数字鸿沟:我国少数民族妇女与汉族妇女互联网使用的差异分析
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摘要
本文通过第三期中国妇女社会地位调查的全国数据,分析了我国少数民族妇女与汉族妇女在互联网接入和使用层面的差异,研究发现,我国少数民族妇女和汉族妇女之间存在着"接入"层面的"数字鸿沟",体现为少数民族妇女在互联网的使用率和使用时长上都显著低于汉族妇女;但在"使用"层面,少数民族妇女和汉族妇女之间并未出现显著差异,她们有着共同的互联网使用偏好,能够积极主动地利用互联网促进自身发展。
In our information-based society,the acquisition,control and use of network information resources have become an important factor influencing people's development. In China,there is a "Digital Divide"in the access and use of the internet because of the unbalanced levels of economic and social development between urban and rural areas,and among the eastern,central and western regions. The ethnic minorities women in the western and border areas are in a disadvantaged position for obtaining information resources because of geographical constraints.Scholarly research on the access and use of the internet among ethnic minorities in China has mainly focused on small-scale investigations ofvery few ethnic areas,ethnic minorities,or on the those groups of people among the ethnic minorities whose education levels are relatively high. There has been no large-scale,comprehensive investigation of the situation of how ethnic minorities use the internet,and a comparative analysis of the differences in internet use among ethnic minorities created by internal differences,such as ethnicity,urban and rural divide,gender,educational level and occupational classification,is lacking.This article examines the basic situation of internet access and use among ethnic minoritieswomen in China by analyzing the statistics collected from the 3rd National Survey on the Status of Chinese Women,and it will discuss the effect network technologies has on the development of ethnic minorities. The survey of the social status of Chinese women is a nationwide,large-scale sample survey covering all regions of the nation. Since 1990,it has been conducted by the National Women's Federation and the National Bureau of Statistics every ten years. The survey sample includes a total of 12,942 women. of which 11,010 are Han women. and 1,932 are ethnic minorities women. The ethnic minorities include Tibetans,Uygurs,Mongolians,Hui and some other 35 ethnic minorities. The survey contains a relatively authoritative,objective and accurate first-hand data for understanding the situation of ethnic women's access and use of the internet in China.We will analyze these data through three indicators: the internet usage rate of ethnic minorities,the time difference of internet use among ethnic minorities,and the differences in the behavioral preferences in internet use among ethnic minorities.The results are as follows:I. Minority women have low access to the Internet.To a certain degree,network usage reflects theaccess to the internet. The survey shows that the internet usage rate of ethnic minorities is only 17. 6%,which is lower than the national average of 31. 6%,and the Han women average of 30%.Through an interaction analysis of network usage and the region,we find that regional imbalances are the primary factors that cause the low proportion of ethnic minorities using the internet.The network usage rate of the ethnic minority people who have their household registration in Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai and the 8 eastern provinces reaches 47. 8% and 31. 3%, an amount which exceeds or is close to the national average.But from the 8 central provinces to the 12 western provinces,where the population is rising sharply,the proportion of ethnic groups using the internet dropped significantly. In the western region,the highest proportion of respondents is the ethnic minorities,accounting for 68. 2% of the total,but they are the lowest proportion in internet usage,accounting for only 15. 8%.In addition,urban and rural areas,gender,age,educational level,etc. will also affect the proportion of internet usage among ethnic minorities. The internet useage rate among urban ethnic minorities is 41. 5%,while among rural ethnic minorities,the internet usage rate is only 10. 8%.This is 30. 7 percentage points lower than that in the towns. The internet use rate of ethnic minority males is 23%,while the female internet usage rate is 17. 6%. This is a difference of 5. 4 percentage points. Seen from the perspective of age,the highest rate of internet use among ethnic minorities is still young people. People under the age of 39 accounted for 74. 5% of the overall ethnic minority internet users. Because the overall educational level of ethnic minorities is generally low( 70% are junior high school level or below),their internet usage rate is also relatively low.II. Minority women use the Internet for a shorter time.The survey shows that the number of minority groups whose internet use time is less than onehour and more than 3 hours every day was 4. 5 percentage points higher and 4. 2 percentage points lower than that of the Han groups,respectively.This means that ethnic minority users spend less time on the internet,and are more inclined to consume the internet quickly. The reason is related to the convenience and economic costs of using the internet. In the western region where there is a low economic level, the number of minority groups whose daily online use time is one hour or less accounts for a proportion of 52. 8%,and is 18. 7 percentage points higher than that of the ethnic minorities in Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai. The number of the minority groups in the western region whose daily online use time is more than 3 hours accounts for only a proportion of 10. 9%,and is 7. 3 percentage points lower than that of ethnic minorities in Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai.The difference between urban and rural areas also leads to significant differences in the length of time of internet use. Urban internet groups whose online use time is within one hour everyday accounts for 46%, while in the rural areas it is 64. 2%. This is 18. 2 percentage points lower than in the rural areas. Urban internet users whose online use time is three hours and above accounts for a proportion of 13. 3%,which is 8. 9 percentage points higher than the rural areas.In addition,occupation will also cause differences among ethnic minority internet users. It is obvious that everyday online use time of people who work using their brains,such as mangers,professional and technical personnel,department staff,etc.,is around 3 hours and above whereas the online use time of manual workers,such as commercial service personnel,agricultural workers,production and transportation equipment operators is usually 1 hour or less.III. Minority women and Han women have no difference in Internet Preferences.When the ethnic minority groups use the internet,the most common preferences,ranked from high to low,is for news( 84. 4%),entertainment 76. 9%),chatting( 70. 9%),learning/working( 56. 4%),shopping( 47%),expressing opinions( 25. 4%),and stocks/investment( 13. 4%). If compared with the Han use of the internet,the participation of ethnic minorities in economic activities,such as stocks/investment and online shopping,is relatively lower. There is no significant difference among the other preferences, which shows that the economic development of ethnic minority areas in China lags behind,and the people have not yet enjoyed the convenience and efficient economic impacts brought by the "internet".The preferences in internet use will also impact differently on individual development,especially on the promotion of income levels. Throughprincipal component and factor analysis,we can classify the seven topics into two factors: "development factors"and "entertainment factors ". Browsing the news,investing in stocks,study/work can be classified as "development factors " whereas shopping,expressing opinions,chatting and entertainment can be classified as "entertainment factors". We find that urban netizens are more inclined to "development factors"while rural netizens are more inclined to "entertainment factors".In addition,age,educational level,and occupation also influence the ethnic minority people's network preferences. People between the ages of 18-49 are more likely to use the network for learning/work; people between the ages of 30-49 "often"use the internet to learn/work—and the ratio is higher than that of youth from the age of20. The survey found that "browsing the news "was slightly higher for people between the ages of 50-69,but that their ratios for "shopping ","friends/chatting","entertainment" and "expressing opinions"were generally lower than young people,and the difference is significant. The proportion of older group of ethnic minority internet users,especially with regard to expressing their opinions on the internet,is only of 5. 4%,indicating that they have little or no voice.In conclusion,our study finds that becauseethnic minorities are mainly concentrated in the western and border areas,where the economic,social,and educational levels are limited,internet usage rate is lower than the national average. In contrast to the amount of daily internet use time,the length of internet use time of the majority of ethnic minorities is shorter than that of the Han people. With regard to the behavioral preferences of the network,due to the limitation of the economic development level in the ethnic minority areas,the participation rate of ethnic minorities in economic activities,such as online stocks/investment and online shopping is lower than that of the Han. However,there is no significant difference between them and the Han in other behavioral preferences. Among the ethnic minority netizens,the differences in urban and rural areas,regions,age,education level and occupation type all have a certain impact on the ethnic people's internet access and their use preferences.
In our information-based society,the acquisition,control and use of network information resources have become an important factor influencing people's development. In China,there is a "Digital Divide"in the access and use of the internet because of the unbalanced levels of economic and social development between urban and rural areas,and among the eastern,central and western regions. The ethnic minorities women in the western and border areas are in a disadvantaged position for obtaining information resources because of geographical constraints.Scholarly research on the access and use of the internet among ethnic minorities in China has mainly focused on small-scale investigations ofvery few ethnic areas,ethnic minorities,or on the those groups of people among the ethnic minorities whose education levels are relatively high. There has been no large-scale,comprehensive investigation of the situation of how ethnic minorities use the internet,and a comparative analysis of the differences in internet use among ethnic minorities created by internal differences,such as ethnicity,urban and rural divide,gender,educational level and occupational classification,is lacking.This article examines the basic situation of internet access and use among ethnic minoritieswomen in China by analyzing the statistics collected from the 3rd National Survey on the Status of Chinese Women,and it will discuss the effect network technologies has on the development of ethnic minorities. The survey of the social status of Chinese women is a nationwide,large-scale sample survey covering all regions of the nation. Since 1990,it has been conducted by the National Women's Federation and the National Bureau of Statistics every ten years. The survey sample includes a total of 12,942 women. of which 11,010 are Han women. and 1,932 are ethnic minorities women. The ethnic minorities include Tibetans,Uygurs,Mongolians,Hui and some other 35 ethnic minorities. The survey contains a relatively authoritative,objective and accurate first-hand data for understanding the situation of ethnic women's access and use of the internet in China.We will analyze these data through three indicators: the internet usage rate of ethnic minorities,the time difference of internet use among ethnic minorities,and the differences in the behavioral preferences in internet use among ethnic minorities.The results are as follows:I. Minority women have low access to the Internet.To a certain degree,network usage reflects theaccess to the internet. The survey shows that the internet usage rate of ethnic minorities is only 17. 6%,which is lower than the national average of 31. 6%,and the Han women average of 30%.Through an interaction analysis of network usage and the region,we find that regional imbalances are the primary factors that cause the low proportion of ethnic minorities using the internet.The network usage rate of the ethnic minority people who have their household registration in Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai and the 8 eastern provinces reaches 47. 8% and 31. 3%, an amount which exceeds or is close to the national average.But from the 8 central provinces to the 12 western provinces,where the population is rising sharply,the proportion of ethnic groups using the internet dropped significantly. In the western region,the highest proportion of respondents is the ethnic minorities,accounting for 68. 2% of the total,but they are the lowest proportion in internet usage,accounting for only 15. 8%.In addition,urban and rural areas,gender,age,educational level,etc. will also affect the proportion of internet usage among ethnic minorities. The internet useage rate among urban ethnic minorities is 41. 5%,while among rural ethnic minorities,the internet usage rate is only 10. 8%.This is 30. 7 percentage points lower than that in the towns. The internet use rate of ethnic minority males is 23%,while the female internet usage rate is 17. 6%. This is a difference of 5. 4 percentage points. Seen from the perspective of age,the highest rate of internet use among ethnic minorities is still young people. People under the age of 39 accounted for 74. 5% of the overall ethnic minority internet users. Because the overall educational level of ethnic minorities is generally low( 70% are junior high school level or below),their internet usage rate is also relatively low.II. Minority women use the Internet for a shorter time.The survey shows that the number of minority groups whose internet use time is less than onehour and more than 3 hours every day was 4. 5 percentage points higher and 4. 2 percentage points lower than that of the Han groups,respectively.This means that ethnic minority users spend less time on the internet,and are more inclined to consume the internet quickly. The reason is related to the convenience and economic costs of using the internet. In the western region where there is a low economic level, the number of minority groups whose daily online use time is one hour or less accounts for a proportion of 52. 8%,and is 18. 7 percentage points higher than that of the ethnic minorities in Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai. The number of the minority groups in the western region whose daily online use time is more than 3 hours accounts for only a proportion of 10. 9%,and is 7. 3 percentage points lower than that of ethnic minorities in Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai.The difference between urban and rural areas also leads to significant differences in the length of time of internet use. Urban internet groups whose online use time is within one hour everyday accounts for 46%, while in the rural areas it is 64. 2%. This is 18. 2 percentage points lower than in the rural areas. Urban internet users whose online use time is three hours and above accounts for a proportion of 13. 3%,which is 8. 9 percentage points higher than the rural areas.In addition,occupation will also cause differences among ethnic minority internet users. It is obvious that everyday online use time of people who work using their brains,such as mangers,professional and technical personnel,department staff,etc.,is around 3 hours and above whereas the online use time of manual workers,such as commercial service personnel,agricultural workers,production and transportation equipment operators is usually 1 hour or less.III. Minority women and Han women have no difference in Internet Preferences.When the ethnic minority groups use the internet,the most common preferences,ranked from high to low,is for news( 84. 4%),entertainment 76. 9%),chatting( 70. 9%),learning/working( 56. 4%),shopping( 47%),expressing opinions( 25. 4%),and stocks/investment( 13. 4%). If compared with the Han use of the internet,the participation of ethnic minorities in economic activities,such as stocks/investment and online shopping,is relatively lower. There is no significant difference among the other preferences, which shows that the economic development of ethnic minority areas in China lags behind,and the people have not yet enjoyed the convenience and efficient economic impacts brought by the "internet".The preferences in internet use will also impact differently on individual development,especially on the promotion of income levels. Throughprincipal component and factor analysis,we can classify the seven topics into two factors: "development factors"and "entertainment factors ". Browsing the news,investing in stocks,study/work can be classified as "development factors " whereas shopping,expressing opinions,chatting and entertainment can be classified as "entertainment factors". We find that urban netizens are more inclined to "development factors"while rural netizens are more inclined to "entertainment factors".In addition,age,educational level,and occupation also influence the ethnic minority people's network preferences. People between the ages of 18-49 are more likely to use the network for learning/work; people between the ages of 30-49 "often"use the internet to learn/work—and the ratio is higher than that of youth from the age of20. The survey found that "browsing the news "was slightly higher for people between the ages of 50-69,but that their ratios for "shopping ","friends/chatting","entertainment" and "expressing opinions"were generally lower than young people,and the difference is significant. The proportion of older group of ethnic minority internet users,especially with regard to expressing their opinions on the internet,is only of 5. 4%,indicating that they have little or no voice.In conclusion,our study finds that becauseethnic minorities are mainly concentrated in the western and border areas,where the economic,social,and educational levels are limited,internet usage rate is lower than the national average. In contrast to the amount of daily internet use time,the length of internet use time of the majority of ethnic minorities is shorter than that of the Han people. With regard to the behavioral preferences of the network,due to the limitation of the economic development level in the ethnic minority areas,the participation rate of ethnic minorities in economic activities,such as online stocks/investment and online shopping is lower than that of the Han. However,there is no significant difference between them and the Han in other behavioral preferences. Among the ethnic minority netizens,the differences in urban and rural areas,regions,age,education level and occupation type all have a certain impact on the ethnic people's internet access and their use preferences.
引文
[1]金兼斌.数字鸿沟的概念辨析[J].新闻与传播研究,2003,(01):75-79.
[2]胡鞍钢,周绍杰.中国如何应对日益扩大的“数字鸿沟”[J].中国工业经济,2002,(03):5-12.
[3]中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC).第38次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[EB/OL].(2016-08-03)[2016-12-01].http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg.
[4]信息化研究部.中国信息社会发展报告2016[EB/OL].(2016-11-27)[2016-12-01].http://www.sic.gov.cn/News/250/6362.htm.
[5]李苓.中国西部城乡网络与手机等新媒体使用研究[J].中国出版,2013,(19):64-68.
[6]陈峻俊.发展传播学视角下鄂西民族地区互联网策略研究——基于鄂西巴东县、鄂中沙洋县比较调查[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2012,(11):147-150.
[7]高卫华,杨兰,陈晨.新媒介背景下民族地区手机传播功能研究——以湖北恩施市与鹤峰县实地调研为个案[J].当代传播,2013,(4):67-71.
[8]庄晓东,高云.少数民族青少年互联网使用情况研究——以云南省为例[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,(9):134-140.
[9]金玉萍,王婧.维吾尔族大学生新媒体使用与身份认同[J].新疆大学学报(哲学·人文社会科学版),2014,(09):67-71.
[10]国家民族事务委员会.中华民族概况[EB/OL].[2016-12-01].http://www.seac.gov.cn/col/col110/index.html2016/11/27
[11]李亚妮,谭琳.网络资源的利用——信息时代妇女社会地位的重要表征[A]//第三期中国妇女社会地位调查论文集[C].北京:中国妇女出版社,2014:246-260.
[12]庄家炽刘爱玉.网络空间性别不平等的再生产:互联网工资溢价效应的性别差异——以第三期妇女地位调查为例[J].社会,2016,(05):88-106.
Chen Junjun.fazhan chuanboxue shijiaoxia exi minzu diqu hulianwan celue yanjiu—jiyu exi badongxian,ezhong shayangxian bijiao diaocha(A Study on the Internet Strategies in Ethnic Minority Areas in the Western Hubei Province from the Perspective of Development Communication).In Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities,2012(11):147-150.
CNNIC.di 38 ci zhongguo hulian wanluo fazhan zhuangkuang tongji baogao(The 38thStatitic Report on Internet Development Status in China).http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg.2016/08/03.
Gao Weihua,Yang Lan,Chen Cheng.xin meijie beijingxia minzu diqu shouji chuanbo gongneng yanjiu—yi hubei enshishi yu efengxian shidi diaoyan wei gean(Research on the Function of Mobile Communication in Ethnic Regions under the Background of New Media).In Contemporary Commu-nications,2013(4):67-71.
Hu Angang,Zhou Shaojie.zhongguo ruhe yingdui riyi kuoda de“shuzi honggou”(How to Resolve the Enlarging Digital Gap in China).In China Industrial Economics,2002(3):5-12
The Informatiization Research Department.zhongguo xinxi shehui fazhan baogao(Report on the Development of Information Society in China).http://www.sic.gov.cn/News/250/6362.htm.2016/11/27.
Jin Jianbin.shuzi honggou de gainian bianxi(On the Concept of Digital Gap).In Journalism&Communication,2003(01):75-79.
Jin Yuping,Wang Jing.weiwuerzu daxuesheng xinmeiti shiyong yu shenfen rentong(The Usage of New Media and Identity of Uygur College Students).In Journal of Xinjiang University(Philosophy,Humanities&Social Science),2014(09):67-71
Li ling.zhongguo xibu chengxiang wangluo yu shouji deng xin meiti shiyong yanjiu(Research on the Use of New Media in Urban and Rural Areas in Western China).In China Publishing Journal,2013(19):64-68
Li Yani,Tan Lin.wanluo ziyuan de liyong—xinxi shidai funv shehui diwei de zhongyao bi-aozheng(The Use of Internet Resources—Representations of the Women's Social Position in information Era).In disanqi zhongguo funv shehui diwei diaocha lunwen ji(Collected Papers on the Third Round Investigation on Chinese Women's Social Status).Beijing:zhongguo funv chubanshe,2014:245-260.
State Ethnic Affairs Commission.zhonghua minzu gaikuang(General Introduction to Ethic People in China).http://www.seac.gov.cn/col/col110/index.html2016/11/27.
Zhuang Jiazhi,Liu Aiyu.wangluo kongjian xingbie bu pingdeng de zai shengchang:hulianwang gongzi yijia xiaoying de xingbei chayi—yi disanqi funv diwei diaocha weili(Reproduction of Gender Inequality in Internet Space:Gender Differences in wage Premium Effect—Taking the Third Round Investigation on the Women's Status as a Case Study).In Society.2016(5):88-106.
Zhuang Xiaodong,Gao Yun.shaoshu minzu qingshaonian hulianwang shiyong qingkuang yanjiu—yi yunnansheng weili(A Case Study of Yunnan Minority Youth's Use of the Internet).In Journal of Yunnan Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences),2008(9):134-140.
(1)所谓互联网对工资的“溢价效应”,指的是通过快速适应新技术而给人们带来的额外收入。
[2]胡鞍钢,周绍杰.中国如何应对日益扩大的“数字鸿沟”[J].中国工业经济,2002,(03):5-12.
[3]中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC).第38次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[EB/OL].(2016-08-03)[2016-12-01].http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg.
[4]信息化研究部.中国信息社会发展报告2016[EB/OL].(2016-11-27)[2016-12-01].http://www.sic.gov.cn/News/250/6362.htm.
[5]李苓.中国西部城乡网络与手机等新媒体使用研究[J].中国出版,2013,(19):64-68.
[6]陈峻俊.发展传播学视角下鄂西民族地区互联网策略研究——基于鄂西巴东县、鄂中沙洋县比较调查[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2012,(11):147-150.
[7]高卫华,杨兰,陈晨.新媒介背景下民族地区手机传播功能研究——以湖北恩施市与鹤峰县实地调研为个案[J].当代传播,2013,(4):67-71.
[8]庄晓东,高云.少数民族青少年互联网使用情况研究——以云南省为例[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,(9):134-140.
[9]金玉萍,王婧.维吾尔族大学生新媒体使用与身份认同[J].新疆大学学报(哲学·人文社会科学版),2014,(09):67-71.
[10]国家民族事务委员会.中华民族概况[EB/OL].[2016-12-01].http://www.seac.gov.cn/col/col110/index.html2016/11/27
[11]李亚妮,谭琳.网络资源的利用——信息时代妇女社会地位的重要表征[A]//第三期中国妇女社会地位调查论文集[C].北京:中国妇女出版社,2014:246-260.
[12]庄家炽刘爱玉.网络空间性别不平等的再生产:互联网工资溢价效应的性别差异——以第三期妇女地位调查为例[J].社会,2016,(05):88-106.
Chen Junjun.fazhan chuanboxue shijiaoxia exi minzu diqu hulianwan celue yanjiu—jiyu exi badongxian,ezhong shayangxian bijiao diaocha(A Study on the Internet Strategies in Ethnic Minority Areas in the Western Hubei Province from the Perspective of Development Communication).In Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities,2012(11):147-150.
CNNIC.di 38 ci zhongguo hulian wanluo fazhan zhuangkuang tongji baogao(The 38thStatitic Report on Internet Development Status in China).http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg.2016/08/03.
Gao Weihua,Yang Lan,Chen Cheng.xin meijie beijingxia minzu diqu shouji chuanbo gongneng yanjiu—yi hubei enshishi yu efengxian shidi diaoyan wei gean(Research on the Function of Mobile Communication in Ethnic Regions under the Background of New Media).In Contemporary Commu-nications,2013(4):67-71.
Hu Angang,Zhou Shaojie.zhongguo ruhe yingdui riyi kuoda de“shuzi honggou”(How to Resolve the Enlarging Digital Gap in China).In China Industrial Economics,2002(3):5-12
The Informatiization Research Department.zhongguo xinxi shehui fazhan baogao(Report on the Development of Information Society in China).http://www.sic.gov.cn/News/250/6362.htm.2016/11/27.
Jin Jianbin.shuzi honggou de gainian bianxi(On the Concept of Digital Gap).In Journalism&Communication,2003(01):75-79.
Jin Yuping,Wang Jing.weiwuerzu daxuesheng xinmeiti shiyong yu shenfen rentong(The Usage of New Media and Identity of Uygur College Students).In Journal of Xinjiang University(Philosophy,Humanities&Social Science),2014(09):67-71
Li ling.zhongguo xibu chengxiang wangluo yu shouji deng xin meiti shiyong yanjiu(Research on the Use of New Media in Urban and Rural Areas in Western China).In China Publishing Journal,2013(19):64-68
Li Yani,Tan Lin.wanluo ziyuan de liyong—xinxi shidai funv shehui diwei de zhongyao bi-aozheng(The Use of Internet Resources—Representations of the Women's Social Position in information Era).In disanqi zhongguo funv shehui diwei diaocha lunwen ji(Collected Papers on the Third Round Investigation on Chinese Women's Social Status).Beijing:zhongguo funv chubanshe,2014:245-260.
State Ethnic Affairs Commission.zhonghua minzu gaikuang(General Introduction to Ethic People in China).http://www.seac.gov.cn/col/col110/index.html2016/11/27.
Zhuang Jiazhi,Liu Aiyu.wangluo kongjian xingbie bu pingdeng de zai shengchang:hulianwang gongzi yijia xiaoying de xingbei chayi—yi disanqi funv diwei diaocha weili(Reproduction of Gender Inequality in Internet Space:Gender Differences in wage Premium Effect—Taking the Third Round Investigation on the Women's Status as a Case Study).In Society.2016(5):88-106.
Zhuang Xiaodong,Gao Yun.shaoshu minzu qingshaonian hulianwang shiyong qingkuang yanjiu—yi yunnansheng weili(A Case Study of Yunnan Minority Youth's Use of the Internet).In Journal of Yunnan Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences),2008(9):134-140.
(1)所谓互联网对工资的“溢价效应”,指的是通过快速适应新技术而给人们带来的额外收入。