冬季山谷风和海陆风对京津冀地区大气污染分布的影响
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摘要
为了弄清冬季山谷风、海陆风对京津冀地区大气污染时空分布的影响,利用2016年12月地面加密自动气象站逐时观测数据和中国环境监测总站发布的逐时PM_(2.5)浓度数据,计算平均风矢量场和平均PM_(2.5)浓度场,分析山谷风、海陆风变化规律及其对PM_(2.5)浓度分布的影响.结果表明,在山谷风日,中午至下午谷风将位于河北太行山东部地区的污染物向北输送.傍晚以后,在北京西部、北部,以及河北太行山山前出现的山风与偏南风构成"人字形"辐合线,辐合线的汇聚作用使北京地区、廊坊,以及保定、石家庄、邢台等地大气污染加重.在海陆风日,下午至前半夜,河北中东部沿海地区出现东南向海风,深入内陆到达天津东南部地区,海风前缘区域大气污染加重;通过对中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔0～325 m风向风速与PM_(2.5)浓度时间变化关系分析,以及利用Cressman法插值得到的地面风向风速和PM_(2.5)浓度二维格点场,分析北京地区重霾污染过程中近地层山谷风和海陆风对大气污染形成的影响:中午至下午,谷风将大气污染物向北京输送.傍晚以后,大气污染物在山风与偏南风形成的辐合线附近汇聚,在北京地区及以南地区形成PM_(2.5)高污染区.凌晨至早晨北京被山风控制,大气污染物被吹离北京、滞留在北京以南至天津西北地区.冬季,山谷风的输送和汇聚作用使大气污染物以日为周期不断循环和累积,对北京地区至北京以南地区、河北太行山东部地区的大气重污染形成起重要作用.
To reveal the effect of Mountain Valley Breeze( MVB) and Sea Land Breeze( SLB) in winter on the spatial-temporal distribution of air pollutants in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,hourly data from Automatic Weather Stations( AWS) and hourly air pollutant concentration data in December 2016 from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center were used to calculate the average wind vector fields and PM_(2.5) concentration fields. The change rule of MVB and SLB and its influence on the distribution of PM_(2.5) concentration were analyzed. The prevailing factor for the MVB days was the southerly wind( valley wind) in the Beijing-TianjinHebei region from noon to afternoon,this valley wind transports air pollutants from the eastern areas of the Taihang Mountains and southwestern areas of Beijing northward. In the evening,"herringbone"convergence lines formed between the emerging mountain breeze in the western and northern parts of Beijing,as well as in the piedmont areas of the Taihang Mountains,and the southerly wind.The PM_(2.5) concentration increased in Beijing,Langfang,Baoding,Shijiazhuang,and Xingtai according to the concentration of the convergence lines. For the SLB days,the PM_(2.5) concentration increased in the piedmont areas of the Taihang Mountains due to the influence of valley wind from noon to afternoon. For the MVB days,from noon until midnight,the sea breeze appeared in the eastern coastal areas and reached the southeastern part of Tianjin,the PM_(2.5) concentration increased towards the front of the sea breeze. The influence of MVB and SLB on the distribution of air pollutants in the heavy pollutions process were surveyed by analyzing the temporal variation relationship between the vertical distribution of wind over 0-325 m tower( at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics) and PM_(2.5) concentration of urban area,and by using the Cressman method to interpolate the 10 m wind data and PM_(2.5) concentration data to 2 D grid field. From noon to afternoon,the air pollutants were blown to Beijing by valley wind. In the evening,the air pollutants converged near the convergence lines,which were formed by the mountain breeze and southerly wind. The severe pollution zone formed in the plains of Beijing and south of Beijing. From midnight to early morning,the air pollutants in Beijing were gradually blown away by the mountain breeze and stayed south of Beijing and northwest of Tianjin. In the winter,the effect of MVB on the recycling and accumulation of air pollutants plays an important role in severe atmospheric pollution incidents in Beijing,south of Beijing,and the eastern areas of the Taihang Mountains.
To reveal the effect of Mountain Valley Breeze( MVB) and Sea Land Breeze( SLB) in winter on the spatial-temporal distribution of air pollutants in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,hourly data from Automatic Weather Stations( AWS) and hourly air pollutant concentration data in December 2016 from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center were used to calculate the average wind vector fields and PM_(2.5) concentration fields. The change rule of MVB and SLB and its influence on the distribution of PM_(2.5) concentration were analyzed. The prevailing factor for the MVB days was the southerly wind( valley wind) in the Beijing-TianjinHebei region from noon to afternoon,this valley wind transports air pollutants from the eastern areas of the Taihang Mountains and southwestern areas of Beijing northward. In the evening,"herringbone"convergence lines formed between the emerging mountain breeze in the western and northern parts of Beijing,as well as in the piedmont areas of the Taihang Mountains,and the southerly wind.The PM_(2.5) concentration increased in Beijing,Langfang,Baoding,Shijiazhuang,and Xingtai according to the concentration of the convergence lines. For the SLB days,the PM_(2.5) concentration increased in the piedmont areas of the Taihang Mountains due to the influence of valley wind from noon to afternoon. For the MVB days,from noon until midnight,the sea breeze appeared in the eastern coastal areas and reached the southeastern part of Tianjin,the PM_(2.5) concentration increased towards the front of the sea breeze. The influence of MVB and SLB on the distribution of air pollutants in the heavy pollutions process were surveyed by analyzing the temporal variation relationship between the vertical distribution of wind over 0-325 m tower( at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics) and PM_(2.5) concentration of urban area,and by using the Cressman method to interpolate the 10 m wind data and PM_(2.5) concentration data to 2 D grid field. From noon to afternoon,the air pollutants were blown to Beijing by valley wind. In the evening,the air pollutants converged near the convergence lines,which were formed by the mountain breeze and southerly wind. The severe pollution zone formed in the plains of Beijing and south of Beijing. From midnight to early morning,the air pollutants in Beijing were gradually blown away by the mountain breeze and stayed south of Beijing and northwest of Tianjin. In the winter,the effect of MVB on the recycling and accumulation of air pollutants plays an important role in severe atmospheric pollution incidents in Beijing,south of Beijing,and the eastern areas of the Taihang Mountains.
引文
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[2]廖晓农,张小玲,王迎春,等.北京地区冬夏季持续性雾-霾发生的环境气象条件对比分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2031-2044.Liao X N,Zhang X L,Wang Y C,et al. Comparative analysis on meteorological condition for persistent haze cases in summer and winter in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(6):2031-2044.
[3] Reeves H D,Stensrud D J. Synoptic-scale flow and valley cold pool evolution in the western United States[J]. Weather and Forecasting,2009,24(6):1625-1643.
[4] Silcox G D,Kelly K E,Crosman E T,et al. Wintertime PM2. 5concentrations during persistent,multi-day cold-air pools in a mountain valley[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,46:17-24.
[5] Curci G,Cinque G,Tuccella P,et al. Modelling air quality impact of a biomass energy power plant in a mountain valley in central Italy[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,62:248-255.
[6]吴兑,廖碧婷,吴蒙,等.环首都圈霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(1):1-11.Wu D,Liao B T,Wu M,et al. The long-term trend of haze and fog days and the surface layer transport conditions under haze weather in North China[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(1):1-11.
[7]游春华,蔡旭晖,宋宇,等.京津地区夏季大气局地环流背景研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(6):779-783.You C H, Cai X H, Song Y, et al. Local atmospheric circulations over Beijing-Tianjin area in summer[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2006,42(6):779-783.
[8]刘树华,刘振鑫,李炬,等.京津冀地区大气局地环流耦合效应的数值模拟[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(1):88-98.Liu S H,Liu Z X,Li J,et al. Numerical simulation for the coupling effect of local atmospheric circulations over the area of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province[J]. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2009,52(3):382-392.
[9]杨洋,唐贵谦,吉东生,等.夏季局地环流对京津冀区域大气污染影响[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(5):2359-2367.Yang Y,Tang G Q,Ji D S,et al. 2015,Effects of local circulation on atmospheric pollutants in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during summer[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(5):2359-2367.
[10]朱翠娟,叶卓佳,段宝忠,等.秋冬季节京津渤地区局地环流特征及气溶胶分布规律[J].环境科学学报,1982,2(4):342-350.Zhu C J,Ye Z J,Duan B Z,et al. Characteristics of local circulation and aerosol distribution over Beijing-Tianjin area during autumn and winter[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1982,2(4):342-350.
[11]徐敬,张小玲,赵秀娟,等.夏季局地环流对北京下风向地区O3输送的影响[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(11):1140-1146.Xu J,Zhang X L,Zhao X J,et al. Influence of summer local circulation on the transportation of ozone from urban to the downwind area in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science,2009,29(11):1140-1146.
[12]王跃,王莉莉,赵广娜,等.北京冬季PM2. 5重污染时段不同尺度环流形势及边界层结构分析[J].气候与环境研究,2014,19(2):173-184.Wang Y,Wang L L,Zhao G N,et al. Analysis of differentscales circulation patterns and boundary layer structure of PM2. 5heavy pollutions in Beijing during winter[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2014,19(2):173-184.
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[14]窦晶晶,王迎春,苗世光.北京城区近地面比湿和风场时空分布特征[J].应用气象学报,2014,25(5):559-569.Dou J J,Wang Y C,Miao S G. Fine spatial and temporal characteristics of humidity and wind in Beijing urban area[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2014,25(5):559-569.
[15]董芬,王喜全,王自发,等.北京地区大气污染分布的“南北两重天”现象[J].气候与环境研究,2013,18(1):63-70.Dong F,Wang X Q,Wang Z F,et al. A study of the north-south differences of the air quality in Beijing[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2013,18(1):63-70.
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[18]赵秀娟,徐敬,张自银,等.北京区域环境气象数值预报系统及PM2. 5预报检验[J].应用气象学报,2016,27(2):160-172.Zhao X J, Xu J, Zhang Z Y, et al. Beijing regional environmental meteorology prediction system and its performance test of PM2. 5concentration[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2016,27(2):160-172.
[19]蒋伊蓉,朱蓉,朱克云,等.京津冀地区重污染天气过程的污染气象条件数值模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2681-2692.Jiang Y R,Zhu R,Zhu K Y,et al. Numerical simulation on the air pollution potential in the severe air pollution episodes in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(9):2681-2692.
[20]刘慧,饶晓琴,张恒德,等.环境气象业务数值模式预报效果对比检验[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(5):17-24.Liu H,Rao X Q,Zhang H D,et al. Comparative verification and analysis of environmental meteorology operational numerical prediction models in China[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2017,33(5):17-24.
[21]曹渐华,刘熙明,李国平,等.鄱阳湖地区湖陆风特征及成因分析[J].高原气象,2015,34(2):426-435.Cao J H,Liu X M,Li G P,et al. Analysis of the phenomenon of lake-land breeze in Poyang Lake area[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2015,34(2):426-435.
[22]郑祚芳,任国玉,高华.北京地区局地环流观测分析[J].气象,2018,44(3):425-433.Zheng Z F,Ren G Y,Gao H. Analysis of the local circulation in Beijing area[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2018,44(3):425-433.
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