冻结作用下黏土中水、盐迁移试验研究
|
摘要
为了探究冻结作用下黏土中水盐迁移特性,采用室内单向冻结试验装置,基于TDR技术对添加不同溶质(NaCl)浓度的土样进行了土中温度、含水率及电导率(EC)的同时连续测量。结果表明:溶质的添加引起土中孔隙水冰点下降,造成土中成冰量减少,从而导致含溶质土样的冻结深度大于不含溶质土样;在封闭系统中随着溶质浓度的增大,土中水分迁移量和溶质迁移率均有增大趋势,距离冻结锋面越远,水分、溶质迁移量就越少;冻结锋面附近液态水凝结成冰,引起冻结锋面附近溶质浓度剧烈变化,溶质浓度急剧增大。
In order to explore the characteristics of water and salt migrations in clay under freezing effect, indoor soil unidirectional freezing test equipment was used to measure the soil temperature, water content and electrical conductivity(EC) continuously with TDR(time domain reflectometry) technology for soil samples containing different solute concentrations(NaCl). The results show that the addition of solute causes the freezing point to drop, resulting in decrease of ice mass in the soil, resulting in the freezing depth of the solute-containing soil being larger than that of the solute-free soil. With the increase of solute concentration in the closed system, the migration of water and solute in soil increases with the increase of solute concentration. The farther from the freezing front, the smaller the migration amount of water and solute; the liquid water near the freezing front condenses into ice, causing the solute concentration changing strongly near the freezing front and the solute concentration increasing rapidly.
In order to explore the characteristics of water and salt migrations in clay under freezing effect, indoor soil unidirectional freezing test equipment was used to measure the soil temperature, water content and electrical conductivity(EC) continuously with TDR(time domain reflectometry) technology for soil samples containing different solute concentrations(NaCl). The results show that the addition of solute causes the freezing point to drop, resulting in decrease of ice mass in the soil, resulting in the freezing depth of the solute-containing soil being larger than that of the solute-free soil. With the increase of solute concentration in the closed system, the migration of water and solute in soil increases with the increase of solute concentration. The farther from the freezing front, the smaller the migration amount of water and solute; the liquid water near the freezing front condenses into ice, causing the solute concentration changing strongly near the freezing front and the solute concentration increasing rapidly.
引文
[1] Fan Guisheng, Zheng Xiuqing, Pan Guangzai. Experimental study on the influence of buried depth of groundwater level on the infiltration characteristics of freeze-thaw soils[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1999, 30(3): 21-26. [樊贵盛, 郑秀清, 潘光在. 地下水埋深对冻融土壤水分入渗特性影响的试验研究[J]. 水利学报, 1999, 30(3): 21-26.]
[2] Xiao Ze′an, Lai Yuanming, You Zhemin. Water and salt migration and deformation mechanism of sodium chloride during unidirectional freezing process[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2017, 39(11): 1992-2001. [肖泽岸, 赖远明, 尤哲敏. 单向冻结过程中NaCl盐渍土水盐运移及变形机理研究[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2017, 39(11): 1992-2001.]
[3] Zhang Lixin, Tao Zhaoxiang, Gu Tongxin. Study on the general thermal parameters of the frozen NaCl soil[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1995, 17(1): 49-53. [张立新, 陶兆祥, 顾同欣. 氯化钠的掺入对冻土基本热学性质的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 1995, 17(1): 49-53.]
[4] Ma Tiantian, Wei Changfu, Xia Xiaolong, et al. Experimental study of effect of NaCl solution on soil freezing characteristic[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2017, 38(7): 1919-1925. [马田田, 韦昌富, 夏晓龙, 等. NaCl溶液对土体冻结特征影响的试验研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2017, 38(7): 1919-1925.]
[5] Ma Min, Bing Hui, Li Guoyu. Experimental research on unfrozen water content of sodium sulphate saline soil[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2016, 38(4): 963-969. [马敏, 邴慧, 李国玉. 硫酸钠盐渍土未冻水含量的实验研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(4): 963-969.]
[6] Zhou Youwu, Guo Dongxin, Qiu Guoqing, et al. Geocryology in China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2000. [周幼吾, 郭东信, 邱国庆, 等. 中国冻土[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000.]
[7] Bittelli M, Flury M, Campbell G S. A thermodielectric analyzer to measure the freezing and moisture characteristic of porous media[J/OL]. Water Resources Research, 2003, 39(2) [2018-03-31]. http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001WR000930.
[8] Xue Ke, Wen Zhi, Zhang Mingli, et al. Relationship between matric potential, moisture migration and frost heave in freezing process of soil[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(10): 176-183. [薛珂, 温智, 张明礼, 等. 土体冻结过程中基质势与水分迁移及冻胀的关系[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(10): 176-183.]
[9] Zhang Dianfa, Zheng Qihong. Simulation of water-salt movement law under the freezing-thawing condition[J]. Progress in Geography, 2005, 24(4): 46-55. [张殿发, 郑琦宏. 冻融条件下土壤中水盐运移规律模拟研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2005, 24(4): 46-55.]
[10] Zhang Hui, Wang Tiehang, Luo Yang. Experimental study on moisture migration of unsaturated loess under freezing effect[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2015, 23(1): 72-77. [张辉, 王铁行, 罗扬. 冻结作用下非饱和黄土水分迁移试验研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2015, 23(1): 72-77.]
[1[1] Qiu Guoqing, Zhao Lin, Wang Shujuan, et al. The seasonally freezing halic soils and their improvement-utilization in the Hexi Corridor, Gansu, China[M]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press, 1996: 34-41. [邱国庆, 赵林, 王淑娟, 等. 甘肃河西走廊季节冻结盐渍土及其改良利用[M]. 兰州: 兰州大学出版社, 1996: 34-41.]
[12] Zhang Yu, Li Dongqing, Ming Feng. Experimental study of the freezing front movement owing to freezing-thawing cycles[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2016, 38(3): 679-684. [张宇, 李东庆, 明锋. 冻融循环作用下土体冻结锋面移动规律试验研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(3): 679-684.]
[13] Xu Xuezu, Wang Jiacheng, Zhang Lixin. Mechanisms of frost heaving and salt expansion of soils[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1995. [徐学祖, 王家澄, 张立新. 土体冻胀和盐胀机理[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995.]
[14] Xu Xiaozu, Wang Jiacheng, Zhang Lixin. Physics of frozen soil[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Science Press, 2010. [徐敩祖, 王家澄, 张立新. 冻土物理学[M]. 2版. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.]
[15] Li Xiaohan, Wang Rui, Bian Jianmin. Variation laws of water and salt in soda-saline soil under freeze-thaw condition[J]. Yangtze River, 2012, 43(9): 55-58. [李潇瀚, 王瑞, 卞建民. 冻融条件下苏打盐渍土的水盐变化规律研究[J]. 人民长江, 2012, 43(9): 55-58.]
[16] Wang Weizhen, Wu Yueru, Jin Rui, et al. Analysis of the variation characteristics of soil moisture and soil salinity: take Arou Pasture in the upper reaches of Heihe River for an example[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(2): 268-274. [王维真, 吴月茹, 晋锐, 等. 冻融期土壤水盐变化特征分析: 以黑河上游祁连县阿柔草场为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(2): 268-274.]
[17] Wang Weizhen, Kobayashi T. Continuous measurement of soil water content and soil solution electrical conductivity by using TDR[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(3): 488-493. [王维真, 小林哲夫. 利用TDR对土壤含水量及土壤溶液电导率的同步连续测量[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(3): 488-493.]
[18] Bing Hui, He Ping. Experimental study of water and salt redistribution of clay soil in an opening system with constant temperature[J]. Environmental Geology, 2008, 55(4): 717-721.
[19] Watanabe K, Mizoguchi M. Amount of unfrozen water in frozen porous media saturated with solution[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2002, 34(2): 103-110.
[20] Shang J Q, Rowe R K. Detecting landfill leachate contamination using soil electrical properties[J]. Practice Periodical of Hazardous Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management, 2003, 7(1): 3-11.
[2[1] Wallender W W, Tanji K K. Agricultural salinity assessment and management[M]. Reston, Virginia, USA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990.
[22] Sun Yulong, Hao Zhenchun, Chen Qihui, et al. A study of nitrification of NH+4 and movement of NO-3 by time domain reflectometry (TDR) method[J]. Acta Science Circumstantiae, 1997, 17(4): 417-422. [孙玉龙, 郝振纯, 陈启慧, 等. 用TDR确定沙壤土非饱和淹灌条件下NH+4的硝化反应及NO-3的入渗迁移[J]. 环境科学学报, 1997, 17(4): 417-422.]
[23] Wu Mousong, Huang Jiesheng, Tan Xiao, et al. A study of freezing process in variably-saturated sandy-loam soil under different water table depths: experiment and simulation[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(1): 60-68. [吴谋松, 黄介生, 谭霄, 等. 不同地下水补给条件下非饱和砂壤土冻结试验及模拟[J]. 水科学进展, 2014, 25(1): 60-68.]
[24] Wang Wenhua, Wang Qing, Zhang Jing, et al. An experiment study of the fundamental property of the carbonate-saline soil in west of Jilin Province[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2011(2): 217-224. [王文华, 王清, 张静, 等. 吉林省西部碳酸盐渍土基本性质试验研究[J]. 北京工业大学学报, 2011(2): 217-224.]
[2] Xiao Ze′an, Lai Yuanming, You Zhemin. Water and salt migration and deformation mechanism of sodium chloride during unidirectional freezing process[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2017, 39(11): 1992-2001. [肖泽岸, 赖远明, 尤哲敏. 单向冻结过程中NaCl盐渍土水盐运移及变形机理研究[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2017, 39(11): 1992-2001.]
[3] Zhang Lixin, Tao Zhaoxiang, Gu Tongxin. Study on the general thermal parameters of the frozen NaCl soil[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1995, 17(1): 49-53. [张立新, 陶兆祥, 顾同欣. 氯化钠的掺入对冻土基本热学性质的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 1995, 17(1): 49-53.]
[4] Ma Tiantian, Wei Changfu, Xia Xiaolong, et al. Experimental study of effect of NaCl solution on soil freezing characteristic[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2017, 38(7): 1919-1925. [马田田, 韦昌富, 夏晓龙, 等. NaCl溶液对土体冻结特征影响的试验研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2017, 38(7): 1919-1925.]
[5] Ma Min, Bing Hui, Li Guoyu. Experimental research on unfrozen water content of sodium sulphate saline soil[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2016, 38(4): 963-969. [马敏, 邴慧, 李国玉. 硫酸钠盐渍土未冻水含量的实验研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(4): 963-969.]
[6] Zhou Youwu, Guo Dongxin, Qiu Guoqing, et al. Geocryology in China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2000. [周幼吾, 郭东信, 邱国庆, 等. 中国冻土[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000.]
[7] Bittelli M, Flury M, Campbell G S. A thermodielectric analyzer to measure the freezing and moisture characteristic of porous media[J/OL]. Water Resources Research, 2003, 39(2) [2018-03-31]. http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001WR000930.
[8] Xue Ke, Wen Zhi, Zhang Mingli, et al. Relationship between matric potential, moisture migration and frost heave in freezing process of soil[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(10): 176-183. [薛珂, 温智, 张明礼, 等. 土体冻结过程中基质势与水分迁移及冻胀的关系[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(10): 176-183.]
[9] Zhang Dianfa, Zheng Qihong. Simulation of water-salt movement law under the freezing-thawing condition[J]. Progress in Geography, 2005, 24(4): 46-55. [张殿发, 郑琦宏. 冻融条件下土壤中水盐运移规律模拟研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2005, 24(4): 46-55.]
[10] Zhang Hui, Wang Tiehang, Luo Yang. Experimental study on moisture migration of unsaturated loess under freezing effect[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2015, 23(1): 72-77. [张辉, 王铁行, 罗扬. 冻结作用下非饱和黄土水分迁移试验研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2015, 23(1): 72-77.]
[1[1] Qiu Guoqing, Zhao Lin, Wang Shujuan, et al. The seasonally freezing halic soils and their improvement-utilization in the Hexi Corridor, Gansu, China[M]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press, 1996: 34-41. [邱国庆, 赵林, 王淑娟, 等. 甘肃河西走廊季节冻结盐渍土及其改良利用[M]. 兰州: 兰州大学出版社, 1996: 34-41.]
[12] Zhang Yu, Li Dongqing, Ming Feng. Experimental study of the freezing front movement owing to freezing-thawing cycles[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2016, 38(3): 679-684. [张宇, 李东庆, 明锋. 冻融循环作用下土体冻结锋面移动规律试验研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(3): 679-684.]
[13] Xu Xuezu, Wang Jiacheng, Zhang Lixin. Mechanisms of frost heaving and salt expansion of soils[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1995. [徐学祖, 王家澄, 张立新. 土体冻胀和盐胀机理[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995.]
[14] Xu Xiaozu, Wang Jiacheng, Zhang Lixin. Physics of frozen soil[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Science Press, 2010. [徐敩祖, 王家澄, 张立新. 冻土物理学[M]. 2版. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.]
[15] Li Xiaohan, Wang Rui, Bian Jianmin. Variation laws of water and salt in soda-saline soil under freeze-thaw condition[J]. Yangtze River, 2012, 43(9): 55-58. [李潇瀚, 王瑞, 卞建民. 冻融条件下苏打盐渍土的水盐变化规律研究[J]. 人民长江, 2012, 43(9): 55-58.]
[16] Wang Weizhen, Wu Yueru, Jin Rui, et al. Analysis of the variation characteristics of soil moisture and soil salinity: take Arou Pasture in the upper reaches of Heihe River for an example[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(2): 268-274. [王维真, 吴月茹, 晋锐, 等. 冻融期土壤水盐变化特征分析: 以黑河上游祁连县阿柔草场为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(2): 268-274.]
[17] Wang Weizhen, Kobayashi T. Continuous measurement of soil water content and soil solution electrical conductivity by using TDR[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(3): 488-493. [王维真, 小林哲夫. 利用TDR对土壤含水量及土壤溶液电导率的同步连续测量[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(3): 488-493.]
[18] Bing Hui, He Ping. Experimental study of water and salt redistribution of clay soil in an opening system with constant temperature[J]. Environmental Geology, 2008, 55(4): 717-721.
[19] Watanabe K, Mizoguchi M. Amount of unfrozen water in frozen porous media saturated with solution[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2002, 34(2): 103-110.
[20] Shang J Q, Rowe R K. Detecting landfill leachate contamination using soil electrical properties[J]. Practice Periodical of Hazardous Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management, 2003, 7(1): 3-11.
[2[1] Wallender W W, Tanji K K. Agricultural salinity assessment and management[M]. Reston, Virginia, USA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990.
[22] Sun Yulong, Hao Zhenchun, Chen Qihui, et al. A study of nitrification of NH+4 and movement of NO-3 by time domain reflectometry (TDR) method[J]. Acta Science Circumstantiae, 1997, 17(4): 417-422. [孙玉龙, 郝振纯, 陈启慧, 等. 用TDR确定沙壤土非饱和淹灌条件下NH+4的硝化反应及NO-3的入渗迁移[J]. 环境科学学报, 1997, 17(4): 417-422.]
[23] Wu Mousong, Huang Jiesheng, Tan Xiao, et al. A study of freezing process in variably-saturated sandy-loam soil under different water table depths: experiment and simulation[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(1): 60-68. [吴谋松, 黄介生, 谭霄, 等. 不同地下水补给条件下非饱和砂壤土冻结试验及模拟[J]. 水科学进展, 2014, 25(1): 60-68.]
[24] Wang Wenhua, Wang Qing, Zhang Jing, et al. An experiment study of the fundamental property of the carbonate-saline soil in west of Jilin Province[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2011(2): 217-224. [王文华, 王清, 张静, 等. 吉林省西部碳酸盐渍土基本性质试验研究[J]. 北京工业大学学报, 2011(2): 217-224.]