量的单缝孢和裸子植物及高含量的三缝孢。地球化学分析表明暴露沉积为陆相环境,煤层中的微量元素表现为海相主要原因是由于泥炭沼泽覆于深水后受海水影响所致。海侵事件成煤与海侵过程成煤差异体现在两个方面:第一,盆地属性差异,即海侵事件成煤形成于陆表海盆地之中,而海侵过程成煤则形成于具有缓坡的边缘海盆地,第二,成煤原理存在着差异,海侵事件成煤强调的是成煤前海侵未发生前的碎屑体系废弃而发育大量泥炭沼泽且被后期突发性海侵终止,而海侵过程成煤则强调的是泥炭沼泽发育于滨海的活动碎屑体系并终止于后期的缓慢海平面上升。
The characteristics of the event transgression and its depositions have been studied by ways of sedimentology,coal geology,paleontology,and geochemistry association with comparative analysis. The results are as follows.The sedimentary assemblage( exposure deposition,coal seam and limestone) have characteristics of regionally correlative,the successive deposition,and facies gap. The key identification mark is the exposure deposition under coal seams. The paleontology has small size and is broken into some fragments. All the characteristics can proof paleontology the depositional environment of high energy water. And there are lower content of monolete spore and Gymnosperm with higher content of trilete spore in the transgressive event deposition. The author found the depositional environment of different beds. The exposure deposition formed in terrestrial environment. Coal beds were formed in the peat moor and preserved under the sea water. Then the differences between transgressive event coal and transgressive process coal can be concluded. Firstly,there are differences in basin characteristics. The transgressive event coals are often found in epicontinental basin while the transgressive progressive coals are found in marginal basins. Secondly,there are differences in coal-forming principle. The former theory emphasis that the peat moor were formed in the abandon stage of the clastic system and then were stopped by the event transgression,the later think that the peat moor were formed in the coast of activity system and were stopped by the slow transgression.
The characteristics of the event transgression and its depositions have been studied by ways of sedimentology,coal geology,paleontology,and geochemistry association with comparative analysis. The results are as follows.The sedimentary assemblage( exposure deposition,coal seam and limestone) have characteristics of regionally correlative,the successive deposition,and facies gap. The key identification mark is the exposure deposition under coal seams. The paleontology has small size and is broken into some fragments. All the characteristics can proof paleontology the depositional environment of high energy water. And there are lower content of monolete spore and Gymnosperm with higher content of trilete spore in the transgressive event deposition. The author found the depositional environment of different beds. The exposure deposition formed in terrestrial environment. Coal beds were formed in the peat moor and preserved under the sea water. Then the differences between transgressive event coal and transgressive process coal can be concluded. Firstly,there are differences in basin characteristics. The transgressive event coals are often found in epicontinental basin while the transgressive progressive coals are found in marginal basins. Secondly,there are differences in coal-forming principle. The former theory emphasis that the peat moor were formed in the abandon stage of the clastic system and then were stopped by the event transgression,the later think that the peat moor were formed in the coast of activity system and were stopped by the slow transgression.
引文
1 Diessel C F K.Coal-Bearing Depositional Systems[M].Berlin:Springer,1992.
2 Diessel C F K.The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2010,81(4):251-268.
3 Holz M,Kalkreuth W,Banerjee I.Sequence stratigraphy of paralic coal-bearing strata:an overview[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2002,48(3/4):147-179.
4 李宝芳,温显瑞,李贵东.华北石炭、二叠系高分辨率层序地层分析[J].地学前缘,1999,6(增刊):81-94.[Li Baofang,Wen Xianrui,Li Guidong.High resolution sequence stratigraphy analysis on PermoCarboniferous in North China platform[J].Earth Science Frontiers,1999,6(Suppl.):81-94.]
5 李增学,魏久传,等.华北陆表海盆地南部层序地层分析[M].北京:地质出版社,1998.[Li Zengxue,Wei Jiuchuan,et al.Sequence Stratigraphical Analysis of the South of the North China Epicontinental Basin[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1998.]
6 何起祥,业冶铮,张明书,等.受限陆表海的海侵模式[J].沉积学报,1991,9(1):1-10.[He Qixiang,Ye Zhizheng,Zhang Mingshu,et al.Transgression model of restricted epicontinental sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1991,9(1):1-10.]
7 李增学,李守春,魏久传.事件性海侵与煤聚积规律—鲁西晚石炭世富煤单元的形成[J].岩相古地理,1995,15(1):1-9.[Li Zengxue,Li Shouchun,Wei Jiuchuan.Episodic transgressions and coal accumulation:an example from the Late Carboniferous coal-rich units in the western Shandong coalfields[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1995,15(1):1-9.]
8 李增学,魏久传,王明镇,等.华北南部晚古生代陆表海盆地层序地层格架与海平面变化[J].岩相古地理,1996,16(5):1-11.[Li Zengxue,Wei Jiuchuan,Wang Mingzhen,et al.Sequence stratigraphic framework and sea-level changes in the Late Palaeozoic epicontinental basin in northern China[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1996,16(5):1-11.]
9 李增学,魏久传,韩美莲.海侵事件成煤作用—一种新的聚煤模式[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(1):120-124.[Li Zengxue,Wei Jiuchuan,Han Meilian.Coal formation in transgressive events-A new pattern of coal accumulation[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2001,16(1):120-124.]
10 郭英海,刘焕杰.鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代的海侵[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(2):126-129.[Guo Yinghai,Liu Huanjie.Transgression of Late Paleozoic era in Ordos area[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,1999,28(2):126-129.]
11 张鹏飞,邵龙义,代世峰.华北地台晚古生代海侵模式雏议[J].古地理学报,2001,3(1):15-24.[Zhang Pengfei,Shao Longyi,Dai Shifeng.Discussion on the transgression model of the Late Palaeozoic in the North China Platform[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2001,3(1):15-24.]
12 李增学,魏久传,魏振岱,等.含煤盆地层序地层学[M].北京:地质出版社,2000.[Li Zengxue,Wei Jiuchuan,Wei Zhendai,et al.Sequence Stratigraphy of Coal-bearing Basins[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.]
13 吕大炜,李增学,刘海燕.华北板块晚古生代海侵事件古地理研究[J].湖南科技大学学报:自然科学版,2009,24(3):16-22.[LüDawei,Li Zengxue,Liu Haiyan.The study of transgressive‘event’paleogeography about the Late Paleozoic of North China[J].Journal of Hunan University of Science&Technology:Natural Science Edition,2009,24(3):16-22.]
14 龚一鸣.事件沉积[J].地质科技情报,1987,6(3):21-26.[Gong Yiming.Event deposits[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,1987,6(3):21-26.]
15 秦锡虎.沉积事件及其在地层中的记录[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(3):44-50.[Qin Xihu.Sedimentary events and their record in the formation[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1999,19(3):44-50.
16 吕大炜,赵洪刚,李增学,等.渤海湾盆地临清坳陷晚古生代古地理特征[J].古地理学报,2012,14(4):437-450.[LüDawei,Zhao Honggang,Li Zengxue,et al.Palaeogeographic characteristics of the Late Paleozoic in Linqing depression,Bohai Bay Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2012,14(4):437-450.]
17 杨璐,侯仲娥,李枢强.海侵驱动的生物多样性增加[J].动物分类学报,38(4):901-903.[Yang Lu,Hou Zhong’e,Li Shuqiang.Marine incursion as driving force of biodiversity[J].Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,38(4):901-903.]
18 费岳如.山西晚古生代海侵规律[J].地质评论,1966,24(2):83-87 .[Fei Yueru.Law of transgression of Late Paleozoic,Shanxi[J].Geological Review,1966,24(2):83-87.]
19 姚庚云.豫西焦作地区太原组(竹蜓)类古生态初探[J].焦作矿业学院学报,1990(1):23-29.[Yao Gengyun.The preliminary research of palaeoecology on fusulinida of Taiyuan Formation in the Jiaozuo area,western Henan[J].Journal of Jiaozuo Mining Institute,1990(1):23-29.]
20 张士.河南登封晚古生代含煤地层各煤组的古生物特征[J].地层学杂志,1990,14(2):140-144.[Zhang Shi.Late Paleozoic paleontology characteristics of each coal-bearing strata group of Henan Dengfeng[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1990,14(2):140-144.]
21 马庆元.河南省平项山—禹县煤田二叠纪含煤地层双壳类化石的分布及其意义[J].煤田地质与勘探,1987(6):26-27.[Ma Qingyuan.The distribution and significance of Permian coal-bearing strata bivalves of Pingding in Henan-Yu county[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,1987(6):26-27.]
22 汤代义,劳林娟,王家珍,等.岩矿特征与对比[C]//煤炭科学研究院地质勘探分院,山西省煤田地质勘探公司.太原西山含煤地层沉积环境.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1987:333-375.[Tang Daiyi,Lao Linjuan,Wang Jiazhen,et al.The Characteristics of Rock-Forming Minerals in,and Correlation of Permo-Carboniferous Coal-Bearing Formations in Xishan Coalfield,Taiyuan[C]//Institute of Geological Exploration CCMRI,Shanxi Provincial Coal Exploration Company.Sedimentary Environments of Taiyuan Xishan Coal basin.Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,1987:333-375.]
23 Mc Cabe P J.Facies studies of coal and coal-bearing strata[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,1987,32:51-66.
24 邵龙义,鲁静,汪浩,等.中国含煤岩系层序地层学研究进展[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):904-914.[Shao Longyi,Lu Jing,Wang Hao,et al.Developments of coal measures sequence stratigraphy in China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica.2009,27(5):904-914.]
25 桑树勋,陈世悦,刘焕杰.华北晚古生代成煤环境与成煤模式多样性研究[J].地质科学,2001,36(2):212-221.[Sang Shuxun,Chen Shiyue,Liu Huanjie.Study on diversity of Late Paleozoic coalforming environments and model in North China[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2001,36(2):212-221.]
26 蒋汉朝,王明镇,张锡麒,等.山东济宁煤田(东区)太原组小有孔虫生物地层[J].地层学杂志,2001,25(3):174-181.[Jiang Hanchao,Wang Mingzhen,Zhang Xiqi,et al.On the foraminiferal biostratigraphy in the Taiyuan Formation of Jining coalfield(east area),Shandong[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,2001,25(3):174-181.]
2 Diessel C F K.The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2010,81(4):251-268.
3 Holz M,Kalkreuth W,Banerjee I.Sequence stratigraphy of paralic coal-bearing strata:an overview[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2002,48(3/4):147-179.
4 李宝芳,温显瑞,李贵东.华北石炭、二叠系高分辨率层序地层分析[J].地学前缘,1999,6(增刊):81-94.[Li Baofang,Wen Xianrui,Li Guidong.High resolution sequence stratigraphy analysis on PermoCarboniferous in North China platform[J].Earth Science Frontiers,1999,6(Suppl.):81-94.]
5 李增学,魏久传,等.华北陆表海盆地南部层序地层分析[M].北京:地质出版社,1998.[Li Zengxue,Wei Jiuchuan,et al.Sequence Stratigraphical Analysis of the South of the North China Epicontinental Basin[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1998.]
6 何起祥,业冶铮,张明书,等.受限陆表海的海侵模式[J].沉积学报,1991,9(1):1-10.[He Qixiang,Ye Zhizheng,Zhang Mingshu,et al.Transgression model of restricted epicontinental sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1991,9(1):1-10.]
7 李增学,李守春,魏久传.事件性海侵与煤聚积规律—鲁西晚石炭世富煤单元的形成[J].岩相古地理,1995,15(1):1-9.[Li Zengxue,Li Shouchun,Wei Jiuchuan.Episodic transgressions and coal accumulation:an example from the Late Carboniferous coal-rich units in the western Shandong coalfields[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1995,15(1):1-9.]
8 李增学,魏久传,王明镇,等.华北南部晚古生代陆表海盆地层序地层格架与海平面变化[J].岩相古地理,1996,16(5):1-11.[Li Zengxue,Wei Jiuchuan,Wang Mingzhen,et al.Sequence stratigraphic framework and sea-level changes in the Late Palaeozoic epicontinental basin in northern China[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1996,16(5):1-11.]
9 李增学,魏久传,韩美莲.海侵事件成煤作用—一种新的聚煤模式[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(1):120-124.[Li Zengxue,Wei Jiuchuan,Han Meilian.Coal formation in transgressive events-A new pattern of coal accumulation[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2001,16(1):120-124.]
10 郭英海,刘焕杰.鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代的海侵[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(2):126-129.[Guo Yinghai,Liu Huanjie.Transgression of Late Paleozoic era in Ordos area[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,1999,28(2):126-129.]
11 张鹏飞,邵龙义,代世峰.华北地台晚古生代海侵模式雏议[J].古地理学报,2001,3(1):15-24.[Zhang Pengfei,Shao Longyi,Dai Shifeng.Discussion on the transgression model of the Late Palaeozoic in the North China Platform[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2001,3(1):15-24.]
12 李增学,魏久传,魏振岱,等.含煤盆地层序地层学[M].北京:地质出版社,2000.[Li Zengxue,Wei Jiuchuan,Wei Zhendai,et al.Sequence Stratigraphy of Coal-bearing Basins[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.]
13 吕大炜,李增学,刘海燕.华北板块晚古生代海侵事件古地理研究[J].湖南科技大学学报:自然科学版,2009,24(3):16-22.[LüDawei,Li Zengxue,Liu Haiyan.The study of transgressive‘event’paleogeography about the Late Paleozoic of North China[J].Journal of Hunan University of Science&Technology:Natural Science Edition,2009,24(3):16-22.]
14 龚一鸣.事件沉积[J].地质科技情报,1987,6(3):21-26.[Gong Yiming.Event deposits[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,1987,6(3):21-26.]
15 秦锡虎.沉积事件及其在地层中的记录[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(3):44-50.[Qin Xihu.Sedimentary events and their record in the formation[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1999,19(3):44-50.
16 吕大炜,赵洪刚,李增学,等.渤海湾盆地临清坳陷晚古生代古地理特征[J].古地理学报,2012,14(4):437-450.[LüDawei,Zhao Honggang,Li Zengxue,et al.Palaeogeographic characteristics of the Late Paleozoic in Linqing depression,Bohai Bay Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2012,14(4):437-450.]
17 杨璐,侯仲娥,李枢强.海侵驱动的生物多样性增加[J].动物分类学报,38(4):901-903.[Yang Lu,Hou Zhong’e,Li Shuqiang.Marine incursion as driving force of biodiversity[J].Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,38(4):901-903.]
18 费岳如.山西晚古生代海侵规律[J].地质评论,1966,24(2):83-87 .[Fei Yueru.Law of transgression of Late Paleozoic,Shanxi[J].Geological Review,1966,24(2):83-87.]
19 姚庚云.豫西焦作地区太原组(竹蜓)类古生态初探[J].焦作矿业学院学报,1990(1):23-29.[Yao Gengyun.The preliminary research of palaeoecology on fusulinida of Taiyuan Formation in the Jiaozuo area,western Henan[J].Journal of Jiaozuo Mining Institute,1990(1):23-29.]
20 张士.河南登封晚古生代含煤地层各煤组的古生物特征[J].地层学杂志,1990,14(2):140-144.[Zhang Shi.Late Paleozoic paleontology characteristics of each coal-bearing strata group of Henan Dengfeng[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1990,14(2):140-144.]
21 马庆元.河南省平项山—禹县煤田二叠纪含煤地层双壳类化石的分布及其意义[J].煤田地质与勘探,1987(6):26-27.[Ma Qingyuan.The distribution and significance of Permian coal-bearing strata bivalves of Pingding in Henan-Yu county[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,1987(6):26-27.]
22 汤代义,劳林娟,王家珍,等.岩矿特征与对比[C]//煤炭科学研究院地质勘探分院,山西省煤田地质勘探公司.太原西山含煤地层沉积环境.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1987:333-375.[Tang Daiyi,Lao Linjuan,Wang Jiazhen,et al.The Characteristics of Rock-Forming Minerals in,and Correlation of Permo-Carboniferous Coal-Bearing Formations in Xishan Coalfield,Taiyuan[C]//Institute of Geological Exploration CCMRI,Shanxi Provincial Coal Exploration Company.Sedimentary Environments of Taiyuan Xishan Coal basin.Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,1987:333-375.]
23 Mc Cabe P J.Facies studies of coal and coal-bearing strata[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,1987,32:51-66.
24 邵龙义,鲁静,汪浩,等.中国含煤岩系层序地层学研究进展[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):904-914.[Shao Longyi,Lu Jing,Wang Hao,et al.Developments of coal measures sequence stratigraphy in China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica.2009,27(5):904-914.]
25 桑树勋,陈世悦,刘焕杰.华北晚古生代成煤环境与成煤模式多样性研究[J].地质科学,2001,36(2):212-221.[Sang Shuxun,Chen Shiyue,Liu Huanjie.Study on diversity of Late Paleozoic coalforming environments and model in North China[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2001,36(2):212-221.]
26 蒋汉朝,王明镇,张锡麒,等.山东济宁煤田(东区)太原组小有孔虫生物地层[J].地层学杂志,2001,25(3):174-181.[Jiang Hanchao,Wang Mingzhen,Zhang Xiqi,et al.On the foraminiferal biostratigraphy in the Taiyuan Formation of Jining coalfield(east area),Shandong[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,2001,25(3):174-181.]