亚硝酸盐氮对团头鲂急性毒性及高铁血红蛋白的影响
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摘要
为进一步了解不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)急性毒性及高铁血红蛋白的影响,通过设置不同浓度的Na NO2胁迫浓度,开展急性毒性试验,检测不同时间下团头鲂血液生化指标的变化情况。结果表明,NO-2-N对体重(20.0±1.0)g团头鲂幼鱼24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全浓度(CS)分别为42.2 mg/L、35.9 mg/L、32.5 mg/L、30.1 mg/L和3.0 mg/L。实验鱼在12.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L、6.0 mg/L、3.0 mg/L的浓度胁迫下,其血液生化指标均发生明显的变化;实验组12.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L在胁迫24 h后白细胞数量、红细胞数量、血细胞比容与对照组相比均差异性显著(P<0.05)。在胁迫24 h后,血红蛋白含量与对照组相比均差异性不显著(P>0.05),但有上升趋势。随着胁迫浓度升高,时间延长,血红蛋白含量降低,高铁血红蛋白比率升高,血红蛋白大量转化为高铁血红蛋白,并且72 h后胁迫浓度组6.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L、12.0 mg/L均与对照组差异性显著(P<0.05)。本实验为深入了解NO-2-N对团头鲂的致毒机理提供基础数据,为养殖环境控制和疾病防控提供依据。
Nitrite is toxic to aquatic organisms. High protein inputs characteristic of intensive aquaculture lead to high nitrite concentrations in ponds,especially at elevated water temperatures,and pose a serious threat for the aquaculture industry. This study examined the acute toxicity of nitrite on Megalobrama amblycephala and its impact on serum methemoglobin. The juvenile fish( 20. 0 ± 1. 0 g) were acclimatized in dechlorinated tap water at 26 ±0. 5℃,p H = 7. 5 and DO≥5 mg/L. Nitrite concentrations in the exposure tanks were adjusted with sodium nitrite( Na NO2). Exposure levels were set at 12. 0 mg/L,9. 0 mg/L,6. 0 mg/L,3. 0 mg/L and 0. 0 mg/L( control).The median lethal concentration( LC50) to M. amhlycephala at 24,48,72,96 h were,respectively,42. 2 mg/L,35. 9 mg/L,32. 5 mg/L,30. 1 mg/L. The concentration considered safe is 3. 0 mg/L. Changes in complete blood count( CBC) were dose dependent. Significant changes occurred within 24 h at nitrite exposure levels of12. 0 mg/L and 9. 0 mg/L; white blood cell( WBC) and red blood cell( RBC) counts and hematocrit were all significantly different from the control( P < 0. 05). Hemoglobin( Hb) also increased,but not significantly. After exposure to 12. 0 mg/L of nitrite for 24 h,the ratio of methemoglobin to hemoglobin( Met Hb/Hb) increased significantly( P < 0. 05) and,after 72 h,the increase was also significant at exposure levels of 6. 0 mg/L and9. 0 mg/L. These results will play an important role in developing standards necessary to prevent the occurrence of toxic levels of nitrite in aquacultural waters and prevent environmentally related disease.
Nitrite is toxic to aquatic organisms. High protein inputs characteristic of intensive aquaculture lead to high nitrite concentrations in ponds,especially at elevated water temperatures,and pose a serious threat for the aquaculture industry. This study examined the acute toxicity of nitrite on Megalobrama amblycephala and its impact on serum methemoglobin. The juvenile fish( 20. 0 ± 1. 0 g) were acclimatized in dechlorinated tap water at 26 ±0. 5℃,p H = 7. 5 and DO≥5 mg/L. Nitrite concentrations in the exposure tanks were adjusted with sodium nitrite( Na NO2). Exposure levels were set at 12. 0 mg/L,9. 0 mg/L,6. 0 mg/L,3. 0 mg/L and 0. 0 mg/L( control).The median lethal concentration( LC50) to M. amhlycephala at 24,48,72,96 h were,respectively,42. 2 mg/L,35. 9 mg/L,32. 5 mg/L,30. 1 mg/L. The concentration considered safe is 3. 0 mg/L. Changes in complete blood count( CBC) were dose dependent. Significant changes occurred within 24 h at nitrite exposure levels of12. 0 mg/L and 9. 0 mg/L; white blood cell( WBC) and red blood cell( RBC) counts and hematocrit were all significantly different from the control( P < 0. 05). Hemoglobin( Hb) also increased,but not significantly. After exposure to 12. 0 mg/L of nitrite for 24 h,the ratio of methemoglobin to hemoglobin( Met Hb/Hb) increased significantly( P < 0. 05) and,after 72 h,the increase was also significant at exposure levels of 6. 0 mg/L and9. 0 mg/L. These results will play an important role in developing standards necessary to prevent the occurrence of toxic levels of nitrite in aquacultural waters and prevent environmentally related disease.
引文
白秀娟,冯波,卢伙胜,等,2013.亚硝酸盐对文昌鱼的急性毒性效应[J].安徽农业科学,41(20):8522-8524.
陈永平,林黎明,宫庆礼,2010.亚硝酸盐在鲫鱼体内的消除及氯、溴离子对其吸收的影响[J].渔业科学进展,31(6):29-35.
崔立奇,叶元土,唐精,2013.团头鲂应激反应的原因分析及防治策略[J].饲料博览,(12):43-46.
董玉波,戴媛媛,2011.亚硝酸盐氮对水产经济动物毒性影响的研究概况[J].水产养殖,32(4):28-32.
高明辉,2008.VC,VE对亚硝酸盐胁迫下异育银鲫血液指标及抗氧化能力的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
高明辉,马立保,葛立安,等,2008.亚硝酸盐在水生动物体内的吸收机制及蓄积的影响因素[J].南方水产科学,4(4):73-79.
郭国强,杨治国,张永耀,等,2011.亚硝酸盐对草鱼红细胞渗透脆性的影响[J].淡水渔业,41(4):66-69.
郭国强,张永耀,孙红飞,2010.亚硝酸盐对草鱼种外周血细胞的影响[J].水生态学杂志,3(5):149-152.
郭增华,王秋燕,2006.亚硝酸盐氮对方斑东风螺毒性的研究[J].渔业科学进展,27(6):88-92.
洪美玲,2007.水中亚硝酸盐和氨氮对中华绒螯蟹幼体的毒性效应及维生素E的营养调节[D].上海:华东师范大学.
李波,樊启学,张磊,等,2009.不同溶氧水平下氨氮和亚硝酸盐对黄颡鱼的急性毒性研究[J].淡水渔业,39(3):31-35.
刘海侠,孙海涛,刘晓强,等,2010.亚硝酸盐中毒鲤的血液和组织病理学研究[J].淡水渔业,40(3):67-71.
吕敢堂,王志铮,王海平,等,2006.亚硝酸钠对三疣梭子蟹幼体的急性毒性[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),25(3):244-248.
农业部渔业渔政管理局,2015.中国渔业统计年鉴[J].北京:中国农业出版社.
曲克明,徐勇,马绍赛,等,2007.不同溶解氧条件下亚硝酸盐和非离子氨对大菱鲆的急性毒性效应[J].渔业科学进展,28(4):83-88.
任培丽,2008.污染水域鲫鱼外周血细胞形态和数量变化[J].动物学杂志,43(2):37-42.
孙侦龙,朱永祥,刘大勇,等,2015.非离子氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼的急性毒性试验[J].水产科学,34(3):135-139.
谭树华,严芳,罗少安,等,2007.亚硝酸钠(Na NO2)对鲫鱼肝脏Na+/K+-ATPase和Mg2+-ATPase活性的影响[J].现代渔业信息,22(1):13-15.
王鸿泰,胡德高,1989.池塘中亚硝酸盐对草鱼种的毒害及防治[J].水产学报,13(3):207-213.
王明学,雷和江,卢光,等,1997.亚硝酸盐对团头鲂鱼种血红蛋白和耗氧率的影响[J].淡水渔业,27(1):14-16.
王明学,林可椒,徐一枝,等,1989.亚硝酸盐氮对鲢血红蛋白的影响[J].淡水渔业,(2):17-19.
王明学,吴卫东,1997.NO-2-N对鱼类毒性的研究概况[J].中国水产科学,4(5):85-90.
魏东,白东清,乔秀亭,等,2007.亚硝酸盐对长尾墨金丝神仙幼鱼的急性毒性试验[J].水利渔业,27(6):98-98.
徐薇,熊邦喜,2008.我国鲂属鱼类的研究进展[J].水生态学杂志,1(2):7-11.
叶俊,2013.亚硝酸盐急性胁迫对草鱼血液生理生化指标和非特异性免疫性能的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
张霞霞,李世森,胡艺珂,等,2014.亚硝酸盐对水产动物毒性的影响[J].安徽农业科学,42(5):1398-1400.
赵海涛,2006.氨氮对南方鲶(Silurus meridionalis Chen)幼鱼血液生理、生化及非特异性免疫指标的影响[D].重庆:西南农业大学.
赵元凤,祝国芹,吕景才,1991.亚硝酸盐对尼罗罗非鱼的毒性及其机理的研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,6(1):62-65.
周鑫,2012.草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)对亚硝酸氮、氨氮和温度胁迫的生理响应[D].青岛:中国海洋大学.
Ciji A,Sahu N P,Pal A K,et al,2012.Alterations in serum electrolytes,antioxidative enzymes and haematological parameters of Labeo rohita on short-term exposure to sublethal dose of nitrite[J].Fish physiology and biochemistry,38(5):1355-1365.
Jensen F B,2003.Nitrite disrupts multiple physiological functions in aquatic animals[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A,135(1):9-24.
Lewis Jr W M,Morris D P,1986.Toxicity of nitrite to fish:a review[J].Transactions of the American fisheries society,115(2):183-195.
Medeiros R S,Lopez B A,Sampaio L A,et al,2015.Ammonia and nitrite toxicity to false clownfish amphiprion ocellaris[J].Aquaculture International,24(4):1-9.
Sprague J B,1971.Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fishIII.Sublethal effect and“safe”concentration[J].Water Research,5(6):245-266.
Vedel N E,Korsgaard B,Jensen F B,1998.Isolated and combined exposure to ammonia and nitrite in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss):effects on electrolyte status,blood respiratory properties and brain glutamine/glutamate concentrations[J].Aquatic Toxicology,41(4):325-342.
陈永平,林黎明,宫庆礼,2010.亚硝酸盐在鲫鱼体内的消除及氯、溴离子对其吸收的影响[J].渔业科学进展,31(6):29-35.
崔立奇,叶元土,唐精,2013.团头鲂应激反应的原因分析及防治策略[J].饲料博览,(12):43-46.
董玉波,戴媛媛,2011.亚硝酸盐氮对水产经济动物毒性影响的研究概况[J].水产养殖,32(4):28-32.
高明辉,2008.VC,VE对亚硝酸盐胁迫下异育银鲫血液指标及抗氧化能力的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
高明辉,马立保,葛立安,等,2008.亚硝酸盐在水生动物体内的吸收机制及蓄积的影响因素[J].南方水产科学,4(4):73-79.
郭国强,杨治国,张永耀,等,2011.亚硝酸盐对草鱼红细胞渗透脆性的影响[J].淡水渔业,41(4):66-69.
郭国强,张永耀,孙红飞,2010.亚硝酸盐对草鱼种外周血细胞的影响[J].水生态学杂志,3(5):149-152.
郭增华,王秋燕,2006.亚硝酸盐氮对方斑东风螺毒性的研究[J].渔业科学进展,27(6):88-92.
洪美玲,2007.水中亚硝酸盐和氨氮对中华绒螯蟹幼体的毒性效应及维生素E的营养调节[D].上海:华东师范大学.
李波,樊启学,张磊,等,2009.不同溶氧水平下氨氮和亚硝酸盐对黄颡鱼的急性毒性研究[J].淡水渔业,39(3):31-35.
刘海侠,孙海涛,刘晓强,等,2010.亚硝酸盐中毒鲤的血液和组织病理学研究[J].淡水渔业,40(3):67-71.
吕敢堂,王志铮,王海平,等,2006.亚硝酸钠对三疣梭子蟹幼体的急性毒性[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),25(3):244-248.
农业部渔业渔政管理局,2015.中国渔业统计年鉴[J].北京:中国农业出版社.
曲克明,徐勇,马绍赛,等,2007.不同溶解氧条件下亚硝酸盐和非离子氨对大菱鲆的急性毒性效应[J].渔业科学进展,28(4):83-88.
任培丽,2008.污染水域鲫鱼外周血细胞形态和数量变化[J].动物学杂志,43(2):37-42.
孙侦龙,朱永祥,刘大勇,等,2015.非离子氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼的急性毒性试验[J].水产科学,34(3):135-139.
谭树华,严芳,罗少安,等,2007.亚硝酸钠(Na NO2)对鲫鱼肝脏Na+/K+-ATPase和Mg2+-ATPase活性的影响[J].现代渔业信息,22(1):13-15.
王鸿泰,胡德高,1989.池塘中亚硝酸盐对草鱼种的毒害及防治[J].水产学报,13(3):207-213.
王明学,雷和江,卢光,等,1997.亚硝酸盐对团头鲂鱼种血红蛋白和耗氧率的影响[J].淡水渔业,27(1):14-16.
王明学,林可椒,徐一枝,等,1989.亚硝酸盐氮对鲢血红蛋白的影响[J].淡水渔业,(2):17-19.
王明学,吴卫东,1997.NO-2-N对鱼类毒性的研究概况[J].中国水产科学,4(5):85-90.
魏东,白东清,乔秀亭,等,2007.亚硝酸盐对长尾墨金丝神仙幼鱼的急性毒性试验[J].水利渔业,27(6):98-98.
徐薇,熊邦喜,2008.我国鲂属鱼类的研究进展[J].水生态学杂志,1(2):7-11.
叶俊,2013.亚硝酸盐急性胁迫对草鱼血液生理生化指标和非特异性免疫性能的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
张霞霞,李世森,胡艺珂,等,2014.亚硝酸盐对水产动物毒性的影响[J].安徽农业科学,42(5):1398-1400.
赵海涛,2006.氨氮对南方鲶(Silurus meridionalis Chen)幼鱼血液生理、生化及非特异性免疫指标的影响[D].重庆:西南农业大学.
赵元凤,祝国芹,吕景才,1991.亚硝酸盐对尼罗罗非鱼的毒性及其机理的研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,6(1):62-65.
周鑫,2012.草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)对亚硝酸氮、氨氮和温度胁迫的生理响应[D].青岛:中国海洋大学.
Ciji A,Sahu N P,Pal A K,et al,2012.Alterations in serum electrolytes,antioxidative enzymes and haematological parameters of Labeo rohita on short-term exposure to sublethal dose of nitrite[J].Fish physiology and biochemistry,38(5):1355-1365.
Jensen F B,2003.Nitrite disrupts multiple physiological functions in aquatic animals[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A,135(1):9-24.
Lewis Jr W M,Morris D P,1986.Toxicity of nitrite to fish:a review[J].Transactions of the American fisheries society,115(2):183-195.
Medeiros R S,Lopez B A,Sampaio L A,et al,2015.Ammonia and nitrite toxicity to false clownfish amphiprion ocellaris[J].Aquaculture International,24(4):1-9.
Sprague J B,1971.Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fishIII.Sublethal effect and“safe”concentration[J].Water Research,5(6):245-266.
Vedel N E,Korsgaard B,Jensen F B,1998.Isolated and combined exposure to ammonia and nitrite in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss):effects on electrolyte status,blood respiratory properties and brain glutamine/glutamate concentrations[J].Aquatic Toxicology,41(4):325-342.