韵律对于互动交际的贡献——以二语会话列举句式为例
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摘要
互动语言学认为,语言的首要功能是互动交际,对语言资源的恰当调用有助于交际者实现交际目的。以往会话列举研究较少关注列举句式的韵律特征,现有会话列举韵律研究也主要以一语本族语者为研究对象。鉴于此,本文以中国英语学习者为例,分析二语会话列举句式的韵律特征及其互动交际效果。结果显示:(1)超过半数二语学习者会话列举句式韵律特征与一语本族语者存在差异;(2)二语会话列举句式特有的韵律特征,易传递错误的话轮转换信息,引起交际混乱。该结果说明,韵律对于互动管理具有积极贡献,是重要的互动资源。
Interactional linguistics holds the opinion that the primary function of language is interaction. The appropriate use of prosody can help interlocutors to achieve communicative goals. The previous research of lists in interaction has paid little attention to their prosodic features and the existing prosodic research has paid major attention to L1 native speakers. This paper analyzes the prosodic features of Chinese EFL learners' lists and their communicative effects. The findings include: 1) the prosodic features of L2 learners' lists differ from L1 native speakers' lists; 2) L2 learners' unique prosodic features of lists tend to cause communicative chaos and hinder the successful turn transition.These findings show that prosody is significant to interaction and thus is an important interactional resource.
Interactional linguistics holds the opinion that the primary function of language is interaction. The appropriate use of prosody can help interlocutors to achieve communicative goals. The previous research of lists in interaction has paid little attention to their prosodic features and the existing prosodic research has paid major attention to L1 native speakers. This paper analyzes the prosodic features of Chinese EFL learners' lists and their communicative effects. The findings include: 1) the prosodic features of L2 learners' lists differ from L1 native speakers' lists; 2) L2 learners' unique prosodic features of lists tend to cause communicative chaos and hinder the successful turn transition.These findings show that prosody is significant to interaction and thus is an important interactional resource.
引文
[1]Barth-Weingarten,D.,Reber,E.&M.Selting.Prosody in Interaction[C].Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2010.
[2]Couper-Kuhlen,E.Prosody[A].In D'hondt,S.,Oestman,J.&J.Verschueren(eds.).The Pragmatics of Interaction[C].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2013.
[3]Couper-Kuhlen,E.&C.E.Ford.Sound Patterns in Interaction[C].Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2004.
[4]Cruttenden,D.Intonation[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2002.
[5]Derwing,T.W.,Rossiter,M.J.,Munro,M.J.&R.I.Thompson.Second language fluency:Judgments on different tasks[J].Language Learning,2010(4).
[6]D'hondt,S.,Destman,J.&J.Verschueren.The Pragmatics of Interaction[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2013.
[7]Erickson,F.They know all the lines:Rhythmic organization and contextualization in a conversational listing routine[A].In Auer,P.&A.Di Luzio(eds.).The Contextualization of Language[C].Amsterdam:Benjamins,1992.
[8]Gussenhoven,C.The Phonology of Tone and Intonation[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004.
[9]Hedberg,N.&J.M.Sosa.The prosody of topic and focus in spontaneous English dialogue[A].In Lee,C.,Gordon,M.&D.Buring(eds.).Topic and Focus:Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Meaning of Intonation[C].Dordrecht:Springer,2008.
[10]House,J.Constructing a context with intonation[J].Journal of Pragmatics,2006(10).
[11]Jefferson,G.List construction as a task and interactional resource[A].In Psathas,G.(ed.).Interactional Competence[C].Washington,D.C.:University Press of America,1990.
[12]Lerner,G.H.Responsive list construction:A conversational resource for accomplishing multifaceted social action[J].Journal of Language&Social Psychology,1994(13).
[13]Lindstroem,J.Interactional linguistics[A].In D'hondt,S.,Oestman,J.&J.Verschueren.(eds.).The Pragmatics of Interaction[C].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2013.
[14]Local,J.,Auer,P.&P.Drew.Retrieving,redoing and resuscitating turns in conversation[A].In BarthWeingarten,D.,Reber,E.&M.Selting(eds.).Prosody in Interaction[C].Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2010.
[15]Sánchez-Ayala,I.Constructions as resources for interaction:Lists in English and Spanish conversation[J].Discourse Studies,2003(3).
[16]Schegloff,E.A.Analyzing single episodes of interaction:An exercise in conversation analysis[J].Social Psychology Quarterly,1987(2).
[17]Selting,M.Lists as embedded structures and the prosody of list construction as an interactional resource[J].Journal of Pragmatics,2007(3).
[18]Selting,M.&E.Couper-Kuhlen.Studies in Interactional Linguistics[C].Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.
[19]Walker,G.Phonetics and prosody in conversation[A].In Sidnell,J.&T.Stivers(eds.).The Handbook of Conversation Analysis[C].Chichester:Wiley-Blackwell,2013.
[20]Wells,J.C.English Intonation[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[21]Wells,B.&S.Macfarlane.Prosody as an interactional resource:Turn-projection and overlap[J].Language&Speech,1998(41).
[22]陈桦.中国学生英语语调模式研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2008.
[23]袁咏.英语学习者朗读任务中列举句式的韵律特征研究[J].西安外国语大学学报,2009(3).
[24]张燕.韵律对礼貌交际的影响——以中国学生致谢表达为例[J].外语与外语教学,2015(3).
[25]张燕,陈桦.国外韵律语用界面研究现状与启示[J].中国外语,2017(1).
[2]Couper-Kuhlen,E.Prosody[A].In D'hondt,S.,Oestman,J.&J.Verschueren(eds.).The Pragmatics of Interaction[C].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2013.
[3]Couper-Kuhlen,E.&C.E.Ford.Sound Patterns in Interaction[C].Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2004.
[4]Cruttenden,D.Intonation[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2002.
[5]Derwing,T.W.,Rossiter,M.J.,Munro,M.J.&R.I.Thompson.Second language fluency:Judgments on different tasks[J].Language Learning,2010(4).
[6]D'hondt,S.,Destman,J.&J.Verschueren.The Pragmatics of Interaction[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2013.
[7]Erickson,F.They know all the lines:Rhythmic organization and contextualization in a conversational listing routine[A].In Auer,P.&A.Di Luzio(eds.).The Contextualization of Language[C].Amsterdam:Benjamins,1992.
[8]Gussenhoven,C.The Phonology of Tone and Intonation[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004.
[9]Hedberg,N.&J.M.Sosa.The prosody of topic and focus in spontaneous English dialogue[A].In Lee,C.,Gordon,M.&D.Buring(eds.).Topic and Focus:Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Meaning of Intonation[C].Dordrecht:Springer,2008.
[10]House,J.Constructing a context with intonation[J].Journal of Pragmatics,2006(10).
[11]Jefferson,G.List construction as a task and interactional resource[A].In Psathas,G.(ed.).Interactional Competence[C].Washington,D.C.:University Press of America,1990.
[12]Lerner,G.H.Responsive list construction:A conversational resource for accomplishing multifaceted social action[J].Journal of Language&Social Psychology,1994(13).
[13]Lindstroem,J.Interactional linguistics[A].In D'hondt,S.,Oestman,J.&J.Verschueren.(eds.).The Pragmatics of Interaction[C].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2013.
[14]Local,J.,Auer,P.&P.Drew.Retrieving,redoing and resuscitating turns in conversation[A].In BarthWeingarten,D.,Reber,E.&M.Selting(eds.).Prosody in Interaction[C].Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2010.
[15]Sánchez-Ayala,I.Constructions as resources for interaction:Lists in English and Spanish conversation[J].Discourse Studies,2003(3).
[16]Schegloff,E.A.Analyzing single episodes of interaction:An exercise in conversation analysis[J].Social Psychology Quarterly,1987(2).
[17]Selting,M.Lists as embedded structures and the prosody of list construction as an interactional resource[J].Journal of Pragmatics,2007(3).
[18]Selting,M.&E.Couper-Kuhlen.Studies in Interactional Linguistics[C].Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.
[19]Walker,G.Phonetics and prosody in conversation[A].In Sidnell,J.&T.Stivers(eds.).The Handbook of Conversation Analysis[C].Chichester:Wiley-Blackwell,2013.
[20]Wells,J.C.English Intonation[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[21]Wells,B.&S.Macfarlane.Prosody as an interactional resource:Turn-projection and overlap[J].Language&Speech,1998(41).
[22]陈桦.中国学生英语语调模式研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2008.
[23]袁咏.英语学习者朗读任务中列举句式的韵律特征研究[J].西安外国语大学学报,2009(3).
[24]张燕.韵律对礼貌交际的影响——以中国学生致谢表达为例[J].外语与外语教学,2015(3).
[25]张燕,陈桦.国外韵律语用界面研究现状与启示[J].中国外语,2017(1).