地方政府在存量PPP项目中价值冲突的研究——一个基于网络的视角
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摘要
存量PPP项目作为一种特殊的PPP项目,因其政府先建设、社会资本后参与的特点而存在更多的不确定性,利益相关者间的关系也更为复杂,因此容易引发价值冲突。本研究借助单案例与社会网络分析的混合研究方法,旨在探索地方政府在存量PPP项目中存在哪些价值冲突及冲突的解决模式。通过焦点小组访谈与半结构化访谈识别出案例项目的 15个利益相关者在三个阶段中的92个价值诉求与483组价值冲突;随后选取与地方政府相关、介数中心性最高的50组价值冲突做进一步分析,得出自利、利他、互惠与权力一致性4种价值冲突的解决模式;识别出地方政府在存量PPP项目中的两种情境维度——紧迫性与专业性,并给出不同情境所对应的解决模式,及与另一方可以有效化解价值冲突的解决模式组合。本研究将存量PPP项目这一新情境引入公共项目管理领域,基于利益相关者理论与社会交换理论,通过社会网络分析构建了存量PPP项目利益相关者间的价值冲突网络,对价值冲突的解决模式及组合对冲突结果的影响进行了分析。此外,本研究也为地方政府的项目管理人员有效化解存量PPP项目中的价值冲突提供了具体的建议与参考。
The stock public-private partnership(SPPP) project,which is a special type of PPP project,has more uncertainties and more complex relationships among stakeholders since social capital only get involved after the construction completed by local government. Therefore, more value conflicts occurred in SPPP projects.The purpose of this paper is to focus on value conflicts faced by local government and investigate exchange rules to resolve value conflicts. Using a mixed method approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted for15 stakeholders involved in a representative SPPP project. Social Network Analysis(SNA)was then adopted to construct the value conflict network composed of 483 value conflicts. Top 50 betweenness centrality value conflicts faced by local government were analyzed through 2 nd round of semi-structured interviews in an abductive approach. Reseach results show that value conflicts faced by local government are dynamic and intertwined within and across three project phases, based on which four exchange rules, Rationality, Altruism, Power consistency and Reciprocity are identified. Urgency and Professionality are the situational factors which potentially influence exchange rules adopted by local government. A summary of paired exchange rules is provided to predict if value conflicts faced by local government will be resolved or not. Theoretical implications are twofold.Our results introduce SPPP project which is a new research context to the realm of public management. And based on stakeholder theory and social exchange theory, we construct a stakeholder value conflict network and provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of exchange rules and its pair on the result of value conflicts. This study is among the first that address value issues in SPPP projects. The concentrated analysis of a single case allows for a deep understanding of value complexity faced by local government in SPPP projects from a dynamic and networked perspective.
The stock public-private partnership(SPPP) project,which is a special type of PPP project,has more uncertainties and more complex relationships among stakeholders since social capital only get involved after the construction completed by local government. Therefore, more value conflicts occurred in SPPP projects.The purpose of this paper is to focus on value conflicts faced by local government and investigate exchange rules to resolve value conflicts. Using a mixed method approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted for15 stakeholders involved in a representative SPPP project. Social Network Analysis(SNA)was then adopted to construct the value conflict network composed of 483 value conflicts. Top 50 betweenness centrality value conflicts faced by local government were analyzed through 2 nd round of semi-structured interviews in an abductive approach. Reseach results show that value conflicts faced by local government are dynamic and intertwined within and across three project phases, based on which four exchange rules, Rationality, Altruism, Power consistency and Reciprocity are identified. Urgency and Professionality are the situational factors which potentially influence exchange rules adopted by local government. A summary of paired exchange rules is provided to predict if value conflicts faced by local government will be resolved or not. Theoretical implications are twofold.Our results introduce SPPP project which is a new research context to the realm of public management. And based on stakeholder theory and social exchange theory, we construct a stakeholder value conflict network and provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of exchange rules and its pair on the result of value conflicts. This study is among the first that address value issues in SPPP projects. The concentrated analysis of a single case allows for a deep understanding of value complexity faced by local government in SPPP projects from a dynamic and networked perspective.
引文
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[5] THE STATE COUNCIL. The State Council's Instructions on Encouraging Social Capital in Investment and Financing in Key Areas of Innovation[R]. 2014.
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[7] SMYTH H,LECOEUVRE L,VAESKEN P. Co-creation of Value and the Project Context:Towards Application on the Case of Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2018,36(1):170-183.
[8] EL-GOHARY N M,OSMAN H,EL-DIRABY T E. Stakeholder Management for Public Private Partnerships[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2006,24(7):595-604.
[9]何雨佳,石磊.基于关键成功要素的PPP项目政府角色定位研究[J].项目管理技术,2018,16(1):24-29.
[10] CARBONARA N,COSTANTINO N,PELLEGRINO R. Concession Period for PPPs:A Win-win Model for a Fair Risk Sharing[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2014,32(7):1223-1232.
[11] MARTINS J,MARQUES R C,CRUZ C O. Maximizing the Value for Money of PPP Arrangements through Flexibility:An Application to Airports[J]. Journal of Air Transport Management,2014,39:72-80.
[12] HUESKES M,VERHOEST K,BLOCK T. Governing PublicPrivate Partnerships for Sustainability:An Analysis of Procurement and Governance Practices of PPP Infrastructure Projects:An Analysis of Procurement and Governance Practices of PPP Infrastructure Projects[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2017,35(6):1184-1195.
[13] BREESE R. Benefits Realization Management:Panacea or False Dawn?[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2011,30(3):341-351.
[14] YANG R J. An Investigation of Stakeholder Analysis in Urban Development Projects:Empirical or Rationalistic Perspectives[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2014,32(5):838-849.
[15] MOK K Y,SHEN G Q,YANG R J. Addressing Stakeholder Complexity and Major Pitfalls in Large Cultural Building Projects[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2017,35(3):463-478.
[16] LAURSEN M,SVEJVIG P. Taking Stock of Project Value Creation:A Structured Literature Review with Future Directions for Research and Practice[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2016,34(4):736-747.
[17] HAUSMAN D M,MCPHERSON M S. Economic Analysis,Moral Philosophy,and Public Policy(2nd ed.)[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[18] ZHAI L,XIN Y,CHENG C. Understanding the Value of Project Management from a Stakeholder's Perspective:Case Study of Mega-Project Management[J]. Project Management Journal,2009,40(1):99-109.
[19] HARRISON J S,WICKS A C. Stakeholder Theory,Value,and Firm Performance[J]. Business Ethicks Quarterly,2013,23(1):97-124.
[20] WALTER A,RITTER T,GEM譈NDEN H G. Value Creation in Buyer-Seller Relationships:Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Results from a Supplier's Perspective[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2001,30(4):365-377.
[21] FENG W. Strategic Management for Large Engineering Projects:The Stakeholder Value Network Approach[D]. Cambridge,MA:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Engineering Systems Division,2013.
[22] PROJECT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge(PMBOK Guide)-Fifth Edition[M]. Newtown Square,PA,2012.
[23] MARTINSUO M,KILLEN C P. Value Management in Project Portfolios:Identifying and Assessing Strategic Value[J]. Project Management Journal,2014,45(5):56-70.
[24] ESKEROD P,HUEMANN M. Sustainable Development and Project Stakeholder Management:What Standards Say[J]. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,2013,6(1):36-50.
[25] RECHENTHIN D. Project Safety as a Sustainable Competitive Advantage[J]. Journal of Safety Research,2004,35(3):297-308.
[26] ABIDIN N Z,PASQUIRE C L. Revolutionize Value Management:A Mode towards Sustainability[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2007,25(3):275-282.
[27] GILLIER T,HOOGE S,PIAT G. Framing Value Management for Creative Projects:An Expansive Perspective[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2015,33(4):947-960.
[28] AUSTIN J E,SEITANIDI M M. Collaborative Value Creation:A Review of Partnering Between Nonprofits and Businesses:Part I. Value Creation Spectrum and Collaboration Stages[J].Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,2012,41(5):726-758.
[29] POSKELA J,MARTINSUO M. Management Control and Strategic Renewal in the Front End of Innovation[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,2009,26(6):671-684.
[30] LANKOSKI L,SMITH N C,VAN WASSENHOVE L. Stakeholder Judgments of Value[J]. Business Ethics Quarterly,2016,26(2):227-256.
[31] HODGE G A,GREVE C. Public-Private Partnerships:An International Performance Review[J]. Public Administration Review,2007,67(3):545-558.
[32] MARQUES R C,BERG S. Risks,Contracts,and PrivateSector Participation in Infrastructure[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,2011,137(11):925-932.
[33] TANG L,SHEN Q,CHENG E W L. A Review of Studies on Public-Private Partnership Projects in the Construction Industry[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2010,28(7):683-694.
[34] FREEMAN R E. Strategic Management:A Stakeholder Approach[M]. Boston:Pitman,1984.
[35] PARMAR B L,FREEMAN R E,HARRISON J S,et al. Stakeholder Theory:The State of the Art[J]. Academy of Management Annals,2010,4:403-445.
[36] WILLIAMSON O E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism[M]. New York:Free Press,1985.
[37] FREEMAN R E,HARRISON J S,WICKS A C. Managing for Stakeholders:Survival,Reputation,and Success[M]. New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2007.
[38] SACHS S,RIIHLI E. Stakeholders Matter:A New Paradigm for Strategy in Society[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011.
[39] SUSNIENE D,VANAGAS P. Development of Stakeholder Relationships by Integrating Their Needs into Organizations'Goals[J]. Engineering Economics,2006,3(48):83-87.
[40] CROPANZANO R,MITCHELL M S. Social Exchange Theory:An Interdisciplinary Review[J]. Journal of Management,2005,31(6):874-900.
[41] MALINOWSKI B. Argonauts of the Western Pacific:An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea[M]. London:Routledge,1922.
[42] BLAU P M. Exchange and Power in Social Life[M]. New York:John Wiley,1964.
[43] EMERSON R M. Social-Exchange Theory[J]. Annual Review of Sociology,1976,2:335-362.
[44] BOSSE D A,PHILLIPS R A,HARRISON J S. Stakeholders,Reciprocity,and Firm Performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2009,30(4):447-456.
[45] GOULDNER A W. The Norm of Reciprocity:A Preliminary Statement[J]. American Sociological Review,1960,25(2):161-178.
[46] SHAFIR E,LEBOEUF R A. Rationality[J]. Annual Review of Psychology,2002,53:491-517.
[47] BATSON C D. The Altruism Question:Toward a SocialPsychological Answer[M]. Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum,1991.
[48] MEEKER B F. Decisions and Exchange[J]. American Sociological Review,1971,36(3):485.
[49] NEVILLE B A,MENGUC B. Stakeholder Multiplicity:Toward an Understanding of the Interactions between Stakeholders[J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2006,66(4):377-391.
[50] HILLEBRAND B,DRIESSEN P H,KOLL O. Stakeholder Marketing:Theoretical Foundations and Required Capabilities[J]. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2015,43(4):411-428.
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