流动商贩的空间分布特征及与正规商业的分布关系——基于距离测度方法的数量研究
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摘要
有关非正规经济的空间分布特征始终缺乏宏观维度的定量研究。本文利用数字化城市管理系统中的流动商贩数据和工商局登记的正规商业数据,通过DO指数和M函数,分别探究流动商贩的空间特征及其与正规商业的分布关系。研究发现:1绝大多数类型的流动商贩及其占地面积具有显著集聚的空间格局;其中,与居民需求较为密切的商贩类型,集聚程度相对较低。2相较于正规商业,流动商贩在极小的空间尺度上更为强烈地集聚分布;但随着尺度扩大,集聚程度呈快速衰减态势。3经营内容相近的流动商贩与正规商业之间表现出显著的互斥关系,而非共栖关系;且两者的互斥程度在较小的空间尺度上尤为强烈。由此,本研究证明设立摊贩疏导区具有可行性和必要性,并就设置的类型及原则提出了初步建议。
Although informal economy has become important urban landscape in contemporary China, there are fewer quantitative studies on its spatial structure from the perspective of macroscopic scale. Therefore, the feasibility and necessity of vending zones are still full of controversy. To fill in this research gap, the thesis used point data of street vendors and formal commerce in 2010, which respectively came from digital urban municipal management system and industrial and commercial bureau registration system of Chaoyang District in Beijing. Via DO Index and M Function, this research mainly probed into the spatial structure of street vending and its spatial relationship with formal commerce separately. According to empirical analysis, firstly, this paper found that most vending types and their occupied areas presented a pattern of significant agglomeration. Furthermore, the vending type which had close relationship with residents' demand showed less agglomeration degree. Secondly, compared with the spatial structure of formal commerce, street vending agglomerated more intensely in a tiny scale. Concretely, street vendors, as a whole, reached the peak extent of agglomeration at only approximately 250 to 300 meters. However, the extent of their agglomeration declined dramatically when spatial scale magnified. Thirdly, street vending and formal commerce which provided similar commodity or service had not shown significant co-located spatial relationship, but there existed evident co-dispersion with each other. What's more, the extent of co-dispersion would be stronger in a smaller spatial scale. In conclusion, although street vending presented strong mobility, it had a stable spatial pattern. Thus this research demonstrated the feasibility and necessity of setting inclusive vending zones, and proposed elementary policy suggestion of its principle and types. For example, the government could introduce flexible and fixed vending zones in order to satisfy different demands of various vendors. Furthermore, the area need not be enlarged and would give preference to the area with limited formal commerce supply.
Although informal economy has become important urban landscape in contemporary China, there are fewer quantitative studies on its spatial structure from the perspective of macroscopic scale. Therefore, the feasibility and necessity of vending zones are still full of controversy. To fill in this research gap, the thesis used point data of street vendors and formal commerce in 2010, which respectively came from digital urban municipal management system and industrial and commercial bureau registration system of Chaoyang District in Beijing. Via DO Index and M Function, this research mainly probed into the spatial structure of street vending and its spatial relationship with formal commerce separately. According to empirical analysis, firstly, this paper found that most vending types and their occupied areas presented a pattern of significant agglomeration. Furthermore, the vending type which had close relationship with residents' demand showed less agglomeration degree. Secondly, compared with the spatial structure of formal commerce, street vending agglomerated more intensely in a tiny scale. Concretely, street vendors, as a whole, reached the peak extent of agglomeration at only approximately 250 to 300 meters. However, the extent of their agglomeration declined dramatically when spatial scale magnified. Thirdly, street vending and formal commerce which provided similar commodity or service had not shown significant co-located spatial relationship, but there existed evident co-dispersion with each other. What's more, the extent of co-dispersion would be stronger in a smaller spatial scale. In conclusion, although street vending presented strong mobility, it had a stable spatial pattern. Thus this research demonstrated the feasibility and necessity of setting inclusive vending zones, and proposed elementary policy suggestion of its principle and types. For example, the government could introduce flexible and fixed vending zones in order to satisfy different demands of various vendors. Furthermore, the area need not be enlarged and would give preference to the area with limited formal commerce supply.
引文
[1]Hu Angang,Ma Wei.Social and economic transformation in modern China:From two-sector to four-sector(1949-2009).Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2012,27(1):16-29.[胡鞍钢,马伟.现代中国经济社会转型:从二元结构到四元结构(1949-2009).清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,27(1):16-29.]
[2]Dokmeci V,Yazgi B,Ozus E.Informal retailing in a global age:The growth of periodic markets in Istanbul,1980-2002.Cities,2006,23(1):44-55.
[3]International Labour Office.Women and Men in the Informal Economy:A Statistical Picture.Geneva:ILO,2002:49-55.
[4]Ge Jia.The problem and management strategy of unlicensed street vendors:A case study of Beijing[D].Beijing:Renmin University of China,2010.[葛嘉.街头无照经营问题的现状与管理对策:以北京为例[D].北京:中国人民大学,2010.]
[5]Bromley R.Street vending and public policy:A global review.International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,2000,20(1/2):1-29.
[6]Smith N.The New Urban Frontier:Gentrification and the Revanchist City.London&New York:Routledge,1996:210-232.
[7]Swanson K.Revanchist urbanism heads south:The regulation of indigenous beggars and street vendors in Ecuador.Antipode,2007,39(4):708-728.
[8]Donovan M G.Informal cities and the contestation of public space:The case of Bogota's street vendors,1988-2003.Urban Studies,2008,45(1):29-51.
[9]Huang Gengzhi,Xue Desheng.Discipline and anti-discipline:Spatial politics of urban street vending in Guangzhou since the 1990s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(8):1063-1075.[黄耿志,薛德升.1990年以来广州市摊贩空间政治的规训机制.地理学报,2011,66(8):1063-1075.]
[10]Turner S,Schoenberger L.Street vendor livelihoods and everyday politics in Hanoi,Vietnam:The seeds of a diverse economy?Urban Studies,2012,49(5):1027-1044.
[11]Steel G.Whose Paradise?Itinerant street vendors’individual and collective practices of political agency in the tourist streets of Cusco,Peru.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2012,36(5):1007-1021.
[12]Bromley R D F,Mackie P K.Displacement and the new spaces for informal trade in the Latin American City centre.Urban Studies,2009,46(7):1485-1506.
[13]Mackie P K,Bromley R D F,Brown A M B.Informal traders and the battlegrounds of revanchism in Cusco,Peru.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2014,38(5):1884-1903.
[14]Huang G Z,Xue D S,Li Z G.From Revanchism to Ambivalence:The changing politics of street vending in Guangzhou.Antipode,2014,46(1):170-189.
[15]Xue D S,Huang G Z.Informality and the state's ambivalence in the regulation of street vending in transforming Guangzhou,China.Geoforum,2015,62:156-165.
[16]Maneepong C,Walsh J C.A new generation of Bangkok street vendors:Economic crisis as opportunity and threat.Cities,2013,34(7):37-43.
[17]Huang Gengzhi,Li Tianjiao,Xue Desheng.Inclusive or exclusiveness?Vendor space effects and planning.Planners,2012,28(8):78-83.[黄耿志,李天娇,薛德升.包容还是新的排斥?城市流动摊贩空间引导效应与规划研究.规划师,2012,28(8):78-83.]
[18]Huang Gengzhi,Xu Kongdan,Xue Desheng.The spatial inclusion of street-vending and influence factors of its effect in Guangzhou:A case study of Lijiao.Human Geography,2013,28(6):74-79.[黄耿志,徐孔丹,薛德升.广州摊贩空间疏导模式及其成功效应的影响因素:基于沥滘村疏导区的实证研究.人文地理,2013,28(6):74-79.]
[19]Zhang Yanji,Zhang Lei,Wu Lingyan.The spatial sturcture of mobile vendor based on agglomeration economies:A case study in Chaoyang District,Beijing.Urban Development Studies,2014,21(4):86-91.[张延吉,张磊,吴凌燕.基于集聚经济的流动商贩空间结构研究:以北京市朝阳区为例.城市发展研究,2014,21(4):86-91.]
[20]Kim A M.The mixed-use sidewalk:Vending and property rights in public space.Journal of the American Planning Association,2012,78(3):225-238.
[21]Pang Yuqi,Xue Desheng,Wang De.The distribution and spatial impact factors of street hawker.Human Geography,2012,27(2):56-61.[庞宇琦,薛德升,王德.流动商贩的分布特征及营业空间界面影响分析:以广州中山大道西路段为例.人文地理,2012,27(2):56-61.]
[22]Hay-Mitchell M.Street vending in Peruvian cities:The spatio-temporal behavior of ambulantes.Professional Geographer,1994,46(4):425-438.
[23]Teltscher S.Small trade and the world economy:Informal vendors in Quito,Ecuador.Economic Geography,1994,70(2):167-187.
[24]Bromley R D F.Informal commerce:Expansion and exclusion in the historic centre of the Latin American city.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1998,22(2):245-263.
[25]Yin Xiaoying,Yan Xiaopei,Xue Desheng.Overview of the informal sector research overseas.Progress in Geography,2010,29(12):1479-1489.[尹晓颖,闫小培,薛德升.国外非正规部门研究进展.地理科学进展,2010,29(12):1479-1489.]
[26]Moreno-Monroy A.Critical commentary.informality in space:Understanding agglomeration economics during economic development.Urban Studies,2012,49(10):2019-2030.
[27]Wang Fahui.Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2009:47-50.[王法辉.基于GIS的数量方法与应用.北京:商务印书馆,2009:47-50.]
[28]Rosenthal S S,Strange W C.Evidence on the nature and source of agglomeration econoimes//Henderson J V,Thisse J F.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics(Volume 4 Cities and Geography).Beijing:Economic Science Press,2012:53-101.[斯图尔特·S·罗森塔尔,威廉·C·斯特兰奇.城市集聚经济性质和来源的证据//约翰·弗农·亨德森,雅克-弗朗索瓦·蒂斯.区域和城市经济学手册(第4卷城市和地理).北京:经济科学出版社,2012:53-101.]
[29]Briant A,Combes P P,Lafourcade M.Dots to boxes:Do the size and shape of spatial units jeopardize economic geography estimations?Journal of Urban Economics,2010,67(3):287-302.
[30]Duranton G,Overman H G.Testing for localization using micro-geographic data.Review of Economic Studies,2005,72(4):1077-1106.
[31]Duranton G,Overman H G.Exploring the detailed location patterns of UK manufacturing industries using microgeographic data.Journal of Regional Science,2008,48(1):213-243.
[32]Marcon E,Puech F.Evaluating the geographic concentration of industries using distance-based methods.Journal of Economic Geography,2003,3(4):409-428.
[33]Marcon E,Puech F.Measures of the geographic concentration of industries:Improving distance-based methods.Journal of Economic Geography,2010,10(5):745-762.
[34]Nakajima K,Saito Y U,Uesugi I.Measuring economic localization:Evidence from Japanese firm-level data.Journal of The Japanese and International Economies,2012,26(2):201-220.
[35]Vitali S,Napoletano M,Fagiolo G.Spatial localization in manufacturing:A cross-country analysis.Regional Studies,2013,47(9):1534-1554.
[36]Koh H J,Riedel N.Assessing the localization pattern of German manufacturing and service industries:A distance-based approach.Regional Studies,2014,48(5):823-843.
[37]Behrens K,Bougna T.An anatomy of the geographical concentration of Canadian manufacturing industries.Regional Science and Urban Economies,2015,51:47-69.
[38]Yuan Haihong,Zhang Hua,Zeng Hongyong.Measuring localization of manufacturing industries and its dynamics:Using Beijing firm-level data.China Industrial Economics,2014(9):38-50.[袁海红,张华,曾洪勇.产业集聚的测度及其动态变化:基于北京企业微观数据的研究.中国工业经济,2014(9):38-50.]
[39]Liu Chunxia,Zhu Qing,Li Yuechen.Evaluating the geographic concentration of manufacturing industries of Beijing based on distance-based methods.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(12):1247-1258.[刘春霞,朱青,李月臣.基于距离的北京制造业空间集聚.地理学报,2006,61(12):1247-1258.]
(1)基于距离的集聚测度方法需在一个完整的面域内进行分析,因此研究范围不含朝阳区的飞地,即首都国际机场地区。
(2)城管监督员每月在不同社区进行轮岗,有助减少因主观督查强度差异所导致的数据偏误。
(3)考虑到流动商贩与正规商业的选址要求不同,在计算各类流动商贩和正规商业的DO指数时,分别将所有流动商贩和所有正规商业的实际位置作为随机分布的候选点位。
[2]Dokmeci V,Yazgi B,Ozus E.Informal retailing in a global age:The growth of periodic markets in Istanbul,1980-2002.Cities,2006,23(1):44-55.
[3]International Labour Office.Women and Men in the Informal Economy:A Statistical Picture.Geneva:ILO,2002:49-55.
[4]Ge Jia.The problem and management strategy of unlicensed street vendors:A case study of Beijing[D].Beijing:Renmin University of China,2010.[葛嘉.街头无照经营问题的现状与管理对策:以北京为例[D].北京:中国人民大学,2010.]
[5]Bromley R.Street vending and public policy:A global review.International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,2000,20(1/2):1-29.
[6]Smith N.The New Urban Frontier:Gentrification and the Revanchist City.London&New York:Routledge,1996:210-232.
[7]Swanson K.Revanchist urbanism heads south:The regulation of indigenous beggars and street vendors in Ecuador.Antipode,2007,39(4):708-728.
[8]Donovan M G.Informal cities and the contestation of public space:The case of Bogota's street vendors,1988-2003.Urban Studies,2008,45(1):29-51.
[9]Huang Gengzhi,Xue Desheng.Discipline and anti-discipline:Spatial politics of urban street vending in Guangzhou since the 1990s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(8):1063-1075.[黄耿志,薛德升.1990年以来广州市摊贩空间政治的规训机制.地理学报,2011,66(8):1063-1075.]
[10]Turner S,Schoenberger L.Street vendor livelihoods and everyday politics in Hanoi,Vietnam:The seeds of a diverse economy?Urban Studies,2012,49(5):1027-1044.
[11]Steel G.Whose Paradise?Itinerant street vendors’individual and collective practices of political agency in the tourist streets of Cusco,Peru.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2012,36(5):1007-1021.
[12]Bromley R D F,Mackie P K.Displacement and the new spaces for informal trade in the Latin American City centre.Urban Studies,2009,46(7):1485-1506.
[13]Mackie P K,Bromley R D F,Brown A M B.Informal traders and the battlegrounds of revanchism in Cusco,Peru.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2014,38(5):1884-1903.
[14]Huang G Z,Xue D S,Li Z G.From Revanchism to Ambivalence:The changing politics of street vending in Guangzhou.Antipode,2014,46(1):170-189.
[15]Xue D S,Huang G Z.Informality and the state's ambivalence in the regulation of street vending in transforming Guangzhou,China.Geoforum,2015,62:156-165.
[16]Maneepong C,Walsh J C.A new generation of Bangkok street vendors:Economic crisis as opportunity and threat.Cities,2013,34(7):37-43.
[17]Huang Gengzhi,Li Tianjiao,Xue Desheng.Inclusive or exclusiveness?Vendor space effects and planning.Planners,2012,28(8):78-83.[黄耿志,李天娇,薛德升.包容还是新的排斥?城市流动摊贩空间引导效应与规划研究.规划师,2012,28(8):78-83.]
[18]Huang Gengzhi,Xu Kongdan,Xue Desheng.The spatial inclusion of street-vending and influence factors of its effect in Guangzhou:A case study of Lijiao.Human Geography,2013,28(6):74-79.[黄耿志,徐孔丹,薛德升.广州摊贩空间疏导模式及其成功效应的影响因素:基于沥滘村疏导区的实证研究.人文地理,2013,28(6):74-79.]
[19]Zhang Yanji,Zhang Lei,Wu Lingyan.The spatial sturcture of mobile vendor based on agglomeration economies:A case study in Chaoyang District,Beijing.Urban Development Studies,2014,21(4):86-91.[张延吉,张磊,吴凌燕.基于集聚经济的流动商贩空间结构研究:以北京市朝阳区为例.城市发展研究,2014,21(4):86-91.]
[20]Kim A M.The mixed-use sidewalk:Vending and property rights in public space.Journal of the American Planning Association,2012,78(3):225-238.
[21]Pang Yuqi,Xue Desheng,Wang De.The distribution and spatial impact factors of street hawker.Human Geography,2012,27(2):56-61.[庞宇琦,薛德升,王德.流动商贩的分布特征及营业空间界面影响分析:以广州中山大道西路段为例.人文地理,2012,27(2):56-61.]
[22]Hay-Mitchell M.Street vending in Peruvian cities:The spatio-temporal behavior of ambulantes.Professional Geographer,1994,46(4):425-438.
[23]Teltscher S.Small trade and the world economy:Informal vendors in Quito,Ecuador.Economic Geography,1994,70(2):167-187.
[24]Bromley R D F.Informal commerce:Expansion and exclusion in the historic centre of the Latin American city.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1998,22(2):245-263.
[25]Yin Xiaoying,Yan Xiaopei,Xue Desheng.Overview of the informal sector research overseas.Progress in Geography,2010,29(12):1479-1489.[尹晓颖,闫小培,薛德升.国外非正规部门研究进展.地理科学进展,2010,29(12):1479-1489.]
[26]Moreno-Monroy A.Critical commentary.informality in space:Understanding agglomeration economics during economic development.Urban Studies,2012,49(10):2019-2030.
[27]Wang Fahui.Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2009:47-50.[王法辉.基于GIS的数量方法与应用.北京:商务印书馆,2009:47-50.]
[28]Rosenthal S S,Strange W C.Evidence on the nature and source of agglomeration econoimes//Henderson J V,Thisse J F.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics(Volume 4 Cities and Geography).Beijing:Economic Science Press,2012:53-101.[斯图尔特·S·罗森塔尔,威廉·C·斯特兰奇.城市集聚经济性质和来源的证据//约翰·弗农·亨德森,雅克-弗朗索瓦·蒂斯.区域和城市经济学手册(第4卷城市和地理).北京:经济科学出版社,2012:53-101.]
[29]Briant A,Combes P P,Lafourcade M.Dots to boxes:Do the size and shape of spatial units jeopardize economic geography estimations?Journal of Urban Economics,2010,67(3):287-302.
[30]Duranton G,Overman H G.Testing for localization using micro-geographic data.Review of Economic Studies,2005,72(4):1077-1106.
[31]Duranton G,Overman H G.Exploring the detailed location patterns of UK manufacturing industries using microgeographic data.Journal of Regional Science,2008,48(1):213-243.
[32]Marcon E,Puech F.Evaluating the geographic concentration of industries using distance-based methods.Journal of Economic Geography,2003,3(4):409-428.
[33]Marcon E,Puech F.Measures of the geographic concentration of industries:Improving distance-based methods.Journal of Economic Geography,2010,10(5):745-762.
[34]Nakajima K,Saito Y U,Uesugi I.Measuring economic localization:Evidence from Japanese firm-level data.Journal of The Japanese and International Economies,2012,26(2):201-220.
[35]Vitali S,Napoletano M,Fagiolo G.Spatial localization in manufacturing:A cross-country analysis.Regional Studies,2013,47(9):1534-1554.
[36]Koh H J,Riedel N.Assessing the localization pattern of German manufacturing and service industries:A distance-based approach.Regional Studies,2014,48(5):823-843.
[37]Behrens K,Bougna T.An anatomy of the geographical concentration of Canadian manufacturing industries.Regional Science and Urban Economies,2015,51:47-69.
[38]Yuan Haihong,Zhang Hua,Zeng Hongyong.Measuring localization of manufacturing industries and its dynamics:Using Beijing firm-level data.China Industrial Economics,2014(9):38-50.[袁海红,张华,曾洪勇.产业集聚的测度及其动态变化:基于北京企业微观数据的研究.中国工业经济,2014(9):38-50.]
[39]Liu Chunxia,Zhu Qing,Li Yuechen.Evaluating the geographic concentration of manufacturing industries of Beijing based on distance-based methods.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(12):1247-1258.[刘春霞,朱青,李月臣.基于距离的北京制造业空间集聚.地理学报,2006,61(12):1247-1258.]
(1)基于距离的集聚测度方法需在一个完整的面域内进行分析,因此研究范围不含朝阳区的飞地,即首都国际机场地区。
(2)城管监督员每月在不同社区进行轮岗,有助减少因主观督查强度差异所导致的数据偏误。
(3)考虑到流动商贩与正规商业的选址要求不同,在计算各类流动商贩和正规商业的DO指数时,分别将所有流动商贩和所有正规商业的实际位置作为随机分布的候选点位。