城市生态风险管理关键问题与研究进展
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摘要
我国目前正处于社会经济转型和城市化进程加快时期,随着城市化发展和城市人居环境的变化,城市生态风险受到越来越多关注。在综述国内外城市生态风险管理研究进展,总结风险源与受体特点和风险评价方法的基础上,结合城市生态风险管理的需求,明确了城市生态风险的管理目标,将管理目标系统归纳划分为控制目标、调控目标和规划目标3个层次;在解析城市生态风险管理特点的基础上,结合风险管理目标从弹性力、动态管理性和空间异质性3个方面对生态风险管理措施与方案进行了总结分析,并进一步探讨了风险管理保障机制。从生态风险管理目标制定、构建城市生态系统特点的风险管理体系及其管理机制等方面提出了建议与展望,以期推动我国城市生态风险管理的发展。
With rapid urbanization and social-economic transformation,the changes of ecological structure,processes,and functions in urban ecosystems have resulted in the broad decline of environmental quality and ecosystem services. Thus,urban ecological risk management is important to regulate and protect urban ecosystems,which have many vital issues regarding regional sustainable development. Based on the review of researches on ecological risk management,and risk sources,receptor characteristics as well as risk evaluation methods in urban ecosystems,we defined the objectives of urban ecological risk management according to the need for risk management,which can be interpreted as control objectives,regulation objectives,and planning objectives. Of these,the control objectives focus on the protected entities and relative attributes. The regulation objectives are defined as cost-benefit analyses of corresponding risk prevention. Finally,the planning objectives integrate risk management into the blueprint of urban planning. Being oriented toward characteristics of urban ecosystem risk management,the methods and models of ecological risk management were analyzed based on the aspects of resilience,dynamic management,and spatial heterogeneity. Considering the character of vulnerability and resilience in urban ecosystems,the restoration and regulation function of natural ecosystems should receive more attentions.Furthermore,building an ecological infrastructure is a key point to enhance response capacity,with integration and optimization of different adaptive capabilities. Ultimately, building a resilient community is the basic unit of risk management,and its construction norms and design features should be incorporated into urban planning and construction to promote the substantial progress of urban risk management. The effects of managing actions should be analyzed inaccordance with scenario analysis,considering the dynamic character of urban ecosystems,changes in the landscape,and risk prevention. Management that optimizes the ecological pattern should be integrated into urban planning. The risk map could provide significant information for the management of specific ecological risks,whereas the best management plan could be formatted considering the demand,and require coordination and trade-offs among key regulating services. The mechanisms of urban ecological risk management are discussed at the end of the article and suggestions on urban ecological risk management are put forward including specifying risk management objectives,building a risk management framework with urban characteristics,and establishing a management mechanism.
With rapid urbanization and social-economic transformation,the changes of ecological structure,processes,and functions in urban ecosystems have resulted in the broad decline of environmental quality and ecosystem services. Thus,urban ecological risk management is important to regulate and protect urban ecosystems,which have many vital issues regarding regional sustainable development. Based on the review of researches on ecological risk management,and risk sources,receptor characteristics as well as risk evaluation methods in urban ecosystems,we defined the objectives of urban ecological risk management according to the need for risk management,which can be interpreted as control objectives,regulation objectives,and planning objectives. Of these,the control objectives focus on the protected entities and relative attributes. The regulation objectives are defined as cost-benefit analyses of corresponding risk prevention. Finally,the planning objectives integrate risk management into the blueprint of urban planning. Being oriented toward characteristics of urban ecosystem risk management,the methods and models of ecological risk management were analyzed based on the aspects of resilience,dynamic management,and spatial heterogeneity. Considering the character of vulnerability and resilience in urban ecosystems,the restoration and regulation function of natural ecosystems should receive more attentions.Furthermore,building an ecological infrastructure is a key point to enhance response capacity,with integration and optimization of different adaptive capabilities. Ultimately, building a resilient community is the basic unit of risk management,and its construction norms and design features should be incorporated into urban planning and construction to promote the substantial progress of urban risk management. The effects of managing actions should be analyzed inaccordance with scenario analysis,considering the dynamic character of urban ecosystems,changes in the landscape,and risk prevention. Management that optimizes the ecological pattern should be integrated into urban planning. The risk map could provide significant information for the management of specific ecological risks,whereas the best management plan could be formatted considering the demand,and require coordination and trade-offs among key regulating services. The mechanisms of urban ecological risk management are discussed at the end of the article and suggestions on urban ecological risk management are put forward including specifying risk management objectives,building a risk management framework with urban characteristics,and establishing a management mechanism.
引文
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[45]Pérez-Molina E,Sliuzas R,Flacke J,Jetten V G.Developing a cellular automata model of urban growth to inform spatial policy for flood mitigation:a case study in Kampala,Uganda.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2017,65:53-65.
[46]Xu X B,Yang G S,Tan Y,Zhuang Q L,Li H P,Wan R R,Su W Z,Zhang J.Ecological risk assessment of ecosystem services in the Taihu Lake Basin of China from 1985 to 2020.Science of the Total Environment,2016,554-555:7-16.
[47]Alberti M,Asbjornsen H,Baker L A,Brozovic'N,Drinkwater L E,Drzyzga S A,Jantz C A,Fragoso J,Holland D S,Kohler T A,Liu J G,Mc Connell W J,Maschner H D G,Millington J D A,Monticino M,PodestáG,Pontius Jr R G,Redman C L,Reo N J,Sailor D,Urquhart G.Research on coupled human and natural systems(CHANS):approach,challenges,and strategies.Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,2011,92(2):218-228.
[48]Vatsa K S,Joseph J.Disaster management plan for the state of Maharashtra,India:evolutionary process.Natural Hazards Review,2003,4(4):206-212.
[49]Dovie D B K.A communication framework for climatic risk and enhanced green growth in the eastern coast of Ghana.Land Use Policy,2017,62:326-336.
[50]Torresan S,Critto A,Rizzi J,Zabeo A,Furlan E,Marcomini A.DESYCO:a decision support system for the regional risk assessment of climate change impacts in coastal zones.Ocean&Coastal Management,2016,120:49-63.
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[52]Colding J.‘Ecological land-use complementation'for building resilience in urban ecosystems.Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,81(1/2):46-55.
[53]Eren S G,Günay A S.Analyzing the transfer of immovable property rights for urban resilience:an alternative land management model for the Karaburun-Cesme-Seferihisar Peninsula.Ocean&Coastal Management,2015,118:139-157.
[54]Basta C,Neuvel J M M,Zlatanova S,Ale B.Risk-maps informing land-use planning processes:a survey on the Netherlands and the United Kingdom recent developments.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,145(1/2):241-249.
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[2]Grimm N B,Foster D,Groffman P,Grove J M,Hopkinson C S,Nadelhoffer K J,Pataki D E,Peters D P C.The changing landscape:ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2008,6(5):264-272.
[3]Rosenzweig C,Solecki W,Hammer S A,Mehrotra S.Cities lead the way in climate-change action.Nature,2010,467(7318):909-911.
[4]Pickett S T A,Cadenasso M L,Grove J M.Resilient cities:meaning,models,and metaphor for integrating the ecological,socio-economic,and planning realms.Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(4):369-384.
[5]王美娥,陈卫平,彭驰.城市生态风险评价研究进展.应用生态学报,2014,25(3):911-918.
[6]张小飞,王如松,李正国,李锋,吴健生,黄锦楼,于盈盈.城市综合生态风险评价——以淮北市城区为例.生态学报,2011,31(20):6204-6214.
[7]李伟峰,欧阳志云.城市生态系统的格局和过程.生态环境,2007,16(2):672-679.
[8]Wayne G,Landis W G,Janice K.Ten years of the relative risk model and regional scale ecological risk assessm-ent.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2007,13:25-38.
[9]Chen S Q,Fath B D,Chen B.Information-based Network Environ Analysis:a system perspective for ecological risk assessment.Ecological Indicators,2011,11(6):1664-1672.
[10]De Chazal J,Quétier F,Lavorel S,Van Doorn A.Including multiple differing stakeholder values into vulnerability assessments of socio-ecological systems.Global Environmental Change,2008,18(3):508-520.
[11]Atkins J P,Burdon D,Elliott M,Gregory A J.Management of the marine environment:integrating ecosystem services and societal benefits with the DPSIR framework in a systems approach.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(2):215-226.
[12]Su S L,Xiao R,Jiang Z L,Zhang Y.Characterizing landscape pattern and ecosystem service value changes for urbanization impacts at an ecoregional scale.Applied Geography,2012,34:295-305.
[13]Ernstson H,S9rlin S.Ecosystem services as technology of globalization:on articulating values in urban nature.Ecological Economics,2013,86:274-284.
[14]Gencer E A.The Interplay between Natural Disasters,Vulnerability,and Sustainable Development:Global Trends and Local Practice in Istanbul[D].New York:Columbia University,2007:49-93.
[15]Ahiablame L M,Engel B A,Chaubey I.Effectiveness of low impact development practices:literature review and suggestions for future research.Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2012,223(7):4253-4273.
[16]刘燕华,葛全胜,吴文祥.风险管理——新世纪的挑战.北京:气象出版社,2005:20-21.
[17]Sergeant A.Management objectives for ecological risk assessment-developments at US EPA.Environmental Science&Policy,2000,3(6):295-298.
[18]Kenyon W.Evaluating flood risk management options in Scotland:a participant-led multi-criteria approach.Ecological Economics,2007,64(1):70-81.
[19]魏一鸣,金菊良,杨存建,黄诗峰,范英,陈德清.洪水灾害风险管理理论.北京:科学出版社,2002:1-9.
[20]周平,蒙吉军.区域生态风险管理研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(4):2097-2106.
[21]Cormier S M,Suter II G W.Revitalizing environmental assessment.Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management,2008,4(4):385-385.
[22]US Environmental Protection Agency.Generic Ecological Assessment Endpoints(GEAEs)for Ecological Risk Assessment.EPA/630/P-02/004F.Washington,DC:EPA Office of the Science Advisor,2003.
[23]Gregory R,Failing L,Higgins P.Adaptive management and environmental decision making:a case study application to water use planning.Ecological Economics,2006,58(2):434-447.
[24]Faber J H.European experience on application of site-specific ecological risk assessment in terrestrial ecosystems.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2006,12(1):39-50.
[25]康鹏,陈卫平,王美娥.基于生态系统服务的生态风险评价研究进展.生态学报,2016,36(5):1192-1203.
[26]Folke C,Carpenter S,Elmqvist T,Gunderson L,Holling C S,Walker B.Resilience and sustainable development:building Adaptive capacity in a world of transformations.Ambio,2002,31(5):437-440.
[27]Dodman D,Mc Granahan G,Dalal-Clayton B.Integrating the Environment in Urban Planning and Management:Key Principles and Approaches for Cities in the 21st Century.Nairobi,Kenya:United Nations Environment Programm,2013:84.
[28]Holling C S.Understanding the complexity of economic,ecological,and social systems.Ecosystems,2001,4(5):390-405.
[29]Levin S A.Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex adaptive systems.Ecosystems,1998,1(5):431-436.
[30]Holling C S.Resilience and stability of ecosystems.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973,4:1-23.
[31]Holling C S.The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems:local surprise and global change//Clark W C,Munn R E,eds.Sustainable Development of the Biosphere.London:Cambridge University Press,1986.
[32]Klein R J T,Nicholls R J,Thomalla F.Resilience to natural hazards:how useful is this concept?Global Environmental Change Part B:Environmental Hazards,2003,5(1/2):35-45.
[33]Walker B H,Pearson L.A resilience perspective of the SEEA.Ecological Economics,2007,61(4):708-715.
[34]Walker B,Salt D.Resilience Thinking:Sustaining Ecosystems and People in A Changing World.Washington,DC:Island Press,2006.
[35]Mc Phearson T,Andersson E,Elmqvist T,Frantzeskaki N.Resilience of and through urban ecosystem services.Ecosystem Services,2015,12:152-156.
[36]Vogt J,Gillner S,Hofmann M,Tharang A,Dettmann S,Gerstenberg T,Schmidt C,Gebauer H,Van De Riet K,Berger U,Roloff A.Citree:a database supporting tree selection for urban areas in temperate climate.Landscape and Urban Planning,2017,157:14-25.
[37]Davies H J,Doick K J,Hudson M D,Schreckenberg K.Challenges for tree officers to enhance the provision of regulating ecosystem services from urban forests.Environmental Research,2017,156:97-107.
[38]Yu Z W,Guo X Y,Jrgensen G,Vejre H.How can urban green spaces be planned for climate adaptation in subtropical cities?Ecological Indicators,2017,82:152-162.
[39]Hatvani-Kovacs G,Belusko M,Skinner N,Pockett J,Boland J.Heat stress risk and resilience in the urban environment.Sustainable Cities and Society,2016,26:278-288.
[40]Brink E,Aalders T,dám D,Feller R,Henselek Y,Hoffmann A,Ibe K,Matthey-Doret A,Meyer M,Negrut N L,Rau A L,Riewerts B,Von Schuckmann L,T9rnros S,Von Wehrden H,Abson D J,Wamsler C.Cascades of green:a review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas.Global Environmental Change,2016,36:111-123.
[41]蔡建明,郭华,汪德根.国外弹性城市研究述评.地理科学进展,2012,31(10):1245-1255.
[42]United Nations(UN).Local governments and disaster risk reduction:good practices and lessons learned.Geneva:UNISDR,2010.
[43]王冰,张惠,张韦.社区弹性概念的界定、内涵及测度.城市问题,2016,(6):75-81.
[44]Buergelt P T,Paton D.An ecological risk management and capacity building model.Human Ecology,2014,42(4):591-603.
[45]Pérez-Molina E,Sliuzas R,Flacke J,Jetten V G.Developing a cellular automata model of urban growth to inform spatial policy for flood mitigation:a case study in Kampala,Uganda.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2017,65:53-65.
[46]Xu X B,Yang G S,Tan Y,Zhuang Q L,Li H P,Wan R R,Su W Z,Zhang J.Ecological risk assessment of ecosystem services in the Taihu Lake Basin of China from 1985 to 2020.Science of the Total Environment,2016,554-555:7-16.
[47]Alberti M,Asbjornsen H,Baker L A,Brozovic'N,Drinkwater L E,Drzyzga S A,Jantz C A,Fragoso J,Holland D S,Kohler T A,Liu J G,Mc Connell W J,Maschner H D G,Millington J D A,Monticino M,PodestáG,Pontius Jr R G,Redman C L,Reo N J,Sailor D,Urquhart G.Research on coupled human and natural systems(CHANS):approach,challenges,and strategies.Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,2011,92(2):218-228.
[48]Vatsa K S,Joseph J.Disaster management plan for the state of Maharashtra,India:evolutionary process.Natural Hazards Review,2003,4(4):206-212.
[49]Dovie D B K.A communication framework for climatic risk and enhanced green growth in the eastern coast of Ghana.Land Use Policy,2017,62:326-336.
[50]Torresan S,Critto A,Rizzi J,Zabeo A,Furlan E,Marcomini A.DESYCO:a decision support system for the regional risk assessment of climate change impacts in coastal zones.Ocean&Coastal Management,2016,120:49-63.
[51]Walker B H,Holling C S,Carpenter S R,Kinzig A P.Resilience,adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems.Ecology and Society,2004,9(2):5.
[52]Colding J.‘Ecological land-use complementation'for building resilience in urban ecosystems.Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,81(1/2):46-55.
[53]Eren S G,Günay A S.Analyzing the transfer of immovable property rights for urban resilience:an alternative land management model for the Karaburun-Cesme-Seferihisar Peninsula.Ocean&Coastal Management,2015,118:139-157.
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