大河口西周墓地M6043出土釉砂珠饰的科学分析研究
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摘要
本文对山西翼城县大河口西周墓地M6043出土的12件珠饰样品进行了显微结构观察和化学成分分析。研究显示:12枚珠饰均为釉砂制品,其成型工艺皆为在木质芯撑上直接塑形且使用了风干施釉法,其中表面有釉层的7件又使用了包埋施釉工艺。其K2O含量高于Na2O的助溶剂特征及以Cu作为着色剂的特征显示了这些釉砂皆为中国本土自制。本文为研究西周时期釉砂制作技术体系提供了新材料。
This project studied the microstructure and chemical compositions of 12 faience beads unearthed from the tomb M6043 at the Dahekou Cemetery in Yicheng county,Shanxi Province.The results show that all analyzed samples were made of faience,and were formed directly on a wood core.The efflorescence process was used to form the glazing layer on all samples.seven of them were further glazed by cementation.Based on the observation that K2 O is higher than Na2 O and that Cu was used as colorant,the authors argued that these faience beads were probably produced locally in China.This conclusion provides new evidence for the understanding of the production of faience during the Western Zhou period.
This project studied the microstructure and chemical compositions of 12 faience beads unearthed from the tomb M6043 at the Dahekou Cemetery in Yicheng county,Shanxi Province.The results show that all analyzed samples were made of faience,and were formed directly on a wood core.The efflorescence process was used to form the glazing layer on all samples.seven of them were further glazed by cementation.Based on the observation that K2 O is higher than Na2 O and that Cu was used as colorant,the authors argued that these faience beads were probably produced locally in China.This conclusion provides new evidence for the understanding of the production of faience during the Western Zhou period.
引文
[1]中国科学院考古研究所.中国田野考古报告集考古学专刊丁种第四号·洛阳中州路(西工段)[M].北京:科学出版社,1959:59-60.
[2]宝鸡茹家庄西周墓发掘队.陕西省宝鸡市茹家庄西周墓发掘简报[J].文物,1976(4).
[3]杨伯达.西周玻璃的初步研究[J].故宫博物院院刊,1980(2):14-24.
[4]张福康,程朱海,张志刚.中国古琉璃的研究[J].硅酸盐学报,1983(1):67-76.
[5]安家瑶.玻璃器史话[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2000:7-8.
[6]襄樊市考古队等.枣阳郭家庙曾国墓地[J].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[7]李青会,张斌,干福熹等.一批中国南方出土古玻璃的化学成分的PIXE分析结果[C]//中国南方古玻璃研究--2002年南宁中国南方古玻璃研讨会论文集.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2003:76-84.
[8]同[1].
[9]谢尧亭,王金平,杨及耘等.山西翼城县大河口西周墓地[J].考古,2011(7).
[10]朱磊,刘勇,李存信等.山西翼城大河口M5010、M6043实验室考古简报[J].江汉考古,2019(2).
[11]李青会,董俊卿,干福熹.中国早期釉砂和玻璃制品的化学成分和工艺特点探讨[J].广西民族大学学报(自然科学版),2009(4):31-41.
[12]干福熹等.中国古代玻璃技术发展史[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2016.
[13]谷舟.中国釉砂与早期玻璃关系的探讨[D].博士学位论文,中国科学院大学人文学院,2015.
[14]同[3].
[15]Xia Nai.Ancient Egyptian Beads,Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,2014:38.
[16]Tite M S,Freestone I C,Bimson M.Egyptian Faience:An Investigation of the Methods of Production[J].Archaeometry,1983(25):17-27.
[17]Tite M S,Bimson M.Faience:An Investigation of the Microstructures Associated with the Different Methods of Glazing[J].Archaeometry,1986(28):69-78.
[18]张治国,马清林.崇信于家湾出土西周中期费昂斯珠研究[M]//崇信于家湾周墓.北京:文物出版社,2009:168-179.
[19]谷舟,谢尧亭,杨益民等.显微CT在早期釉砂研究中的应用:以西周倗国出土釉砂珠为例[J].核技术,2012(4):265-269.
[20]Vandiver P.B.A review and proposal of new criteria for production technologies of Egyptian faience//La couleur dans la peinture et l'emaillage de l'Egypte ancienne(Colinart S.Menu M.,eds),Bari:Edipuglia,121-139.
[21]董俊卿,后德俊,干福熹.中国古代釉砂的科学研究[M]//中国古代玻璃技术发展史,上海:上海科学技术出版社,2016:51.
[22]秦颍,陈茜,李小莉,陈千万.湖北枣阳郭家庙曾国墓地出土“石英珠”(釉砂)的测试分析及制作工艺模拟实验分析[J].硅酸盐学报,2012(4):567-576.
[23]同[13].
[24]Yong Lei,Yin Xia.Study on Production Techniques and Provenance of Faience Beads Excavated in China[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2015(53):32-42.
[25]同[24].
[26]同[19].
[27]同[24].
[28]同[24].
[29]Vandiver P B.Raw Materials and Fabrication Methods Used in The Production of Faience[M]//Production Technology of Faience and Related Early Vitreous Materials.Oxford University,School of Archaeology,2008.
[30]同[24].
[31]干福熹,胡永庆,董俊卿,等.河南平顶山应国墓地出土料珠和料管的分析[J].硅酸盐学报,2009(6):1005-1016.
[2]宝鸡茹家庄西周墓发掘队.陕西省宝鸡市茹家庄西周墓发掘简报[J].文物,1976(4).
[3]杨伯达.西周玻璃的初步研究[J].故宫博物院院刊,1980(2):14-24.
[4]张福康,程朱海,张志刚.中国古琉璃的研究[J].硅酸盐学报,1983(1):67-76.
[5]安家瑶.玻璃器史话[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2000:7-8.
[6]襄樊市考古队等.枣阳郭家庙曾国墓地[J].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[7]李青会,张斌,干福熹等.一批中国南方出土古玻璃的化学成分的PIXE分析结果[C]//中国南方古玻璃研究--2002年南宁中国南方古玻璃研讨会论文集.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2003:76-84.
[8]同[1].
[9]谢尧亭,王金平,杨及耘等.山西翼城县大河口西周墓地[J].考古,2011(7).
[10]朱磊,刘勇,李存信等.山西翼城大河口M5010、M6043实验室考古简报[J].江汉考古,2019(2).
[11]李青会,董俊卿,干福熹.中国早期釉砂和玻璃制品的化学成分和工艺特点探讨[J].广西民族大学学报(自然科学版),2009(4):31-41.
[12]干福熹等.中国古代玻璃技术发展史[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2016.
[13]谷舟.中国釉砂与早期玻璃关系的探讨[D].博士学位论文,中国科学院大学人文学院,2015.
[14]同[3].
[15]Xia Nai.Ancient Egyptian Beads,Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,2014:38.
[16]Tite M S,Freestone I C,Bimson M.Egyptian Faience:An Investigation of the Methods of Production[J].Archaeometry,1983(25):17-27.
[17]Tite M S,Bimson M.Faience:An Investigation of the Microstructures Associated with the Different Methods of Glazing[J].Archaeometry,1986(28):69-78.
[18]张治国,马清林.崇信于家湾出土西周中期费昂斯珠研究[M]//崇信于家湾周墓.北京:文物出版社,2009:168-179.
[19]谷舟,谢尧亭,杨益民等.显微CT在早期釉砂研究中的应用:以西周倗国出土釉砂珠为例[J].核技术,2012(4):265-269.
[20]Vandiver P.B.A review and proposal of new criteria for production technologies of Egyptian faience//La couleur dans la peinture et l'emaillage de l'Egypte ancienne(Colinart S.Menu M.,eds),Bari:Edipuglia,121-139.
[21]董俊卿,后德俊,干福熹.中国古代釉砂的科学研究[M]//中国古代玻璃技术发展史,上海:上海科学技术出版社,2016:51.
[22]秦颍,陈茜,李小莉,陈千万.湖北枣阳郭家庙曾国墓地出土“石英珠”(釉砂)的测试分析及制作工艺模拟实验分析[J].硅酸盐学报,2012(4):567-576.
[23]同[13].
[24]Yong Lei,Yin Xia.Study on Production Techniques and Provenance of Faience Beads Excavated in China[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2015(53):32-42.
[25]同[24].
[26]同[19].
[27]同[24].
[28]同[24].
[29]Vandiver P B.Raw Materials and Fabrication Methods Used in The Production of Faience[M]//Production Technology of Faience and Related Early Vitreous Materials.Oxford University,School of Archaeology,2008.
[30]同[24].
[31]干福熹,胡永庆,董俊卿,等.河南平顶山应国墓地出土料珠和料管的分析[J].硅酸盐学报,2009(6):1005-1016.