清代云南督抚群体的初步量化探究——兼论该群体对云南水利发展的促进
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摘要
督抚是清代统辖文武、综制军民的封疆大吏,身系地方稳定与国家安危。云南作为西南藩篱,民族杂处,形势复杂,其最高地方长官的任选与清代政治制度的发展及边疆治理的方略息息相关。通过构建云南总督巡抚数据库,对该群体进行量化分析,结果显示:云南督抚群体民族构成与科举出身的变化趋势和清代官员中汉人比例逐渐增多、科举身份逐渐提高的总体趋势相吻合,同时受到维护边疆地区稳定的需要而出现相应波动,体现了清政府以旗人掌管西南地区军事为主,但又重视选贤任能的政治逻辑。此外,由对该群体在云南经理水利建设的分析,可见清政府在以武力有效维护地方稳定的同时,亦通过督抚的政治经验,推动了当地农业经济建设,实现了在云南较为有效的统治与开发。
The local governor named Du and Fu in Qing Dynasty had all the authority over the parochial affairs,both military and civil. It was their responsibility for national reunification and social stability. Yunnan was not only the southwest frontier of China,but also was the minority resident region.The governor appointed in Yunnan reflected the development of the political system and rule policy of borderland in Qing Dynasty. The quantitative analysis on the group of governors by establishing a database of Governors in Yunnan was performed. The results showed that the variation trend of the ethnic composition and the background of imperial examination in this governors group related to the increase of the Han ethnic proportion in this governors group. The background of imperial examination in most of governors in the Middle and the Late Qing Dynasty was higher than those governors in the early Qing Dynasty,besides outbreak of war. The results showed that the management of the Qing government was appointed people who had good faculties. This study suggested that the Qing government established an effective administration and made great progresses in the agriculture and the economy in Yunnan by means of the analysis on two variables,wars and water conservancy construction.
The local governor named Du and Fu in Qing Dynasty had all the authority over the parochial affairs,both military and civil. It was their responsibility for national reunification and social stability. Yunnan was not only the southwest frontier of China,but also was the minority resident region.The governor appointed in Yunnan reflected the development of the political system and rule policy of borderland in Qing Dynasty. The quantitative analysis on the group of governors by establishing a database of Governors in Yunnan was performed. The results showed that the variation trend of the ethnic composition and the background of imperial examination in this governors group related to the increase of the Han ethnic proportion in this governors group. The background of imperial examination in most of governors in the Middle and the Late Qing Dynasty was higher than those governors in the early Qing Dynasty,besides outbreak of war. The results showed that the management of the Qing government was appointed people who had good faculties. This study suggested that the Qing government established an effective administration and made great progresses in the agriculture and the economy in Yunnan by means of the analysis on two variables,wars and water conservancy construction.
引文
[1]圣祖仁皇帝实录·卷21康熙六年四月戊申[M]//清实录:第4册.北京:中华书局,1985:298.
[2]邹建达.清前期云南的督抚、道制与边疆治理研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2011.
[3]吴学芬.清代嘉庆道光时期云南督抚与边疆稳定研究[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2014.
[4]朱彭寿.清代大学士部院大臣总督巡抚全录[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,2010.
[5]台湾“中央研究院历史语言研究所”.清权威人名数据库[DB/OL].http://archive.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/ttsweb/html_name/search.php
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[7]薛福成.庸庵文续编卷下[M].石印本.上海:醉六堂,1897(光绪二十三年):3.
[8]徐珂.清稗类钞·第3册爵秩类[M].北京:中华书局,1984:1339
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[12]嵇璜,刘墉.钦定续通典·卷33职官十一[M].上海:上海图书集成局,1901(光绪27年).
[13]李国祁.清代基层地方官人事嬗递现象之量化分析[M].台北:“中央文物供应社”,1975:339.
[14]清圣祖实录·卷99康熙二十年十二月己亥条[M].台北:台湾华文书局,1969.
[15]张廷玉.大清会典则例·卷一百三十四水利[M].刻本.1762(乾隆二十七年).
[16]王先谦.东华录·雍正十[M].刻本.长沙王氏,1884(光绪十年).
[17]龙云.新纂云南通志·卷一百三十八农业考[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,2007:17,12-13.
[18]鄂尔泰奏折·雍正二年七月二十四日[M]//续修四库全书编撰委员会编.续修四库全书.第四百九十四册.上海:上海古籍出版社,2013.
[19]鄂尔泰.修浚滇省海口六河疏[M]//贺长龄.清经世文编·卷128各省水利五.北京:中华书局,1992.
[20]江苏省地方志编纂委员会办公室.江苏省通志稿2[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,1993:552.
[21]谭其骧.清人文集地理类汇编·第4册[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1987:698.
[22]张允随奏稿·乾隆十二年三月辛丑折[M].昆明:云南大学图书馆藏本.
(1)实际运算数据为167条,因王继文、杨名时、鄂尔泰、张允随、爱必达、刘藻、鄂宁、彰宝、明德、图思德、史致光、伊里布、陈矞采、吴振棫、张亮基、刘嶽昭、岑毓英、崧蕃、魏光焘、丁振铎、李经羲,22人既曾任巡抚,又曾任总督,且总督巡抚职权侧重有所不同,故将同一人不同职位作为两条数据进行计算。
(2)汉军即汉军旗人,主要由辽东地区的汉人与明末归附清军的汉人组成,虽本质上属于汉人,且在官缺的填补上一般也不能用满缺,但是在督抚的任选上,其身份更偏向于满人,故有魏裔介言:“当宏立贤无方之治,不当专用辽左旧人”,载于徐珂《清稗类钞·爵秩类》,“满汉督抚”条。
(1)本文所涉及的江南是根据李伯重先生界定的苏南浙北的地域范围(见李伯重:《简论‘江南地区’的界定》,载《中国社会经济史研究》1991年,第1期,第100-105、107页),在江南任职的经历的认定,即根据所任官职的管辖范围是否包括该地域范围。
[2]邹建达.清前期云南的督抚、道制与边疆治理研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2011.
[3]吴学芬.清代嘉庆道光时期云南督抚与边疆稳定研究[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2014.
[4]朱彭寿.清代大学士部院大臣总督巡抚全录[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,2010.
[5]台湾“中央研究院历史语言研究所”.清权威人名数据库[DB/OL].http://archive.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/ttsweb/html_name/search.php
[6]清史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1977:3332,3332,9473,10230.
[7]薛福成.庸庵文续编卷下[M].石印本.上海:醉六堂,1897(光绪二十三年):3.
[8]徐珂.清稗类钞·第3册爵秩类[M].北京:中华书局,1984:1339
[9]刘锦藻.清朝续文献通考·卷132职官十八[M].上海:商务印书馆,1955:8917;8919.
[10]萧一山.清代通史[M].北京:中华书局,1985:24.
[11]梁启超.饮冰室合集[M].北京:中华书局,1989:68.
[12]嵇璜,刘墉.钦定续通典·卷33职官十一[M].上海:上海图书集成局,1901(光绪27年).
[13]李国祁.清代基层地方官人事嬗递现象之量化分析[M].台北:“中央文物供应社”,1975:339.
[14]清圣祖实录·卷99康熙二十年十二月己亥条[M].台北:台湾华文书局,1969.
[15]张廷玉.大清会典则例·卷一百三十四水利[M].刻本.1762(乾隆二十七年).
[16]王先谦.东华录·雍正十[M].刻本.长沙王氏,1884(光绪十年).
[17]龙云.新纂云南通志·卷一百三十八农业考[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,2007:17,12-13.
[18]鄂尔泰奏折·雍正二年七月二十四日[M]//续修四库全书编撰委员会编.续修四库全书.第四百九十四册.上海:上海古籍出版社,2013.
[19]鄂尔泰.修浚滇省海口六河疏[M]//贺长龄.清经世文编·卷128各省水利五.北京:中华书局,1992.
[20]江苏省地方志编纂委员会办公室.江苏省通志稿2[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,1993:552.
[21]谭其骧.清人文集地理类汇编·第4册[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1987:698.
[22]张允随奏稿·乾隆十二年三月辛丑折[M].昆明:云南大学图书馆藏本.
(1)实际运算数据为167条,因王继文、杨名时、鄂尔泰、张允随、爱必达、刘藻、鄂宁、彰宝、明德、图思德、史致光、伊里布、陈矞采、吴振棫、张亮基、刘嶽昭、岑毓英、崧蕃、魏光焘、丁振铎、李经羲,22人既曾任巡抚,又曾任总督,且总督巡抚职权侧重有所不同,故将同一人不同职位作为两条数据进行计算。
(2)汉军即汉军旗人,主要由辽东地区的汉人与明末归附清军的汉人组成,虽本质上属于汉人,且在官缺的填补上一般也不能用满缺,但是在督抚的任选上,其身份更偏向于满人,故有魏裔介言:“当宏立贤无方之治,不当专用辽左旧人”,载于徐珂《清稗类钞·爵秩类》,“满汉督抚”条。
(1)本文所涉及的江南是根据李伯重先生界定的苏南浙北的地域范围(见李伯重:《简论‘江南地区’的界定》,载《中国社会经济史研究》1991年,第1期,第100-105、107页),在江南任职的经历的认定,即根据所任官职的管辖范围是否包括该地域范围。