Partition-coordinated control of soil and water loss for chestnut forests in the Yanshan Mountain Region, China
|
摘要
Soil erosion from chestnut forests is one of the most important factors causing land degradation in the Yanshan Mountain Region. A 2-year field study was done to compare the effects on erosion of a control plot(CP), a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 6 m(MP 1),and a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 8 m(MP 2). The results showed that the slope runoff of chestnut forests was influenced by rainfall characteristic factors.No single rainfall characteristic factor showed dominance for hill slope runoff. The runoff reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures(MP 1 and MP 2) was substantial for chestnut forests under high rainfall intensity conditions. However, the runoff reduction efficiency was higher under the conditions of heavy rainfall and low average rainfall intensity than for storms with higher intensity and lower total rainfall. The reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures on the runoff and sediment yield of chestnut forest slopes was MP 2 > MP 1 > CP. The runoff reduction rate and erosion reduction rate of MP 2 reached 61.70% and 97.41%, respectively, and that for MP 1 was 54.15% and 85.31%, respectively. Therefore, after a comprehensive comparison, MP 2 was determined to be more effective for soil erosion control for a sloping chestnut forest.
Soil erosion from chestnut forests is one of the most important factors causing land degradation in the Yanshan Mountain Region. A 2-year field study was done to compare the effects on erosion of a control plot(CP), a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 6 m(MP 1),and a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 8 m(MP 2). The results showed that the slope runoff of chestnut forests was influenced by rainfall characteristic factors.No single rainfall characteristic factor showed dominance for hill slope runoff. The runoff reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures(MP 1 and MP 2) was substantial for chestnut forests under high rainfall intensity conditions. However, the runoff reduction efficiency was higher under the conditions of heavy rainfall and low average rainfall intensity than for storms with higher intensity and lower total rainfall. The reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures on the runoff and sediment yield of chestnut forest slopes was MP 2 > MP 1 > CP. The runoff reduction rate and erosion reduction rate of MP 2 reached 61.70% and 97.41%, respectively, and that for MP 1 was 54.15% and 85.31%, respectively. Therefore, after a comprehensive comparison, MP 2 was determined to be more effective for soil erosion control for a sloping chestnut forest.
Soil erosion from chestnut forests is one of the most important factors causing land degradation in the Yanshan Mountain Region. A 2-year field study was done to compare the effects on erosion of a control plot(CP), a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 6 m(MP 1),and a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 8 m(MP 2). The results showed that the slope runoff of chestnut forests was influenced by rainfall characteristic factors.No single rainfall characteristic factor showed dominance for hill slope runoff. The runoff reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures(MP 1 and MP 2) was substantial for chestnut forests under high rainfall intensity conditions. However, the runoff reduction efficiency was higher under the conditions of heavy rainfall and low average rainfall intensity than for storms with higher intensity and lower total rainfall. The reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures on the runoff and sediment yield of chestnut forest slopes was MP 2 > MP 1 > CP. The runoff reduction rate and erosion reduction rate of MP 2 reached 61.70% and 97.41%, respectively, and that for MP 1 was 54.15% and 85.31%, respectively. Therefore, after a comprehensive comparison, MP 2 was determined to be more effective for soil erosion control for a sloping chestnut forest.
引文
Aksoy, H.,&Kavvas, M. L(2005). A review of hill slope and watershed scale erosion and sediment transport models. Catena, 64(2), 247-271.
Casermeiro, M. A., Molina, J. A., de la Cruz Caravacaa, M. T., Hernando Costa, J.,Hernando Costaa, M. I.,&Moreno, P. S.(2004). Influence of scrubs on runoff and sediment loss in soils of Mediterranean climate. Catena, 57, 91-104.
Cavus, I.. Kalin, L,&Kara, F.(2017). Impacts of urban headwater disturbances on downstream sediment loading where streamside management zones for forest harvesting activities are present downstream. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32(4). 555-563.
Duran Zuazo, V. H., Martinez Raya, A.,&Aguilar Ruiz, J.(2004). Nutrient losses by runoff and sediment from the taluses of orchard terraces. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 153, 355-373.
Fang, H. W., Huang, L, Wang, J. Y., He, G. J.,&Reible, D.(2016). Environmental assessment of heavy metal transport and transformation in the Hangzhou Bay.China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 302,447-457.
Fang, H. W.,&Rodi, W.(2003). Three dimensional calculations of flow and suspended sediment transport in the neighborhood of the dam for the Three Gorges Project Reservoir in the Yangtze River. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 41(4), 379-394.
Fang, H. W.,&Wang, G. Q,(2000). Three-dimensional mathematical model for suspended sediment transport. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 126(8), 578-592.
Golosov, V., Ivanova, N.,&Kurbanova, S.(2017). Influence of agricultural development and climate changes on the drainage valley density of the southern half of the Russian Plain. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32(1), 60-72.
He, J. J., Cai, Q. G., Li, G. Q.,&Wang, Z. K.(2010). Integrated erosion control measures and environmental effects in rocky mountainous areas in northern China.International Journal of Sediment Research, 25(3), 294-303.
Huang, J., Wang, J., Zhao. X. N., Li. H. B., Jing, Z. L, Gao, X. D.,... Wu, P. T.(2016).Simulation study of the impact of permanent ground cover on soil and water changes in jujube orchards on sloping ground. Land Degradation and Development, 27, 946-954.
Huang, L, Fang, H. W.,&Reible, D.(2015). Mathematical model for interactions and transport of phosphorus and sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Water Research. 85, 393-403.
Jin, Z., Dong, Y. S., Qi, Y. C., Liu, W. G.,&An, Z. S.(2013). Characterizing variations in soil particle-size distribution along a grass-desert shrub transition in the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia, China. Land Degradation and Development, 24(2),141-146.
Ling, Q., Gao, X. D., Zhao, X. N., Huang, J., Li, H. C., Li, L S.,...Wu, P. T.(2017). Soil water effects of agroforestry in rainfed jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)orchards on loess hillslopes in Northwest China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,247. 343-351.
Liu, G. H., Fu, B. J.,&Fang. J.(2000). Carbon dynamics of Chinese forests and its contribution to global carbon balance. Acta Ecologica Sinca, 20(5), 733-740.
Liu, J. Y., Yu, G. R., Wang, S. Q., Yue, T. X.,&Gao, Z. Q,(2003). A method of geoinformation science for studying carbon cycle and its mechanism of terrestrial ecosystems. Geographical Research, 22(4), 397-405.
Liu, Y., Sun, Z. M., Yang. J., Liu. X., Wang, X. M., Liu. S, Q.&Wang, W. J.(2010). Spatial variability of soil N, P and K in main production area of Castanea mollissima.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 27(4), 901-907.(In Chinese).
Lu, Y., Gong, Z.,&Zhang, G.(2002). Characteristics and management of urban soils.Soil and Environmental Sciences. 11(2), 206-209.
Pardini, G., Gispert, M.,&Dunjo, G.(2003). Runoff erosion and nutrient depletion in five Mediterranean soils of NE Spain under different land use. Science of the Total Environment, 309, 213-224.
Shang, R. Y., Xia, Q.,&Zhang. H.(2015). Soil erosion damage and control suggestion of chestnut forest in Yanshan Mountain Region. Haihe Water Resources, 3,12-14.(In Chinese).
Shao, L M.,&Fang, T.(2001). The grain-for-green policy and China food security.Rural Economic Problems, 12. 25-27.(In Chinese).
Shi, H. L, Hu, C. H., Wang, Y. C., Liu, C.,&Li, H. M.(2017). Analyses of trends and causes for variations in runoff and sediment load of the Yellow River. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32(2), 171-179.
Si, W., Bao, W. M., Jiang, P., Zhao, L P.,&Qu, S. M.(2017). A semi-physical sediment yield model for estimation of suspended sediment in loess region. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32(1), 12-19.
Siriwardena, L. Finlayson, B. L,&McMahon, T. A.(2006). The impact of land use change on catchment hydrology in large catchment. The Comet River, Central Queensland, Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 326,199-214.
Somchai, D..&Chaiyuth. C.(2012). Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the application of vetiver grass mulch in soil and water conservation. International Journal of Sediment Research, 27, 168-177.
Tao, R., Xu,Z. G.,&Xu, J. T.(2004). Grain for Green Project, grain policy and sustainable development. Social Science in China, 6, 25-40.
Tian, F.(2015). Study on soil and water conservation engineering erosion control technologies of thin layer soil slope farmland(Master's thesis). Yangling, China:College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University.(In Chinese).
Tian, S. L, Shen, G. N., Xu, L,&Sun, X. L(2012). Effects of different water-saving irrigation modes on chestnut growth and fruiting in drought hilly land. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 23(3), 639-644.(In Chinese).
Valentin, C., Agus, F., Alamban, R., Boosaner, A., Bricquet, J. P., Chaplot, V.,.... Vadari,T.(2008). Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia:Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices. Agriculture,Ecosystems Environment, 128(4), 225-238.
van Dijk, A. I. J. M.,&Bruijnzeel, L A.(2003). Terrace erosion and sediment transport model:A new tool for soil conservation planning in bench-terraced steep lands. Environmental Modelling Software, 18, 839-850.
Wang,J., Huang, J., Zhang, X. N., Wu, P. T., Horwath, W. R., Li, H. B.,... Chen, X. L(2016). Simulated study on effects of ground managements on soil water and available nutrients in jujube orchards. Land Degradation and Development, 27,35-42.
Wang, W. Z.,&Jiao, J. Y.(1996). Quantitative evaluation on factors influencing soil erosion in China. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 16(5), 1-9.
Xu. Q, F., Jiang, P. K., Wu, Q, F., Wang, J. J.,&Wu, J. S.(2007). Effects of intensive management on soil microbial biomass and functional diversity in castanea mollissima stands. Scintia Silvae Sinicae, 43(3), 15-19.(In Chinese).
Xu, Q, F., Yu, Y. W.,&Jiang, P. K.(2002). Evaluation of soil nutrient depletion for commercial forest land. Chinese Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 16(2),99-102.(In Chinese).
Xu, Q, X., Wang, T. W., Cai, C. F.,&Shi, Z. H.(2012). Effects of soil conservation on soil properties of citrus orchards in the Three-Gorges area, China. Land Degradation and Development, 23, 34-42.
Yang, Z. C., Zhou, L D., Sun, D. F., Li, H., Cao, J.,&Ling, Q. M.(2011). The effect of cow dung and red bean straw dosage on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in chestnut orchards. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, 1071-1077.
Yuan, H. W., Liu, H., Wang, S. L,&Jiao, P. J.(2011). Characteristics and influencing factors of rainfall runoff in Huaibei Region. Journal of Hohai University(Natural Science), 39(1), 6-8.
Zenebe, A., Simon, L. Robyn. J.. Wolde, M.,&Tilahun. A.(2017). Impacts of soil and water conservation practices on crop yield, runoff, soil loss and nutrient loss in Ethiopia:Review and synthesis. Environmental Management, 59, 87-101.
Casermeiro, M. A., Molina, J. A., de la Cruz Caravacaa, M. T., Hernando Costa, J.,Hernando Costaa, M. I.,&Moreno, P. S.(2004). Influence of scrubs on runoff and sediment loss in soils of Mediterranean climate. Catena, 57, 91-104.
Cavus, I.. Kalin, L,&Kara, F.(2017). Impacts of urban headwater disturbances on downstream sediment loading where streamside management zones for forest harvesting activities are present downstream. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32(4). 555-563.
Duran Zuazo, V. H., Martinez Raya, A.,&Aguilar Ruiz, J.(2004). Nutrient losses by runoff and sediment from the taluses of orchard terraces. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 153, 355-373.
Fang, H. W., Huang, L, Wang, J. Y., He, G. J.,&Reible, D.(2016). Environmental assessment of heavy metal transport and transformation in the Hangzhou Bay.China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 302,447-457.
Fang, H. W.,&Rodi, W.(2003). Three dimensional calculations of flow and suspended sediment transport in the neighborhood of the dam for the Three Gorges Project Reservoir in the Yangtze River. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 41(4), 379-394.
Fang, H. W.,&Wang, G. Q,(2000). Three-dimensional mathematical model for suspended sediment transport. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 126(8), 578-592.
Golosov, V., Ivanova, N.,&Kurbanova, S.(2017). Influence of agricultural development and climate changes on the drainage valley density of the southern half of the Russian Plain. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32(1), 60-72.
He, J. J., Cai, Q. G., Li, G. Q.,&Wang, Z. K.(2010). Integrated erosion control measures and environmental effects in rocky mountainous areas in northern China.International Journal of Sediment Research, 25(3), 294-303.
Huang, J., Wang, J., Zhao. X. N., Li. H. B., Jing, Z. L, Gao, X. D.,... Wu, P. T.(2016).Simulation study of the impact of permanent ground cover on soil and water changes in jujube orchards on sloping ground. Land Degradation and Development, 27, 946-954.
Huang, L, Fang, H. W.,&Reible, D.(2015). Mathematical model for interactions and transport of phosphorus and sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Water Research. 85, 393-403.
Jin, Z., Dong, Y. S., Qi, Y. C., Liu, W. G.,&An, Z. S.(2013). Characterizing variations in soil particle-size distribution along a grass-desert shrub transition in the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia, China. Land Degradation and Development, 24(2),141-146.
Ling, Q., Gao, X. D., Zhao, X. N., Huang, J., Li, H. C., Li, L S.,...Wu, P. T.(2017). Soil water effects of agroforestry in rainfed jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)orchards on loess hillslopes in Northwest China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,247. 343-351.
Liu, G. H., Fu, B. J.,&Fang. J.(2000). Carbon dynamics of Chinese forests and its contribution to global carbon balance. Acta Ecologica Sinca, 20(5), 733-740.
Liu, J. Y., Yu, G. R., Wang, S. Q., Yue, T. X.,&Gao, Z. Q,(2003). A method of geoinformation science for studying carbon cycle and its mechanism of terrestrial ecosystems. Geographical Research, 22(4), 397-405.
Liu, Y., Sun, Z. M., Yang. J., Liu. X., Wang, X. M., Liu. S, Q.&Wang, W. J.(2010). Spatial variability of soil N, P and K in main production area of Castanea mollissima.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 27(4), 901-907.(In Chinese).
Lu, Y., Gong, Z.,&Zhang, G.(2002). Characteristics and management of urban soils.Soil and Environmental Sciences. 11(2), 206-209.
Pardini, G., Gispert, M.,&Dunjo, G.(2003). Runoff erosion and nutrient depletion in five Mediterranean soils of NE Spain under different land use. Science of the Total Environment, 309, 213-224.
Shang, R. Y., Xia, Q.,&Zhang. H.(2015). Soil erosion damage and control suggestion of chestnut forest in Yanshan Mountain Region. Haihe Water Resources, 3,12-14.(In Chinese).
Shao, L M.,&Fang, T.(2001). The grain-for-green policy and China food security.Rural Economic Problems, 12. 25-27.(In Chinese).
Shi, H. L, Hu, C. H., Wang, Y. C., Liu, C.,&Li, H. M.(2017). Analyses of trends and causes for variations in runoff and sediment load of the Yellow River. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32(2), 171-179.
Si, W., Bao, W. M., Jiang, P., Zhao, L P.,&Qu, S. M.(2017). A semi-physical sediment yield model for estimation of suspended sediment in loess region. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32(1), 12-19.
Siriwardena, L. Finlayson, B. L,&McMahon, T. A.(2006). The impact of land use change on catchment hydrology in large catchment. The Comet River, Central Queensland, Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 326,199-214.
Somchai, D..&Chaiyuth. C.(2012). Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the application of vetiver grass mulch in soil and water conservation. International Journal of Sediment Research, 27, 168-177.
Tao, R., Xu,Z. G.,&Xu, J. T.(2004). Grain for Green Project, grain policy and sustainable development. Social Science in China, 6, 25-40.
Tian, F.(2015). Study on soil and water conservation engineering erosion control technologies of thin layer soil slope farmland(Master's thesis). Yangling, China:College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University.(In Chinese).
Tian, S. L, Shen, G. N., Xu, L,&Sun, X. L(2012). Effects of different water-saving irrigation modes on chestnut growth and fruiting in drought hilly land. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 23(3), 639-644.(In Chinese).
Valentin, C., Agus, F., Alamban, R., Boosaner, A., Bricquet, J. P., Chaplot, V.,.... Vadari,T.(2008). Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia:Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices. Agriculture,Ecosystems Environment, 128(4), 225-238.
van Dijk, A. I. J. M.,&Bruijnzeel, L A.(2003). Terrace erosion and sediment transport model:A new tool for soil conservation planning in bench-terraced steep lands. Environmental Modelling Software, 18, 839-850.
Wang,J., Huang, J., Zhang, X. N., Wu, P. T., Horwath, W. R., Li, H. B.,... Chen, X. L(2016). Simulated study on effects of ground managements on soil water and available nutrients in jujube orchards. Land Degradation and Development, 27,35-42.
Wang, W. Z.,&Jiao, J. Y.(1996). Quantitative evaluation on factors influencing soil erosion in China. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 16(5), 1-9.
Xu. Q, F., Jiang, P. K., Wu, Q, F., Wang, J. J.,&Wu, J. S.(2007). Effects of intensive management on soil microbial biomass and functional diversity in castanea mollissima stands. Scintia Silvae Sinicae, 43(3), 15-19.(In Chinese).
Xu, Q, F., Yu, Y. W.,&Jiang, P. K.(2002). Evaluation of soil nutrient depletion for commercial forest land. Chinese Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 16(2),99-102.(In Chinese).
Xu, Q, X., Wang, T. W., Cai, C. F.,&Shi, Z. H.(2012). Effects of soil conservation on soil properties of citrus orchards in the Three-Gorges area, China. Land Degradation and Development, 23, 34-42.
Yang, Z. C., Zhou, L D., Sun, D. F., Li, H., Cao, J.,&Ling, Q. M.(2011). The effect of cow dung and red bean straw dosage on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in chestnut orchards. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, 1071-1077.
Yuan, H. W., Liu, H., Wang, S. L,&Jiao, P. J.(2011). Characteristics and influencing factors of rainfall runoff in Huaibei Region. Journal of Hohai University(Natural Science), 39(1), 6-8.
Zenebe, A., Simon, L. Robyn. J.. Wolde, M.,&Tilahun. A.(2017). Impacts of soil and water conservation practices on crop yield, runoff, soil loss and nutrient loss in Ethiopia:Review and synthesis. Environmental Management, 59, 87-101.