四川盆地下寒武统豹斑灰岩成因机理及其对储层的影响
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摘要
豹斑灰岩(云岩)的广泛发育引起了地质学者的关注,目前其成因机理存在很大争议,因此研究豹斑灰岩(云岩)的特征、成因,以及与储层的关系,对于油气勘探具有重要意义。通过对4条基干剖面豹斑发育层段的宏观沉积相分析和镜下描述,结合X-射线衍射分析、扫描电镜、电子探针和同位素等分析手段,详细解剖了四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组和天河板组豹斑灰岩的岩相及地球化学特征,并探讨了其成因机理。四川盆地下寒武统豹斑发育的基质灰岩主要有(含颗粒)泥微晶灰岩和砂屑亮晶灰岩,不同基质灰岩内的豹斑在斑块形态、泥质含量、白云石大小晶形方面具有较大差异,故可将豹斑分为3类:泥质云斑、含泥云斑和云斑。泥质云斑和含泥云斑主要发育于(含颗粒)泥微晶灰岩中,云斑内部由他形至半自形的泥粉晶白云石晶体组成;云斑主要发育于砂屑亮晶灰岩中,内部由自形-半自形粉细晶(部分中粗晶)白云石组成。(含颗粒)泥微晶灰岩的豹斑灰岩形成于海侵期潮下浅水低能环境,是交替沉积的灰泥质和云泥质软泥受后期风浪扰动或负载压实,再经历埋藏改造,形成纵向上具有韵律特征的云斑。亮晶砂屑灰岩的豹斑主要形成于浅埋藏期,与富镁高盐地层水沿孔渗较好的部位渗透至固结成岩地层中发生渗透回流白云化有关。豹斑内部粉细晶白云石的晶间孔十分发育,该类灰岩能否形成优质储层受控于豹斑在全岩中的含量。
Wide occurrence of leopard-pattern limestones( dolostone) has aroused extensive attention of scholars,but origin of this type of rock remains disputable. So a study on its features,origin,and impact on reservoir properties is significant to petroleum exploration. Four reference cross sections were chosen in the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation and Tianheban Formation in the Sichuan Basin to analyze petrologic and geochemistry characteristics. Based on outcrop sedimentary facies study,microscopic observation,X-ray diffraction analysis,scanning electron microscopic observation,electron probe microanalysis,and stable isotope analysis,the origin of the limestone was discussed. Leopard pattern limestone occurs mainly in two types of rocks in the Lower Cambrian sediments in the Sichuan Basin: wackstone and packstone. According to their different features in patch morphology,clay content,dolomite size and crystal form,leopard pattern limestone can be classified into three types: muddy leopard limestone,leopard limestone containing mud,and leopard limestone. The first two types mainly appear in wackstone,composed of muddy to silty,anhedral to semi-euhedral crystalline dolomite,while the third type of leopard pattern limestone occur in packstone,composed of silty to fine,semi-euhedral to euhedral crystalline dolomite. Leopard pattern limestone in wackstone deposited in subtidal environment with low water energy,lime mud and aragonite mud( transform to dolomite) deposited alternately in tune with the water body transform from open to restricted frequently due to sea level change. Leopard pattern are formed by wave disturbance and differential load from overlying strata. Leopard pattern limestone in packstone was mainly formed during shallow burialstage,when formation water with high content of magnesium penetrated into the cemented sediments and dolomitization took place. Intercrystalline pore space is widely observed in leopard limestone,which shows much better reservoir properties than limestone,so the proportion of leopard pattern limestone to the whole rock determines the petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks.
Wide occurrence of leopard-pattern limestones( dolostone) has aroused extensive attention of scholars,but origin of this type of rock remains disputable. So a study on its features,origin,and impact on reservoir properties is significant to petroleum exploration. Four reference cross sections were chosen in the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation and Tianheban Formation in the Sichuan Basin to analyze petrologic and geochemistry characteristics. Based on outcrop sedimentary facies study,microscopic observation,X-ray diffraction analysis,scanning electron microscopic observation,electron probe microanalysis,and stable isotope analysis,the origin of the limestone was discussed. Leopard pattern limestone occurs mainly in two types of rocks in the Lower Cambrian sediments in the Sichuan Basin: wackstone and packstone. According to their different features in patch morphology,clay content,dolomite size and crystal form,leopard pattern limestone can be classified into three types: muddy leopard limestone,leopard limestone containing mud,and leopard limestone. The first two types mainly appear in wackstone,composed of muddy to silty,anhedral to semi-euhedral crystalline dolomite,while the third type of leopard pattern limestone occur in packstone,composed of silty to fine,semi-euhedral to euhedral crystalline dolomite. Leopard pattern limestone in wackstone deposited in subtidal environment with low water energy,lime mud and aragonite mud( transform to dolomite) deposited alternately in tune with the water body transform from open to restricted frequently due to sea level change. Leopard pattern are formed by wave disturbance and differential load from overlying strata. Leopard pattern limestone in packstone was mainly formed during shallow burialstage,when formation water with high content of magnesium penetrated into the cemented sediments and dolomitization took place. Intercrystalline pore space is widely observed in leopard limestone,which shows much better reservoir properties than limestone,so the proportion of leopard pattern limestone to the whole rock determines the petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks.
引文
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[15]G.M.Baniak,Gingras,and S.G.Pemberton.Reservoir characterization of burrow-associated dolomites in the Upper Devonian Wabamun Group,Pine Creek gas field,central Alberta,Canada[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2013,48(2013):275-292.
[16]M.K.Gingras,S.G.Pemberton,K.Muelenbachs,et al.Conceptual models for burrow-related,selective dolomitization with textural and isotopic evidence from the Tyndall Stone,Canada[J].Geobiology,2004,2(1):21-30.
[17]周进高,徐春春,姚根顺,等.四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组储集层形成与演化[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(2):1-9.Zhou Jingao,Xu Chunchun,Yao Genshun,et al.Genesis and evolution of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation reservoirs,Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(2):158-166.
[18]冯伟明,谢渊,刘建清,等.上扬子下寒武统龙王庙组沉积模式与油气勘探方向[J].地质科技情报,2014,33(3):106-111.Feng Weiming,Xie Yuan,Liu Jianqing,et al.Upper-Yangtze Longwangmiao formation carbonate platform mode and hydrocarbon exploration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2014,33(3):106-111.
[19]高树生,胡志明,安为国,等.四川盆地龙王庙组气藏白云岩储层孔洞缝分布特征[J].天然气工业,2014,34(3):103-109.Gao Shusheng,Hu Zhiming,An Weiguo,et al.Distribution characteristics of dolomite reservoir pores and caves of Longwangmiao Formation gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(3):103-109.
[20]刘树根,宋金民,赵异华等.四川盆地龙王庙组优质储层形成与分布的主控因素[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2014,41(6):657-670.Liu Shugen,Song Jinmin,Zhao Yihua,et al.Controlling factors of formation and distribution of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation high-quality reservoirs in Sichuan Basin,China[J].Journal of Chendu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition),2014,41(6):657-670.
[21]田艳红,刘树根,赵异华,等.四川盆地中部龙王庙组储层成岩作用[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2014,41(6):671-683.Tian Yanhong,Liu Shugen,Zhao Yyihua,et al.Diagenesis of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation reservoirs in central area of Sichuan Basin,China[J].Journal of Chendu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition),2014,41(6):671-683.
[22]郑和荣,胡宗全主编.中国前中生代构造—岩相古地理图集[M].北京:地质出版社,2010.Zheng Herong,Hu Zongquan.Tectonic-lithofacies paleogeography map of the Pre-Mesozoic in China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2010.
[23]李皎,何登发.四川盆地及邻区寒武纪古地理与构造沉积环境演化[J].古地理学报,2014,16(4):441-460.Li Jiao,He Dengfa.Palaeogeography and tectonic-depositional environment evolution of the Cambrian in Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2014,16(4):441-460.
[24]宁博,王起琮,李百强,等.鄂尔多斯盆地马五5亚段白云化成因模式[J].新疆石油地质,2015,36(5):531-538.Ning Bo,Wang Qicong,Li Baiqiang,et al.Genetic Model for M5-5Sub-Member dolomitization of Majiegou Formation in Ordos Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2015,36(5):531-538.
[25]刘德良,孙先如,李振生,等.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系白云岩碳氧同位素分析[J].石油实验地质,2006,28(2):155-161.Liu Deliang,Sun Xianru,Li Zhensheng,et al.Analysis of carbon and oxygen isotope on the Ordovician dolostones in the Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2006,28(2):155-161.
[26]J.Warren.Dolomite occurrence,evolution and economically important associations[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2000,52(1):1-81.
[27]福里格.碳酸盐岩微相:分析、解释及应用[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.Erik Flugel.Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks:analysis,interpretation and application[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2006.
[2]C.Guo,D.Chen,H.Qing,et al.Multiple dolomitization and later hydrothermal alteration on the Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician carbonates in the northern Tarim[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2016,72(2016):295-316.
[3]郝毅,林良彪,周进高,等.川西北中二叠统栖霞组豹斑灰岩特征与成因[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2012,39(6):651-656.Hao Yi,Lin Liangbiao,Zhou Jingao,et al.Characteristics and genesis of leopard limestone in Middle Permian Qixia Formation,Northwest Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition),2012,39(6):651-656.
[4]陈战杰,张镔.关于“豹皮灰岩”的成因[J].矿物岩石,1991,11(2):41-46.Chen Zhanjie,Zhang Bin.On the origin of the Baopi limestone[J].Mineralogy and Petrology,1991,11(2):41-46.
[5]陈曦,吕波,黄素,等.陕西韩城-旬邑地区中奥陶统马家沟组豹斑白云岩研究[J].新疆地质,2011,29(2):222-225.Chen Xi,Lv Bo,Huang Su,et al.Study of leopard fur dolomite in Mid-Ordovician Majiagou Formation Hancheng-Xunyi distinct in Shanxi province[J].Xinjiang Geology,2011,29(2):222-225.
[6]董小波,牛永斌.豫西北奥陶系马家沟组三段豹斑灰岩的生物潜穴成因及成岩演化[J].现代地质,2015,29(4):833-843.Dong Xiaobo,Niu Yongbin.Biological burrow explanation of leopard limestone and its diagenetic evolution in the third member of Majiagou Formation in Ordovician,Northwest of Henan Province[J].Geoscience,2015,29(4):833-843.
[7]王起琮,闫佐,宁博,等.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组豹皮灰岩特征及其成因[J].古地理学报,2016,18(1):39-48.Wang Qicong,Yan Zuo,Ning Bo,et al.Characteristics and genesis of leopard limestone of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2016,18(1):39-48.
[8]李定龙,杨为民,程学丰,等.试论皖北奥陶纪豹皮灰岩的古岩溶成因[J].地质评论,1999,45(5):463-469.Li Dinglong,Yang Weimin,Cheng Xuefeng,et al.A discussion on the genesis of the leopard limestone of Ordovician period in Northern Anhui,China[J].Geological Review,1999,45(5):463-469.
[9]翟淳.论豹皮灰岩的形成[J].北京地质学院学报,1961,13:90-112.Zhai Chun.The formation of leopard limestone[J].Journal of Beijing Institute of Geology,1961,13:90-112.
[10]武永强,吴卓丹.太原西山奥陶系豹皮灰岩的成因[J].山西矿业学院学报,1995,13(2):161-166.Wu Yongqiang,Wu Zhuodan.The origin of Bao Pi-limestones in Ordovician of Taiyuan Xishan[J].Shan Xi Mining Institute Learned Journal,1995,13(2):161-166.
[11]张俊明,周仰康,丘金玉.燕山地区下寒武统昌平组豹斑状灰岩的古环境意义[J].地层学杂志,1981,5(1):52-58.Zhang Junming,Zhou Yangkang,Qiu Jinyu.Paleoenvironment significance of leopard limestones in the lower Cambrian Changping Formation,Yanshan Area[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1981,5(1):52-58.
[12]龙刚,黄萍,林剑怀,等.徐州地区寒武系豹皮灰岩的岩性特征及其成因机制分析[J].地质学刊,2013,37(1):67-70.Long Gang,Huang Ping,Lin Jianhuai,et al.Lithologic characteristics of leopard limestone in Cambrian period and analysis of its formation mechanism in Xuzhou area[J].Journal of Geology,2013,37(1):67-70.
[13]陈云峰,吴淦国,王根厚.北京周口店豹皮灰岩的变形特征[J].地质通报,2007,26(6):769-775.Chen Yunfeng,Wu Ganguo,Wang Genhou.Derformation characteristics of leopard limestone in Zhoukoudian,Beijing,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(6):769-775.
[14]N.Rameil.Early diagenetic dolomitization and dedolomitization of Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous platform carbonates:A case study from the Jura Mountains(NW Switzerland,E France)[J].Sediment Geology,2008,212(1-4):70-85.
[15]G.M.Baniak,Gingras,and S.G.Pemberton.Reservoir characterization of burrow-associated dolomites in the Upper Devonian Wabamun Group,Pine Creek gas field,central Alberta,Canada[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2013,48(2013):275-292.
[16]M.K.Gingras,S.G.Pemberton,K.Muelenbachs,et al.Conceptual models for burrow-related,selective dolomitization with textural and isotopic evidence from the Tyndall Stone,Canada[J].Geobiology,2004,2(1):21-30.
[17]周进高,徐春春,姚根顺,等.四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组储集层形成与演化[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(2):1-9.Zhou Jingao,Xu Chunchun,Yao Genshun,et al.Genesis and evolution of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation reservoirs,Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(2):158-166.
[18]冯伟明,谢渊,刘建清,等.上扬子下寒武统龙王庙组沉积模式与油气勘探方向[J].地质科技情报,2014,33(3):106-111.Feng Weiming,Xie Yuan,Liu Jianqing,et al.Upper-Yangtze Longwangmiao formation carbonate platform mode and hydrocarbon exploration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2014,33(3):106-111.
[19]高树生,胡志明,安为国,等.四川盆地龙王庙组气藏白云岩储层孔洞缝分布特征[J].天然气工业,2014,34(3):103-109.Gao Shusheng,Hu Zhiming,An Weiguo,et al.Distribution characteristics of dolomite reservoir pores and caves of Longwangmiao Formation gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(3):103-109.
[20]刘树根,宋金民,赵异华等.四川盆地龙王庙组优质储层形成与分布的主控因素[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2014,41(6):657-670.Liu Shugen,Song Jinmin,Zhao Yihua,et al.Controlling factors of formation and distribution of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation high-quality reservoirs in Sichuan Basin,China[J].Journal of Chendu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition),2014,41(6):657-670.
[21]田艳红,刘树根,赵异华,等.四川盆地中部龙王庙组储层成岩作用[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2014,41(6):671-683.Tian Yanhong,Liu Shugen,Zhao Yyihua,et al.Diagenesis of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation reservoirs in central area of Sichuan Basin,China[J].Journal of Chendu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition),2014,41(6):671-683.
[22]郑和荣,胡宗全主编.中国前中生代构造—岩相古地理图集[M].北京:地质出版社,2010.Zheng Herong,Hu Zongquan.Tectonic-lithofacies paleogeography map of the Pre-Mesozoic in China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2010.
[23]李皎,何登发.四川盆地及邻区寒武纪古地理与构造沉积环境演化[J].古地理学报,2014,16(4):441-460.Li Jiao,He Dengfa.Palaeogeography and tectonic-depositional environment evolution of the Cambrian in Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2014,16(4):441-460.
[24]宁博,王起琮,李百强,等.鄂尔多斯盆地马五5亚段白云化成因模式[J].新疆石油地质,2015,36(5):531-538.Ning Bo,Wang Qicong,Li Baiqiang,et al.Genetic Model for M5-5Sub-Member dolomitization of Majiegou Formation in Ordos Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2015,36(5):531-538.
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