西北地区大气水汽含量时空分布及其输送研究
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摘要
利用ECMWF和NCEP/NCAR 1979—2016年逐月再分析资料,分析了我国西北地区大气水汽含量的时空分布及其输送特征。结果表明:(1)西北地区水汽含量在20世纪80年代中期至90年代末呈增多趋势,从90年代开始至21世纪初呈减少趋势。就季节而言,西北地区夏季水汽含量最多,占年平均水汽含量的46.6%。(2)西北地区水汽分布与降水分布具有一致性,水汽含量主要集中在西北地区东部及其西部的天山山脉、塔里木盆地东部一带,达12～30 mm,中部水汽含量较少,不足10 mm,水汽含量的空间分布呈现出"两边高中间低"的分布形式。(3)西北地区水汽输送以西风和季风两大环流系统为主,纬向西风水汽输送可达100～500 kg·m~(-1)·s~(-1),在全年水汽输送中占主要地位,夏季从印度洋来的强度可达100～200 kg·m~(-1)·s~(-1)的西南季风水汽输送对西北地区东部影响较显著。(4)西北地区水汽源主要位于新疆天山山脉、青海中东部、甘肃河西走廊中西段、宁夏和陕西北部等地区,而水汽汇则位于甘肃南部、陕西南部一带。
Based on the ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR re-analysis of the climate data during the 38 years( from1979 to 2016),the spatial and temporal distribution and the transportation of the water vapor in the northwestern China were analyzed. The results show as follows:( 1) The water vapor content in northwestern China was increased from the middle 1980s to the late 1990s,but it was decreased after that. In terms of seasonal disparity,the water vapor content reached its maximum value in summer,accounting for 46. 6% of the annual average water vapor content.( 2) The spatial distribution of the water vapor in the northwestern China is in accordance with that of the precipitation in the form of "lower value in the middle and high values on both east side and west side"which meant that the water vapor was accumulated mainly in the east part of the region and in the Tianshan Mountains and east Tarim Basin in the west part of the region with its content being 12-30 mm,and there was less water vapor in the middle of the region with the content less than 10 mm.( 3) The west wind and monsoon were the main carriers for the water vapor circulation in the northwestern China. The zonal westerly wind transferred the water vapor at 100-500 kg·m~(-1)·s~(-1) which dominated the transportation of water vapor in a year. The southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean in summer had a great effect on the water vapor transportation in the east of the region with a transport intensity being 100-500 kg·m~(-1)·s~(-1).( 4) The water vapor sources were primarily distributed in the Tianshan Mountains,the middle and east part of Qinghai Province,the middle and west part of Hexi Corridor,Ningxia Province and the north part of Shaanxi Province while the water vapor sinks were located in the south part of Gansu Province and the south part of Shaanxi.
Based on the ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR re-analysis of the climate data during the 38 years( from1979 to 2016),the spatial and temporal distribution and the transportation of the water vapor in the northwestern China were analyzed. The results show as follows:( 1) The water vapor content in northwestern China was increased from the middle 1980s to the late 1990s,but it was decreased after that. In terms of seasonal disparity,the water vapor content reached its maximum value in summer,accounting for 46. 6% of the annual average water vapor content.( 2) The spatial distribution of the water vapor in the northwestern China is in accordance with that of the precipitation in the form of "lower value in the middle and high values on both east side and west side"which meant that the water vapor was accumulated mainly in the east part of the region and in the Tianshan Mountains and east Tarim Basin in the west part of the region with its content being 12-30 mm,and there was less water vapor in the middle of the region with the content less than 10 mm.( 3) The west wind and monsoon were the main carriers for the water vapor circulation in the northwestern China. The zonal westerly wind transferred the water vapor at 100-500 kg·m~(-1)·s~(-1) which dominated the transportation of water vapor in a year. The southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean in summer had a great effect on the water vapor transportation in the east of the region with a transport intensity being 100-500 kg·m~(-1)·s~(-1).( 4) The water vapor sources were primarily distributed in the Tianshan Mountains,the middle and east part of Qinghai Province,the middle and west part of Hexi Corridor,Ningxia Province and the north part of Shaanxi Province while the water vapor sinks were located in the south part of Gansu Province and the south part of Shaanxi.
引文
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[2]张强,张杰,孙国武,等.祁连山山区空中水汽分布特征研究[J].气象学报,2007,65(4):633-643.[ZHANG Qiang,ZHANG Jie,SUN Guowu,et al.Research on atmospheric water-vapor distribution over Qilianshan Mountains[J].Acta Meteorological Sinica,2007,65(4):633-643.]
[3]杨青,姚俊强,赵勇,等.伊犁河流域水汽含量时空变化及其和降水量的关系[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1174-1183.[YANG Qing,YAO Junqiang,ZHAO Yong,et al.Spatial-temporal variation of water vapor and its relationship with the precipitation in the Ili River Basin[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1174-1183.]
[4]杨青,魏文寿,李军.塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区大气水汽量的时空分布[J].科学通报,2008,53(S):62-68.[YANG Qing,WEI Wenshou,LI Jun.Spatial-temporal distribution of water vapor in the Taklamakan Desert and surrounding areas[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(S):62-68.]
[5]ALLEN S K,PLATTNER G K,NAUELS A,et al.Climate Change2013:The physical science basis,An overview of the working group1 contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)[J].Contribution of Working,2013,43(22):143-151.
[6]魏娜,巩远发,孙娴,等.西北地区近50年降水变化及水汽输送特征[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(6):1450-1457.[WEI Na,GONG Yuanfa,SUN Xian,et al.Variation of precipitation and water vapor transport over the northwest China from 1959—2005[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(6):1450-1457.]
[7]李照荣,陈添宇,陈乾.2001—2005年西北中东部水汽及其输送特征[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):668-674.[LI Zhaorong,CHEN Tianyu,CHEN Qian.Features of vapor and its transport over east and central regions of northwest China in 2001—2005[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(4):668-674.]
[8]马新平,尚可政,李佳耘,等.1981—2010年中国西北地区东部大气可降水量的时空变化特征[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(2):448-455.[MA Xinping,SHANG Kezheng,LI Jiayun,et al.Spatial and temporal changes of atmospheric percipitable water in the eastern part of northwest China from 1981—2010[J].Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(2):448-455.]
[9]何海,陆桂华,王小锋,等.西北地区近地面水汽特征及其与区域蒸发关系[J].水电能源科学,2012,30(12):1-5.[HE Hai,LU Guihua,WANG Xiaofeng,et al.Water vapor content near the surface and its responses to regional evaporation in northwest China[J].Water Resource and Power,2012,30(12):1-5.]
[10]杨金虎,王鹏祥,白虎志,等.西北空中可降水量的年内非均匀性特征[J].干旱区地理,2008,31(2):182-188.[YANG Jinhu,WANG Pengxiang,BAI Huzhi,et al.Intra-annual in homogeneity characteristic of atmosphere precipitable water over the northwest China[J].Arid Land Geography,2008,31(2):182-188.]
[11]王可丽,江灏,赵红岩.西风带与季风对中国西北地区的水汽输送[J].水科学进展,2005,16(3):432-438.[WANG Keli,JIANG Hao,ZHAO Hongyan.Atmospheric water vapor transport from westerly and monsoon over the northwest China[J].Advances in Water Science,2005,16(3):432-438.]
[12]王可丽,江灏,赵红岩.中国西北地区水汽的平流输送和辐合输送[J].水科学进展,2006,17(2):164-169.[WANG Keli,JIANG Hao,ZHAO Hongyan.Advection and convergence of water vapor transport over the northwest China[J].Advances in Water Science,2006,17(2):164-169.]
[13]王宝鉴,黄玉霞,何金海,等.东亚夏季风期间水汽输送与西北干旱的关系[J].高原气象,2004,23(6):912-918.[WANG Baojian,HUANG Yuxia,HE Jinhai,et al.Relation between vapour transportation in the period of East Asian summer monsoon and drought in northwest China[J].Plateau Meteorology,2004,23(6):912-918.]
[14]王宝鉴,黄玉霞,陶健红,等.西北地区大气水汽的区域分布特征及其变化[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(1):15-21.[WANG Baojian,HUANG Yuxia,TAO Jianhong,et al.Regional features and variations of water vapor in northwest China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(1):15-21.]
[15]周成龙,钟昕洁,杨兴华,等.新疆巴州地区降水量、可降水量及降水转化率计算解析[J].干旱区地理,2016,39(6):1204-1211.[ZHOU Chenglong,ZHONG Xinjie,YANG Xinghua,et al.Calculation of precipitation,precipitable water and precipitation conversion efficiency of Bayingolin Prefecture in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2016,39(6):1204-1211.]
[16]姚俊强.天山山区水汽含量时空分布及强降水过程的水汽演变特征[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学,2012.[YAO Junqiang.Temporal-spatial distribution of the water vapor content and evolution character of water vapor during heavy rain in Tianshan Mountains[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Normal University,2012.]
[17]张良,王式功,尚可政,等.祁连山区空中水资源研究[J].干旱气象,2007,25(1):14-20.[ZAHNG Liang,WANG Shigong,SHANG Kezheng,et al.Research on vapor and precipitation resources over the Qilian Mountain Area[J].Arid Meteorology,2007,25(1):14-20.]
[18]巩宁刚,孙美平,闫露霞,等.1979—2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空特征及其与降水的关系[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(4):762-771.[GONG Ninggang,SUN Meiping,YAN Luxia,et al.Temporal and spatial characteristics of atmospheric water vapor and its relationship with precipitation in Qilian Mountains during1979—2016[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(4):762-771.]
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